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1.
Javier Vioque Julio Pastor Eduardo Vioque 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(6):671-673
Free and ester alcohol compositions have been determined for leaf waxes in ten taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Size of leaf wax alcohols in the genusCoincya varies between 20 and 31 carbon atoms. This series is dominated by alcohols with an even number of carbon atoms. The most
abundant alcohols are C24, C26 and C28 among even and C25, C27 and C29 among odd alcohols, both in free alcohols and in wax esters. 相似文献
2.
A. P. Tulloch 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1973,50(9):367-371
Volatile components (hydrocarbons, monoesters, free acids as methyl esters and free alcohols as acetates) of seven unhydrolyzed
commercial waxes-ouricury, carnauba, Chinese insect, lac, esparto, candelilla and Japan wax—have been analyzed and compared
by gas liquid chromatography. Though appreciable portions of the waxes were nonvolatile, the results were sufficient to distinguish
the seven waxes completely. Methanolysis products were analyzed directly by gas liquid chromatography, and the results agreed
with those previously obtained for hydrolysis products of these waxes. Ouricury wax gave 18% C24−C34 αω-diols and 4% C24−C32 ω-hydroxy acids, in addition to 28% C20−C32 aciods and 17% C22−C34 alcohols, on methanolysis.
NRCC No. 13387. 相似文献
3.
Gary J. Blomquist Charles L. Soliday Barbara A. Byers Joyce W. Brakke Larry L. Jackson 《Lipids》1972,7(5):356-362
Wax esters of secondary alcohols constitute 18–20% of the cuticular lipid extract ofMelanoplus packardii and 26–31% of the cuticular lipids ofMelanoplus sanguinipes. The total number of carbons in the wax esters range from 37–54 with 41 predominating in both species. The fatty acids ofM. packardii wax esters are 16∶0, 18∶0, 14∶0, 20∶0 and 12∶0 in decreasing quantity. The fatty acids ofM. sanguinipes wax esters are 18∶0, 20∶0, 16∶0 22∶0, 14∶0, 19∶0 and 17∶0 in decreasing quantity. The secondary alcohols from the wax esters
ofM. packardii are C25, C23 and C27 in decreasing quantity, and the secondary alcohols of theM. sanguinipes are C23, C25, C21, C27, C24, C22 and C26 in decreasing quantity. Each secondary alcohol consists of two to four isomers with the hydroxyl group located near the center
of the chain.
Montana Agriculture Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 332. 相似文献
4.
The intact preen wax esters of the red knot Calidris canutus were studied with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/MS/MS. In this latter technique, transitions from the
molecular ion to fragment ions representing the fatty acid moiety of the wax esters were measured, providing additional resolution
to the analysis of wax esters. The C21−C32 wax esters are composed of complex mixtures of hundreds of individual isomers. The odd carbon-numbered wax esters are predominantly
composed of even carbon-numbered n-alcohols (C14, C16, and C18) esterified predominantly with odd carbon-numbered 2-methyl fatty acids (C7, C9, C11, and C13), resulting in relatively simple distributions. The even carbon-numbered wax esters show a far more complex distribution
due to a number of factors: (i) Their n-alcohol moieties are not dominated by even carbon-numbered n-alcohol moieties are not dominated by even carbon-numbered n-alcohols esterified with odd carbon-numbered 2-methyl fatty acids, but odd and even carbon-numbered n-alcohols participate in approximately equal amounts; (ii) odd carbon-numbered methyl-branched alcohols participate abundantly
in these wax ester clusters; and (iii) with increasing molecular weight, various isomers of the 2,6-, 2,8-, and 2,10-dimethyl
branched fatty acids also participate in the even carbon-numbered wax esters. The data demonstrate that there is a clear biosynthetic
control on the wax ester composition although the reasons for the complex chemistry of the waxes are not yet understood. 相似文献
5.
The fatty acids and nonsaponifiable lipids ofEimeria tenella oocysts were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The fatty acids
detected were identified as C14∶0, C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1, and C18∶2. Though the wt of the fatty acid fraction decreased during sporulation from 91 μg per 106 oocysts to 47 μg per 106 oocysts, the relative amounts of these fatty acids did not change appreciably. The nonsaponifiable lipids ofE. tenella consisted of cholesterol and unbranched primary alcohols of 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32 carbons. Mass fragmentography demonstrated
that each species of alcohol consisted of saturated and monounsaturated derivatives. Trimethylsilyl ethers of fatty alcohols
were found to offer several important advantages over free alcohols for mass spectrometric characterization. Before sporulation,
most fatty alcohols were in the oocyst wall. During sporulation, the wt of the nonsaponifiable lipids increased from 16 μg
per 106 oocysts of 44 μg per 106 oocysts due largely to synthesis of C24 and C26 alcohols. The newly synthesized fatty alcohols were not deposited in the oocyst wall. 相似文献
6.
D. N. Srivastava S. K. Bhatt K. N. Udupa 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1976,53(10):607-608
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves (family Malvaceae) were analyzed for their fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and hydrocarbon contents. Wax hydrocarbons ranging
from C16 to C32 with C23, C25, C27, and C31 as major components and wax alcohols between C21 and C30 with C26, iso-C28, and iso-C30 as major components were found to be present in the petroleum ether fraction of the leaves. Fatty acids ranging from C8 to C28 with C8, C12, C14, C16, and C18:2 as major components were found in the combined form. Two cyclic acids, sterculic and malvalic, have also been identified. 相似文献
7.
Crambe abyssinica andLunaria annua, members of the Cruciferae family, have seed oil glycerides containing ca. 55–65% of C22 and C24 unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids were prepared by saponification; fatty alcohols, by sodium reduction of glycerides;
liquid wax esters, byp-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with fatty alcohols; and methyl esters, by reaction of fatty acids
with diazomethane. Solid hydrogenated glyceride oils and wax esters were compared with several commercial waxes. Chemical
and physical constants were determined for the seed oils and their derivatives. Position of unsaturation in theCrambe fatty acids was determined by gas chromatographic analysis of the permanganate-periodate degradation products. The major
dicarboxylic acid was brassylic (C13), proving the docosenoic acid to be erucic.
Presented in part at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, La., 1962.
A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, U.S.D.A. 相似文献
8.
Convolvulus pluricaulis (Chois) (Family: Convolvulaceae) (Hindi: Shankhapushpi), widely grown in the northern part of India, was analyzed for its fatty acids and waxy constituents. Straight chain hydrocarbons (C22–C33), fatty acids (C14–C28), and fatty alcohols (C24–C32) were found in the whole plant 95% aqueous ethanol extract. Hydrocarbons (C27, C31, and C33), fatty acids (C14, C16, and C18:2), and alcohols (C26, iso-C28, iso-C30, and C32) were the major components. 相似文献
9.
Guhling O Kinzler C Dreyer M Bringmann G Jetter R 《Journal of chemical ecology》2005,31(10):2323-2341
Primary plant surfaces, covered with cuticles consisting of cutin and waxes, are important substrates for interaction with
insects. The composition of leaf surfaces of the myrmecophilic plant Macaranga tanarius was studied. The prenylated flavanone nymphaeol-C was identified in surface extracts and was localized exclusively in glandular
trichomes on the abaxial leaf side. The epidermal pavement cells surrounding these trichomes were covered with a smooth film
of epicuticular wax from which few small wax crystals protruded. The epicuticular wax amounted to approximately 8 μg cm−2, corresponding to 85% of the wax load on the adaxial as well as the abaxial leaf sides. The epicuticular wax mixtures from
both leaf surfaces contained more than 70% primary alcohols, 14% fatty acids, 2% aldehydes, and traces of alkyl acetates,
with chain lengths ranging from C20 to C38. In contrast, the intracuticular wax layer was largely dominated by triterpenoid alcohols α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol.
Consequently, these characteristic compounds are not available for direct contact with insects on the plant surface. 相似文献
10.
Leaf wax of oats (Kelsey variety) consists of hydrocarbons (5%), esters (10%), free alcohols (45%), free acids (2.5%), β-diketone
(5.5%), hydroxy-β-diketones (2.5%), and unidentified (29%). Wax on leaf blades contains more free alcohols than wax on leaf
sheaths, and wax on the flag leaf sheath contains more β-diketone than wax on the rest of the plant. Principal hydrocarbons
are C29, C31, and C33. The esters, mainly C44–C48 and C52, are probably C18–C22 and C26 esters of hexacosanol. Free alcohols are almost entirely hexacosanol. The β-diketone is hentriacontane-14, 16-dione. Hydroxy
β-diketones are a mixture of 5-, 6- and 7-hydroxyhentriacontane-14, 16-diones in the proportions 58∶35∶7. The wax also contains
a small amount (0.5%) of 1,16-hexacosanediol.
IRCC No. 13472. 相似文献
11.
F. R. Earle Samuel B. Detwiler Jr. 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1941,18(6):117-119
Summary Wax from the winterizing press cake of soybean oil contains approximately 10 percent free alcohol in addition to true wax.
No free acids and apparently no hydrocarbons are present. The principal alcohols range from C32 to below C28, while the acids have an average chain length of approximately 22 carbon atoms. The wax amounts to not more than 0.002 percent
of the original oil.
Presented before American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, Chicago, Illinos, October 2–4, 1940.
Now associated with Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois.
A cooperative organization participated in by the Bureaus of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering and Plant Industry of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the North Central States of Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. 相似文献
12.
D. N. Srivastava 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1977,27(1):55-57
Jasminum auriculatum (Vahl) (family: Malvaceae) widely grown in India was analysed for its fatty acids and waxy constituents. Straight-chain hydrocarbons (C20-C34), fatty acids (C14-C23) and fatty alcohols (C21-C32) were found in the 95% aqueous ethanol extract of the leaves of the plant. Malvalic acid was the only cyclic acid identified. Hydrocarbons (C29 and C31), fatty acids (C16, C18, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C22) and fatty alcohols (iso-C26, C28 and C30) were the major components. Four polyalcohols, namely D-mannitol, xylitol, inositol and sorbitol, have also been found in the alcoholic extract of the leaves. 相似文献
13.
P. E. Kolattukudy 《Lipids》1970,5(4):398-402
Surface lipid of pea leaves (Pisum sativum var. Frosty) was analyzed with column, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry and
infrared spectroscopy. It contained 42%n-hentriacontane and 7.3%n-hentriacontan-16-ol. About 5% was wax esters, C40–C50 consisting of primarily C26 and C28 alcohols and C16–C22 acids. Almost 5% was aldehydes, mainly C26 and C28. Primary alcohols, chiefly C26 and C28, made up 20% of the surface lipid. 相似文献
14.
Saturated, monoenoic and dienoic wax esters, C26−C40, have been synthesized from even-numbered fatty alcohols and acids. In homologous series of saturated esters, the increments
of melting points follow a regular trend except for those esters which have an acid moiety two carbon atoms shorter than the
alcohol moiety. These wax esters have melting points higher than interpolation would predict. Monoenoic wax esters with the
double bond in the alcohol chain have melting points about 10 C higher than their isomers with the double bond in the acid
chain. 相似文献
15.
The wax material in the secretion of a scale insect,Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green was analyzed chemically with special interest to the composition of higher fatty acids and higher alcohols. The wax
consists of 34.2% fatty acids, 27.1% unsaponifiable matter and 29.5% resin acids. The fatty acids were found to be a complex
mixture of 15 normal acids ranging from C8 to C32. Of these, octacosanoic, triacontanoic and dotriacontanoic acids comprise over 30% of the wax. Presence of relatively large
amount of unsaturated fatty acids of the C18 series (2.8% of the wax) is of particular interest.
From the unsaponifiable fraction, only one saturated straight chain aleohol, bexacosanol, was detected (2.7% of the original
wax). The other unsaponifiable matter was considered to be cyclic or branched carbon chain, and consisted of at least 12 to
20 compounds. The resin acid fraction was also found to be a complex mixture of at least 13 to 14 components. 相似文献
16.
S. B. El-Magoli N. Z. Hassanen M. M. Morad F. A. El-Wakeil 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1982,59(3):146-148
Jasmine wax was fractionated using thin layer chromatography. Six fractions were isolated, purified and identified using combined
gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectra were adopted for the chemical structure confirmation of
each fraction. The fractions were 49.44% hydrocarbons, 15.73% esters, 3.49% aldehydes and ketones, 7.91% primary fatty alcohols,
8.31% free fatty acids and 8.99% was considered origin. The hydrocarbon fraction was found to consist mainly of saturated
chains with C29, C31 and C27 the most predominant. The aldehyde fraction was characterized by straight chains with even numbers of carbon atoms ranging
between C10 and C28, whereas the ketone fraction was found to contain a longer chain structure, i.e., C36. However, the C = O was found to be at the C8 and C11 positions. Free primary alcohols were found to occur in short chains, indicating their existence in the liquid phase, whereas
the free fatty acids were found in long chains and were more likely in the solid phase. 相似文献
17.
Raúl Sánchez-Vioque Alfonso Clemente Javier Vioque Juan Bautista Francisco Millán 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(7):851-855
The neutral lipids composition of defatted chickpea flour and two types of protein isolates has been studied. The main compounds
in neutral lipids are triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerols. Other compounds present are wax esters, free
fatty alcohols, and free sterols. The main fatty acids in neutral lipids are C18:2 and C18:1 among the unsaturated, and C16:0 and C18:0 among the saturated acids. Free and esterified alcohols range from C16:0 to C28:0, the majority being those with an even number of carbon atoms. Sterols observed are β-sito-sterol, campesterol, stigmasterol,
and δ-5-avenasterol. Triacyl-glycerols are partially hydrolyzed, and the amounts of unsaturated sterols and unsaturated fatty
acids are reduced as a result of the chemical treatment during production of the protein isolates. 相似文献
18.
Keum T. Hwang Susan L. Cuppett Curtis L. Weller Milford A. Hanna 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(6):521-527
Grain sorghum wax has been judged to be a potential source of natural wax with properties similar to carnauba wax. Approximately
0.16–0.3% (w/w) wax can be extracted from grain sorghum depending on the efficiency of the organic solvents. Although the
melting points of carnauba wax and sorghum wax are similar, i.e., 78–86 and 77–85°C, respectively, they differ in acid values,
i.e., 2–10 and 10–16, respectively, and saponification numbers, i.e., 77–95 and 16–49, respectively. Improved knowledge of
the properties, composition, and analysis of grain sorghum wax would assist in efforts for industrial application of this
product. Major components of sorghum wax are hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, free fatty alcohols, and FFA. The hydrocarbons
consist mainly of C27 and C29, and the aldehydes, alcohols, and acids are mainly C28 and C30. The wax esters are mostly esters of C28 and C30 alcohols and acids. 相似文献
19.
Gas liquid chromatography of winterized sperm oil showed that its wax esters with even carbon numbers range from C24 to C42 and are present in quantities resembling a normal distribution curve with C34 as the mean. Between these even-numbered wax esters, ones with odd chain lengths were eluted. Triglycerides, similarly present
in a normal distribution pattern, ranged from C42 to C58 and also included traces of odd chain species. The component acids and alcohols were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, and double bond positions in the monoenoid components were established. Branched chain and odd chain constituents,
both saturated and unsaturated, were detected among both alcohols and acids. These moieties, when combined with those having
even chains, are responsible for the wax esters and triglycerides with odd carbon numbers.
ARS, USDA. 相似文献
20.
Summary The proportion of normal acids among the acids of carnauba wax has been found, by a chromatographic separation method, to
be 38%. The normal acid mixture has been separated into its components by amplified distillation of the methyl esters, which
revealed the presence of the acids of even carbon number from C18 to C30. The acids were identified by their melting points, long crystal spacings, and crystal habit. An estimate of their relative
amounts is as follows: C18, 3%; C20, 11.5%; C22, 9%; C24, 30%; C26, 12%; C28, 16.5%; C30, 7%.
Part V of this series: The Aliphatic Alcohols of Wool Wax, by K. E. Murray and R. Schoenfeld, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,29; 416–420 (1952). 相似文献