结构工艺性冲突解决的知识表示

分析了结构工艺性冲突产生的原因；研究了冲突解决的知识表达问题；提出了面向对象的冲突知识表达框架结构，同时说明了这种表示方法在铸造结构工艺性冲突解决上的应用。     

铸造活塞金属型设计专家系统CPMDES

ＣＰＭＤＥＳ系统运用面向对象的Ｃ＋＋语言，较好的表达了活塞金属型设计所需的各种知识，运行结果可为ＣＡＤ部分提供支持并可为该行业的设计人员提供技术方案参考。     

铸件缺陷分析专家系统的研究

本文应用Turbo prolog语言设计和实现了各种铸造缺陷属性和形成原因,以及防止铸造缺陷产生的工艺措施的专家系统.该系统由知识库、推理机、数据库、人机接口和解释机构等五个模块组成.知识由产生式规则表达,采用反向链推理机构和菜单驱动方式的人机接口.     

挤压铸造工艺知识结构研究

分析挤压铸造的工艺过程与工艺知识的关系,建立了广义和狭义的挤压铸造工艺知识结构.广义挤压铸造工艺知识结构包含基础知识、挤压铸造工艺参数设计知识、模具设计知识和挤压铸造设备相关知识层,具有实体相关性、复杂性、重复交叉性和层次性的特点;狭义挤压铸造知识结构面向工艺参数设计而构建,主要包含铸件属性、工艺参数和铸件质量指标三种知识.并基于面向对象理论,建立了狭义挤压铸造工艺知识的语义模型,为其存储和还原表示提供了桥梁.     

热处理，锻压／铸造专刊2014年全彩印刷

为了更方便读者学习交流，更准确表达作者传达的知识，本刊将于2014年全彩印刷，本刊编辑部也将以更大的力度挖掘热处理、锻压、铸造行业的新技术、新热点，全方位、多角度的促进行业技术交流和资讯的传播。希望作者针对每期目次页的策划预报主题展开技术交流，撰文更简练，配图清晰，配图数量可加大。     

毛坯模型的自动形成技术研究

以铸造毛坯为研究对象，进行了毛坯模型的自动形成技术的研究。首先建立零件的三维特征模型，再提取相关工艺信息，从面加工特征和体加工特征两方面进行加工特征的识别，然后根据相关铸造毛坯知识模型补偿，最终形成毛坯模型。     

2Cr13材质整铸式喷嘴环叶片组织和性能的模拟研究

采用不同厚度的板块模拟喷嘴环叶片不同截面部位，以此研究壁厚效应对铸造２Ｃｒ１３合金在各工艺状态下的组织和室温、高温力学性能的影响。结果表明，铸造薄板试样内部因有较多显微疏松，其综合力学性能显著低于厚板试样；经退火处理，试样成份偏析得到消除，性能有所改善，但退火态与淬火＋回火态试样在组织和性能上基本无大的区别。     

铣削参数优化专家系统知识表示研究

通过对铣削知识的整理分类,对产生式知识表示法和面向对象知识表示法在铣削参数专家系统中的应用进行了研究。以VC＋＋和SQL Server 2000作为开发平台,深入认识并研究VC＋＋语言的封装继承特点,将其用于知识的表示中去,使知识的管理更加方便高效。     

汽车空调换热器智能设计系统研究与开发

根据智能设计原理，对汽车空调换热器设计过程的经验知识进行了归纳和总结，提出了分级规划和阶段设计综合求解策略，用ＢｏｒｌａｎｄＣ＋＋语言开发了汽车空调换热器智能设计系统软件，为工程设计人员提供了一种有效的汽车空调换热器设计工具     

WC颗粒增强铁基复合材料辊环的研究

通过力学性能测试、机械加工试验、光镜分析、ＳＥＭ分析、能谱分析及Ｘ衍射分析，研究了外径１６５ｍｍｍ、内径８０ｍｍ、高６５ｍｍ和复合材料表层１８～２５ｍｍ的ＷＣｐ／Ｆｅ－Ｃ复合材料辊环的力学性能、微观组织、冶金反应及机械加工性能。结果表明：离心铸造制备的复合材料辊环的冲击韧度ａＫ达到５～６Ｊ／ｃｍ２，复合材料表层和基体硬度分别达到６３～６５ＨＲＣ和５０－５５ＨＲＣ，复合材料层中ＷＣｐ所占体积分数约６０％，组织为Ｍ＋Ａ＋ＷＣｐ＋ＭＣ，ＷＣ颗粒表面被高温铁水局部熔解，甚至解体，原位自生成微小颗粒状ＷＣ结晶体，远离ＷＣ颗粒处析出有含Ｗ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ元素的细小复式碳化物。由于ＷＣ颗粒部分熔解、扩散，使复合材料层和基体被不同程度合金化。采用离心铸造制备的ＷＣｐ／Ｆｅ－Ｃ复合材料辊环的机械加工性能是可以接受的。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Immunolocalization of S100-like protein in the brain of an emerging model organism: Nothobranchius furzeri

The S100 protein in nervous tissue appears to play important roles in regulating neuronal differentiation, glial proliferation, plasticity, development, axonal growth, and in neurogenetic processes. In fish, the adult neurogenic activity is much higher than in mammals. In this study, the localization of S100 protein was investigated in the brain of annual teleost fish, Nothobranchius furzeri, which is an emerging model organism for aging research. By immunohistochemical techniques, S100 immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in glial cells, small neurons, and fibers throughout all regions of central nervous system (CNS) with different pattern of distribution. In the telencephalon, S100 IR was seen in the olfactory bulbs and in different areas of the telencephalic hemispheres. In the diencephalon, S100 positivity was observed in the habenular nuclei of the epithalamus, in the cortical thalamic nucleus, in the dorsal, ventral and caudal portions, the latter with the posterior recessus nucleus, and in the diffuse inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, along the diencephalic ventricle and in the dorsal optic tract. In the mesencephalon, S100 IR was observed in the longitudinal tori, in the optic tectum, and along the mesencephalic ventricle. In the rhombencephalon, S100 IR was shown in valvula and body of the cerebellum, and in some nuclei of the medulla oblongata. The results suggest that S100 may play a key role in the maintenance of the CNS and in neurogenesis processes in the adulthood.     

中国部分典型地区气溶胶光学特性观测

利用DTF型太阳光度计在我国几个典型城市地区较长期观测得到的资料,分析了不同地区气溶胶光学厚度日变化和季节变化特征,得到了各地区观测期间日均值、月均值和季节值的变化.结果显示,观测期间丽江地区气溶胶光学厚度最小,大气较洁净,大气中以细粒子为主;其次是张北;喀什和合肥地区气溶胶光学厚度都较大,但喀什、张北多以粗粒子为主,合肥多以细粒子为主.各地区都在春季气溶胶光学厚度较大,冬季最小.喀什的气溶胶光学厚度值多集中在0.15到0.7之间,张北多集中在0.08到0.4之间,合肥多集中在0.2到0.75之间,丽江多集中在0.01到0.1之间.各地区气溶胶光学厚度和(A)ngstr(o)m波长指数频率分布基本呈高斯分布,气溶胶光学厚度峰值分布由高到低依次为合肥、喀什、张北、丽江,(A)ngstr(o)m波长指数由高到低依次为丽江、合肥、张北、喀什.     

Immunohistochemistry of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and protein nitration in the striatum of the aged rat

To ascertain the possible implications of the nitric oxide (NO*) producing system in striatal senescence, and by using immunohistochemistry and image-processing approaches, we describe the presence of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical marker, and nitrotyrosine-derived complexes (N-Tyr) in the striatum of adult and aged rats. The results showed neuronal NOS immunoreactive (nNOS-IR) aspiny medium-sized neurons and nervous fibres in both age groups, with no variation in the percentage of immunoreactive area but a significant decrease in the intensity and in the number of somata with age, which were not related to the observed increase with age of the striatal bundles of the white matter. In addition, NADPH-d activity was detected in neurons with morphology similar to that of the nNOS-IR cells; a decrease in the percentage of area per field and in the number of cells, but an increase in the intensity of staining for the NADPH-d histochemical marker, were detected with age. The number of neuronal NADPH-d somata was higher than for the nNOS-IR ones in both age groups. Moreover, N-Tyr-IR complexes were observed in cells (neurons and glia) and fibres, with a significant increase in the percentage of the area of immunoreaction, related to the increase of white matter, but a decrease in intensity for the aged group. On the other hand, we did not detect the inducible isoform (iNOS) either in adult or in aged rats. Taken together, these results support the contention that NADPH-d staining is not such an unambiguous marker for nNOS, and that increased protein nitration may participate in striatal aging.     

Phase of acoustic impedance and performance of standing wave thermoacoustic coolers

Investigations on the relations between the phase angle of the acoustic impedance at the driver piston and the system performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic cooler were performed. The system performance measured at a fixed acoustic power showed that the coefficient of performance of the standing wave thermoacoustic cooler increases as the phase angle increases when the stack temperature span is relatively low. The results were consistent with the simulation results obtained from DELTAE, a computer code based on linear thermoacoustic theory. Analysis on the temperature profiles along the stack showed that the cooling efficiency (COP) of the system could be decreased or increased as the phase angle of the acoustic impedance at the driver piston changes depending on the stack temperature spans. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Yeon June Kang Insu Paek received the B.S. degree in Mechatronics Engineering from Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, in 1997, the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, USA, in 2000, and the Ph. D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA, in 2005. He worked as a postdoctoral researcher in Purdue University and McGill University in 2006 and 2007. He is currently a faculty member in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. His research interests include thermoacoustic cooling and power generation, solar heat driven absorption cooling., and wind power. Luc Mongeau received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1984 and 1986, respectively, and the Ph. D. degree in Acoustics from Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, in 1990. He is currently a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. He has published over 50 archival journal publications on various topics related to acoustics and noise control. His research activities are in the flow and turbomachinery noise areas, as well as in the areas of voice production, and thermoacoustic refrigeration. James E. Braun received the B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts, USA, in 1976, and the M.S. and Ph. D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, in 1980 and 1988, respectively. He is currently a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. Professor Braun’s research combines the use of computer modeling, optimization, and experiments to study and improve the performance of thermal systems. He has published over 140 papers. Professor Braun is currently an associate editor for the international journal of HVAC&R Research. Shin You Kang received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in the Department of Mechanical Design from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1982, and 1986, respectively. He then received the Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the same university in 1992. Professor Kang is currently a professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. His research interests include mechanical structure design, crash analysis, optimal design, computational structure analysis and evaluation.     

Sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver: Fine structure and function in relation to age

Liver endothelial cells form a continuous lining of the liver capillaries, or sinusoids, separating parenchymal cells and fat-storing cells from sinusoidal blood. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells differ in fine structure from endothelial cells lining larger blood vessels and from other capillary endothelia in that they lack a distinct basement membrane and also contain open pores, or fenestrae, in the thin cytoplasmic projections which constitute the sinusoidal wall. This distinctive morphology supports the protective role played by liver endothelium, the cells forming a general barrier against pathogenic agents and serving as a selective sieve for substances passing from the blood to parenchymal and fat-storing cells, and vice versa. Sinusoidal endothelial cells, furthermore, significantly participate in the metabolic and clearance functions of the liver. They have been shown to be involved in the endocytosis and metabolism of a wide range of macromolecules, including glycoproteins, lipoproteins, extracellular matrix components, and inert colloids, establishing endothelial cells as a vital link in the complex network of cellular interactions and cooperation in the liver. Fine structural studies in combination with the development of cell isolation and culture techniques from both experimental animal and human liver have greatly contributed to the elucidation of these endothelial cell functions. Morphological and biochemical investigations have both revealed little changes with age except for an accumulation of iron ferritin and a decrease in the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase, Mg-ATPase, and in glucagon-stimulated adenylcyclase. Future studies are likely to disclose more fully the role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in the regulation of liver hemodynamics, in liver metabolism and blood clearance, in the maintenance of hepatic structure, in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, and in the aging process in the liver.     

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors in amphibians.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a novel peptide of the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide superfamily, has been initially characterized in mammals in 1989 and, only 2 years later, its counterpart has been isolated in amphibians. A number of studies conducted in the frog Rana ridibunda have demonstrated that PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (particularly in the hypothalamus and the median eminence) and in peripheral organs including the adrenal gland. The cDNAs encoding the PACAP precursor and 3 types of PACAP receptors have been cloned in amphibians and their distribution has been determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Ontogenetic studies have revealed that PACAP is expressed early in the brain of tadpoles, soon after hatching. In the frog Rana ridibunda, PACAP exerts a large array of biological effects in the brain, pituitary, adrenal gland, and ovary, suggesting that, in amphibians as in mammals, PACAP may act as neurotrophic factor, a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone.     

Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the avian brain: functional implications for neural sex differences and sexual behaviors

Developmental and seasonal changes in the production of androgens, estrogens, and progestins seem to control sex-specific differentiation and seasonal changes in appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors of birds. This results in profound sex differences in the quality (sex-specific) or quantity (sex-typical) of behaviors such as courtship, territoriality, or copulation. Steroids affect the brain by binding to intracellularly located receptors. The same brain areas express androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in male and female brains. Sex differences in these genetically determined patterns occur in the size of neuron populations that intrinsically express sex steroid receptors. Further permanent sex differences are subsequent to degenerative fates of receptor expressing neuron populations during ontogeny. Transient sex differences in receptor expression appear to be due to area-specific up- and down-regulation of receptor levels, reflecting transient changes in the level of circulating steroids, changes in environmental conditions, or in the physiological status of the individuals. In particular, intrinsic sex differences in the expression pattern of sex steroid receptors and steroid-independent regulation of the expression level of these receptors in the brain are limiting mechanisms for gonad-dependent sexual development and activities.     

Circadian organization and the role of the pineal in birds

All organisms exhibit significant daily rhythms in a myriad of functions from molecular levels to the level of the whole organism. Significantly, most of these rhythms will persist under constant conditions, showing that they are driven by an internal circadian clock. In birds the circadian system is composed of several interacting sites, each of which may contain a circadian clock. These sites include the pineal organ, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, and, in some species, the eyes. Light is the most powerful entraining stimulus for circadian rhythms and, in birds, light can affect the system via three different pathways: the eyes, the pineal, and extraretinal photoreceptors located in the deep brain. Circadian pacemakers in the pineal and in the eyes of some avian species communicate with the hypothalamic pacemakers via the rhythmic synthesis and release of the hormone melatonin. Often the hypothalamic pacemakers are unable to sustain persistent rhythmicity in constant conditions in the absence of periodic melatonin input from the pineal (or eyes). It has also been proposed that pineal pacemakers may be unable to sustain rhythmicity in constant conditions without periodic neural input from the SCN. Significant variation can occur among birds in the relative roles that the pineal, the SCN, and the eyes play within the circadian system; for example, in the house sparrow pacemakers in the pineal play the predominant role, in the pigeon circadian pacemakers in both the pineal and eyes play a significant role, and in Japanese quail ocular pacemakers play the predominant role.     

Cilia in the head of hornets: form and function

In the head of the Oriental hornet, beneath the cuticle, there are plaques of hair cells. These are distributed throughout the upper front part of the head; to wit: in the region of the vertex (i.e., around and behind the ocelli), in the genae around and behind the compound eyes (the ommatidia), and in the region of the forehead or frons. These hair cells are arranged with their thin whip-like part (i.e., cilia) directed outward and morphologically fall into three distinct groups: type (a) thin elongated cilia connected to each other alongside by side-links; type (b) thin elongated cilia of which two or more interconnect at their distal ends via a delicate nerve fiber bearing a knob at its center; and type (c) shorter and thicker cilia that roughly resemble a triangular thorn and are also interconnected by a thin thread, which, however, bears a ball rather then a knob at its center. The knob in the one case and the ball in the other vary in their diameter, but in both instances the interconnecting elements, be they nerve fibers or threads, are seemingly multidirectional. Beneath the frons, in the region of the coronal suture, the hair cells (cilial plaques) are inwardly directed and bear a large trachea at their center. Presumably, the "weighted" cilial cells that are directed toward the exterior of the body aid the hornet in navigation and gravity determination whereas the inwardly directed ciliary cells may possibly serve in acoustic communication. Another element worthy of mention within the hair cells are yellow granules (yg). These yg's originate from the whip-like portion of the ciliary cells that are distributed beneath the frons plate, and also in the yellow stripes of the gastral cuticle. Conceivably, these yellow granules, in both cases, may play a role in the absorption and storage of solar energy. In summary, ciliary structures are involved in the hornet in gravity sensing, in acoustical communication and in light sensing, i.e., with some similarity with what happens in vertebrates in the inner ear and in the photoreceptor.