High heat flux heat pipe mechanism for cooling of electronics

This paper discusses an advanced heat pipe mechanism that has the potential of achieving heat flux capabilities over 250 W/cm². The mechanism utilizes thermally driven pulsating two-phase flow to achieve high heat flux capability and heat transfer coefficient. A simplified hydrodynamic model in was developed to guide the proof-of-concept heat pipe design. A more detailed numerical model was also developed and will be solved to predict the heat pipe's thermal performance. Test results of proof-of-concept heat pipes verified the heat flux capability of the advanced mechanism and the accuracy of the simplified model. Pulsating heat pipes are feasible approaches to removing increasing heat dissipation densities in electronic equipment     

Performance analysis of valveless micropump with disposable chamber actuated through Amplified Piezo Actuator (APA) for biomedical application

The precise manipulation of fluid through pumping systems has been the technological challenge in microfluidic applications. The biomedical applications call for precise and accurate delivery of fluid through miniaturized pumping systems. This paper presents a novel valveless micropump for biomedical applications operated by the Amplified Piezo Actuator. Integrating the disposable chamber and reusable actuator with the proposed micropump allows the actuator to be reused and eliminates the possibility of infection or contagion. The micropump was fabricated using low-cost polymeric materials like Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Silicone rubber through CNC milling, Laser Cutting, conventional moulding operation. The micropump chamber, nozzle/diffusers, and a bossed diaphragm constituted disposable part and Amplified Piezo Actuator with structural support formed the reusable part of the micropump. The bossed diaphragm of the pump chamber consists of a central cylindrical protrusion to reduce the force of adhesion on the diaphragm and transmit force required for micropump actuation. A theoretical analysis was performed to assess the effect of diaphragm thickness and the bossed region on the effective stiffness of the diaphragm, which in turn influences the deflection achieved. Besides, an analytical approach has been presented to address the effect of adhesive force on the diaphragm surface due to the residual fluid and chamber depth. The experimental characterization of the micropump was carried out to determine the optimal performance parameters with water, fluids mimicking blood plasma, and whole blood. Based on the experimental results, the pumping rate and head developed by the micropump have been significantly affected by factors such as bossed ratio, diaphragm thickness, depth of the micropump chamber, and viscosity of the fluid. The optimum configuration of the micropump cosidered silicone rubber diaphragm with thickness of 0.20 mm having a bossed ratio of 0.33 and a chamber depth of 1.25 mm. With the optimal operating parameters of 150 V sinusoidal input of frequency 5 Hz, the proposed micropump was capable of delivering 7.192 ml/min, 6.108 ml/min, and 5.013 ml/min of water and blood plasma, whole blood mimicking fluid with the maximum backpressure of 294.00 Pa, 226.243 Pa, and 204.048 Pa respectively. The corresponding resolution, i.e., pumping volume/stroke of the micropump was about 23.972 µl, 20.358 µl, and 16.708 µl, respectively.     

高热流密度热沉散热能力数值仿真分析

固体激光器增益介质的热效应问题严重制约了高功率固体激光器的发展。本文从实际应用角度出发,通过数值仿真实验对比散热热沉的主要几何参数(包括热沉基底厚度、肋片高度、肋片宽度、肋片间距)对散热效果的影响;同时也分析了不同的外部流量条件下热沉的散热性能。计算结果表明:优化热沉几何参数,选取适宜的流量,热沉散热效果会有一定提升。     

A novel enhancement for hierarchical image coding

Hierarchical image coding usually codes a down-sampled version of an original image and then the difference between the original image and a reconstructed version that is interpolated from the down-sampled layer. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, that when the bit-rate used to code the residual layer falls into a critical region (which covers almost all typical bit-rates used in practice), it often happens that all pixels in the down-sampled layer would be deteriorated if the corresponding coded residuals are added into them. To avoid this problem, we first propose a “naive” solution: no coded residuals will be added back into the down-sampled layer; whereas coded residuals will be added only into the interpolated pixels. Then, we propose to apply a constrained quantization technique during the coding of the residual layer so that all residual pixels at the interpolated positions will end up with an improved quality. To verify its effectiveness, we conduct extensive tests to show that the gap between the hierarchical coding scheme and its single-level counterpart (which is typically around 2–3 dB in the 2-level hierarchy) will be filled up by a rather big percentage.     

Thermal modeling and performance of high heat flux SOP packages

This paper explores the thermal challenges in advanced system-on-package (SOP) electronic structures, as well as candidate thermal solutions for these highly demanding cooling needs. The heat fluxes on the active surfaces are expected to approach 100 W/cm/sup 2/. The impact of this high flux is exacerbated by the relatively low thermal conductivity of the organic materials in SOP packaging. Detailed three-dimensional (3-D) finite element simulations were used to study the temperature distributions in a typical SOP package, and to provide guidance for the development and implementation of "compact thermal models". These models were used to evaluate and compare the performance of various thermal technologies and to establish the most promising thermal management alternatives. The use of direct liquid cooling, by immersion of the components in inert, nontoxic, high dielectric strength perfluorocarbon liquids was seen to provide effective cooling over a range of anticipated SOP power dissipations.     

大功率LED冷却用平板热管散热器的实验研究

对一种新型平板热管散热器冷却大功率LED芯片阵列进行实验研究。在自然对流冷却条件下,分析了平板热管散热器的启动特性、均温特性以及通电电流、倾角对其传热性能的影响。利用热电转换方法得到LED芯片的结温变化。实验结果表明:平板热管散热器的总热阻在0.3053～0.3425℃/W间,且散热器整体温度分布均匀合理,具有很强的散热能力;LED结温在47.9～59.0℃间,远低于110℃。     

A skin-contact-actuated micropump for transdermal drug delivery

In this paper, a skin-contact-actuated dispenser/micropump for transdermal drug delivery applications is presented. The micropump consists of stacked polydimethylsiloxane layers mounted on a silicon substrate and operates based on the evaporation and condensation of a low-boiling-point liquid. Therefore, there is no need for a heater and a power source, since only the thermal energy provided by skin contact is required for the actuation. A prototype device with overall dimensions of 14 mm × 14 mm × 8 mm is fabricated and characterized. For a perfluoro compound working fluid (3M FC-3284), a flow rate of 28.8 μ L/min and a maximum back pressure of 28.9 kPa is measured.     

一种新的视网膜血管图像增强方法

提出了一种基于多尺度顶-帽变换和直方图拟合拉伸的视网膜血管图像增强方法。首先,应用多尺度顶-帽变换提取不同尺度下的图像亮、暗特征,并从中选择最优的特征对图像进行初步增强。然后,结合视网膜血管图像的灰度直方图分布特性,对初步增强结果进行直方图高斯曲线拟合线性拉伸。为验证方法的有效性,以Drive眼底图像数据库为实验对象,并与其它多种增强算法进行了比较。实验结果表明,相比其它算法,本文方法能够更加有效地提高图像的对比度,并在细节上有很好的增强效果。     

A novel microstrip antenna loaded with EBG and ELC for bandwidth enhancement

This paper proposes the design of three compact antennas for WiMAX, WLAN and ISM band applications. Antenna 1 consists of a monopole radiating element with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structured ground. By employing the EBG structure, an ultra-wide band frequency of 2.4–4.8 GHz (66.66%) is achieved. Antenna 2 is configured with an electric-LC (ELC) element, which achieved an ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency of 2.38–4.91 GHz (69.41%). Antenna 3 is integrated with ELC and EBG together, in which a UWB frequency of 2.3–5.3 GHz (78.94%) is obtained with improved impedance matching. The three antennas have omnidirectional radiation patterns which cover the ISM band at 2.4 GHz and WiMAX at 2.5/3.5 GHz over the operating bands. The radiation efficiency is?>?75% throughout the operating bands of all the antennas. In addition to the WiMAX and ISM bands, antenna 3 covers WLAN in the 5.2 GHz band. The proposed design can be applied to wireless mobile communication systems, which have the advantage of ease of fabrication and compactness.

     

Staggered heat sinks with aerodynamic cooling fins

The effect of aerodynamic shaping of the cooling fins in staggered heat sinks is numerically studied. It is shown that by rounding the cooling fins, the aerodynamic efficiency is increased without affecting the thermal efficiency. Three different geometries (in-line rectangular, staggered rectangular and rounded staggered shape) have been compared. These three different layouts were studied to obtain the best ratio between the removed heat and the energy spent to drive the coolant flow through the cooling fins. The main purpose of the paper is to determine the influence of the rounded shape on the average performance. As an example, it was found that a rounded staggered fin layout removes the same heat for an incident air velocity of 4 m/s as a classical in-line fin layout with a higher air speed of 6 m/s, with a reduction of fan power consumption by more than 60%.     

A PDMS-based thermo-pneumatic micropump with Parylene inner walls

This study demonstrated a new thermo-pneumatic micropump implemented by stacking three layers of PDMS on a glass slide. The pumping with valve-less diffuser/nozzle channel is driven due to the flow rectification effect. The large actuation stroke of the deforming diaphragm appears as the phase change from the working liquid into vapor inside the evaporation chamber by the Joule heating of the embedded heaters. With the wall temperature of PDMS below 50 °C verified by an infrared imager, the pumping flow rates are 3.5-12.5 nL/min subject to a square wave of 4 V peak-to-peak heating voltage with frequency varied from 0.3 to 3.0 Hz. After coating the micropump inner wall with a 3 μm Parylene against the gas leakage through PDMS, the micropump paid the price of decreasing the flow rate down to 2.5-6.5 nL/min.     

Phase-change immersion cooling high power light emitting diodes and heat transfer improvement

A new cooling method of ethanol direct-contact phase-change immersion cooling was proposed in the thermal management of high power light emitting diodes (LED) and the feasibility of this cooling method was investigated. The heat generated by LED was measured firstly using two types of power systems: DC power and LED driver. Then the heat dissipation performance was evaluated under different experimental conditions. The results indicate that startup process of the cooling system is quick and only 450 s is needed to reach steady-state under heat load of 42.78 W. The minimum thermal resistance of 1.233 °C/W is obtained when liquid filling ratio is 33.14%. The junction temperature of LED under different absolute pressures is much lower than the limited value of 120 °C. Baffle with total height of 140 mm, bottom space height of 20 mm and distance away from substrate surface of LED of 8 mm improves heat transfer performance best due to ethanol self-circulating in the cooling receiver. Overall, the ethanol phase-change immersion cooling is an effective way to make sure high power LED work reliably and high efficiently.     

具有高频补偿的CMOS MOCCII

为了使MOCCII(多端输出的第二代电流传输器)能工作于高频段,本文提出了一种具有高频补偿的CMOS MOCCII电路.对于电流传输函数I_Z/I_X及,I_(Z-)/I_X采用在电流镜中加一个可调电阻方法,使得电流镜的传输函数由一阶系统变成可调极点的二阶系统,调节电阻大小,使得极点远离S平面原点,从而提高电流镜频带宽度.对于电压传递函数V_X/V_Y,在X与Y之间加并行差分对,以增加等效跨导,提高V_X/V_Y的频带宽度,同时,在X与Y之间的负载电流镜中加入一个电阻,以进一步提高VX/VY的频带宽度.仿真表明,V_X/V_Y的-3dB截止频率由补偿前的544MHz提高到补偿后的1.053GHz;I_Z/I_X及I_(Z-)/I_X的-3dB截止频率分别由补偿前的510MHz、400MHz提高到补偿后的1GHz.最后,作为应用,给出了由补偿前后MOCCII所构成的电流模式滤波器.     

带热流密度限制的推力可控导弹三维制导律

传统三维制导律设计通常将三维空间分成垂直面和水平面分别考虑,容易导致耦合信息的缺失,同时没有考虑导弹红外导引头对导弹头部热流密度的限制和终端速度约束。针对以上问题,基于具有推力可控能力的导弹,在视线旋转坐标系的视线瞬时旋转平面内进行制导律设计。该制导律包含根据运动伪装理论设计的一种新的满足运动伪装条件的视线法方向加速度指令,以及通过变系数加权法综合考虑导引头热流密度限制及终端速度约束的视线方向加速度指令。数值仿真结果表明了存在导引头初始对准误差时,该制导律在满足红外导引头对导弹头部的热流密度限制、终端速度约束以及轴向过载限制下对高速机动目标制导性能良好,视线角速率可控制在3（）/s以下,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Flexible pressure sensor with high sensitivity and fast response for electronic skin using near-field electrohydrodynamic direct writing

Electronic skin imitates the function of human skin. The flexible pressure sensor is an important sensor of electronic skin. Although the flexible pressure sensor has made some progress, electronic skin is still a challenging subject with good pressure resolution, high sensitivity, and fast response ability in biomedical, human motion detection, personal health monitoring, and other fields. The PEDOT:PSS/GR/SWCNTs multicomponent solution was directly written on the flexible PDMS substrate by the near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing method, a serpentine shaped pressure sensitive unit was prepared, which was encapsulated with the PDMS thin film, and the flexible pressure sensor was fabricated. The sensitivity of the flexible pressure sensor is about 0.39 kPa⁻¹ at 0–0.5 kPa and 1.04 kPa⁻¹ at 0.5–2.4 kPa, and the response/recovery speed is 75 ms/150 ms, respectively. The fabricated flexible pressure sensor can detect a small pressure of about 6.4 Pa. The experimental results show that the fabricated flexible pressure sensor has high sensitivity, fast response capability, and low detection limit. The flexible pressure sensor for electronic skin demonstrates good performance in the application of finger joint movement and word pronunciation recognition, which indicates that it has great potential application in human motion detection and personal health monitoring.     

一种新的极高精度的T_IIN频率估计内插算法

针对多普勒条件下接收端复信号的频率估计难的问题,研究了一种基于离散傅里叶变换与迭代频率估计的内插综合算法.区别于经典的内插算法,新算法在迭代频率内插算法基础上充分利用复数快速傅里叶变换结果的实虚部值,并通过最大峰值频谱和相邻两侧谱线以极高精度内插估计出复信号的频率参数.仿真结果分析表明,在二次迭代条件下信噪比为-10 dB时,该算法估计均方根误差仍能逼近克拉美-罗限的1.0021倍.该算法在同等条件下比经典的Rife、Quinn和IIN算法具有更高的准确性、稳定性和可靠性.     

A novel NLDMOS with a high ballast resistance for ESD protection

To prevent the non-uniform conduction phenomenon caused by the Kirk effect in an NLDMOS under ESD stress, a novel NLDMOS structure is proposed. High electron injection current is the base of Kirk effect. Higher electron injection can makes the Kirk effect more serious and lead easily to the non-uniform conduction phenomenon. By splitting the drain N＋ with the field oxide in the proposed structure, the crowded current can lead to a higher voltage drop on the ballast resistance. Therefore, the non-uniform conduction is suppressed, and its failure current is much improved.     

一种宽动态范围下的红外图像局部细节增强算法

针对红外图像在宽动态范围下压缩到窄动态范围时带来的图像细节显示模糊、暗处细节丢失以及对比度偏低等问题,提出了一种基于引导滤波分层的红外图像细节自适应增强算法。对背景层利用优化的CLAHE算法来进行压缩,对细节层利用脉冲噪声的多尺度检测并结合韦伯定理的方法进行压缩;解决前述的弱细节模糊以及暗部细节丢失问题。综合主、客观实验结果表明,相对于映射类、分层增强类以及Retinex和集成学习类增强算法,本文所提算法在背景层对比度和光照强度优化、细节层噪声抑制和弱细节增强上取得优异效果;在信息熵、PSNR和SSIM三种客观评测指标下综合效果最佳;处理速度达到150 f/s。在保证实时性的同时,不仅提高了图像的整体对比度,还突出了图像的局部细节,适用于宽温度范围下复杂环境的应用。     

Wafer-grown heat flux sensor arrays for plasma etch processes

This work treats the design, fabrication, and testing of a wafer-grown thermal flux sensor for use in plasma etch processes. This sensor is capable of separately resolving the heating due to ion flux from that due to surface chemical reactions. The sensor is constructed using a modified Gardon gauge structure with an added antenna structure. This addition allows the exposed portion of the gauge to be formed from any plasma etchable material while still retaining the high sensitivity inherent in a Gargon-type heat flux sensor. The fabrication process for the sensor uses standard MEMS process steps, with an XeF/sub 2/ postprocess structure release. Bench-top experimental results showing the sensitivity (0.25 /spl mu/V/W/m/sup 2/) and repeatibility (8.3 W/m/sup 2/) are presented and discussed, and preliminary efforts at in situ etch monitoring are discussed.     

一种新的红外图像自适应增强算法

针对红外热图像普遍存在的目标与背景对比度差、边缘模糊等特点,提出了一种新的红外图像自适应增强算法.通过自适应地选择平台阈值,对红外图像进行平台直方图均衡化,有效抑制了背景的过度增强,避免目标灰度级的过多合并,提升了目标的灰度空间,获得了很好的增强效果.实验结果表明,本算法优于直方图均衡化算法,可有效地突出红外目标.