内燃机车主发电机自励磁装置的研究

对我国内燃机车主发电机励磁系统采用的励磁机组励磁方式进行改进 ,利用三相全控桥对辅发发出的三相交流电进行整流给主发励磁的方式 ,省去了主发励磁机组 ,减少主发励磁系统的维护量 ,方便机车系统整体的布置 ,为内燃机车辅助系统的改造升级提供空间。     

大唐石泉水力发电厂励磁系统技术改造

简述了大唐石泉水力发电厂1-3号水轮发电机组由原直流励磁机它励励磁方式改造为自并励静止励磁方式的思路和目的,介绍了技术改造后该系统的结构、性能、功能;并对该系统改造后的成效进行了简单总结。     

流溪河发电公司2号机励磁系统改造

简要介绍2号机励磁系统改造前、后的运行情况,并通过介绍新励磁系统一些常见试验的方法及注意事项和一些常见的故障处理方法,说明新励磁系统完全满足我厂机组需要。     

1kWα型斯特林发动机的改造及性能测试

对1kWα型太阳能斯特林发动机进行了改造,即用带加热器和微型喷嘴的气体燃烧室取代太阳能吸收 器,建立了试验台,通过试验完成了对气体燃烧室的优化及对励磁系统的调试,最后对这种斯特林发动机的一 些工作特性进行了试验研究。     

重庆主力机组励磁系统辨识对抑制电网低频振荡的作用

励磁系统是提高电力系统运行稳定性,挖掘稳定储备和改善系统动态品质的有力手段。分析了励磁系统在电力系统稳定控制中的调节作用,研究了辨识的原理和线性模式分析法。利用小干扰稳定计算分析程序PSD-SSAP,对重庆电网进行了小干扰稳定计算。通过对重庆电网主力机组进行励磁系统模型及参数的辨识研究,得到可抑制电网低频振荡的准确励磁模型。小干扰稳定计算结果表明:励磁系统的准确辨识,可抑制电网低频振荡,对电网的稳定性具有重要作用。     

变频电机技术在锅炉各调速控制系统中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展，越来越多的新技术被运用到电厂生产中，下面以变频电机技术在梅县发电厂锅炉仓储给粉调速系统改造前后对比为例，谈谈变频电机技术优点。改造前梅县发电厂#1～#4炉给粉机转速的调节是采用励磁电机调速方式，励磁电机调速系统由异步电动机、电磁离合器、测速电机等组成。     

提高可控硅静止励磁系统的可靠性

十多年来,笔者在协助省内外七、八座小水电站改造励磁系统及处理故障的过程中,对于提高可控硅静止励磁系统可靠性方面积累了点滴的经验.这些经验,虽无新的内容,但对工作在生产第一线的同志来说,或许有些帮助.不周之处,请批评指正.可控硅静止励磁系统的故障,除元件损坏外,多数是由于环节欠完善、调整失当或接触不良等所引起.而后面几个因素又容易造成元件损坏,因此本文就这方面谈谈我们的意见.     

EX21OOe励磁系统故障诊断与预警优化

励磁系统的运行与发电机及电力系统稳定性息息相关。EX2100e系统是目前GE公司燃气轮机的主 流励磁 系统,该系统 、输出信息少,与国产励磁系统差异较大,不利于运行维护人员及时发现 并处理故障。针对这种 ,对该系统的保护、故障报警进行了分析梳理,并实施了故障 化方案, 提升了系统 靠性。     

大型异同步电动机再制造成自起动永磁同步电机技术研究

对大型异同步电动机应用中存在的转子励磁系统损耗大、滑环故障率高等问题,提出仅对其转子进行改造,将其再制造成自起动永磁电机。以一台630k W-36P的异同步电机为例,通过等效安匝数原理将原电机转子直流励磁安匝数等效成永磁体激磁磁势,利用商业软件对等效永磁激励条件下的纹波转矩、气隙磁密波形、转速稳定性及运行效率等进行了仿真。结果表明,再制造后自起动永磁电机保留了原异同步电动机的优点,且效率和功率因数以及起动能力,都具有显著的提高,具有重要的工程实践和节能改造价值。     

EX2100励磁系统介绍

EX2100励磁系统是GE公司的第三代数字式静态励磁系统,应用于GE公司的新型汽轮机、燃气轮机、水轮机,本文对其系统结构及硬件进行了介绍。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.