异种金属和镀层金属的焊接

20093252铜铝接头压接-扩散复合连接工艺及试验/洪丽玲…//焊接学报.-2009,30(1):85~88采用压接-扩散复合连接能够实现T2铜/2A50铝合金异种金属的连接。这种焊接的工艺为先压接后在515℃扩散60min,然后取出热压并再次扩散90min。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、导电率、抗拉强度等测试方法对T2铜/2A50铝合金接头进行研究。结果表明,在结合界面产生了脆性化合物CuAl2,形成了大约2mm的焊缝,在铜基体与焊缝之间生成了新相,形成了一条光亮带。接头的导电性能介于铜与铝合金之间,能够满足实际要求。图6表1参620093253马氏体/珠光体异种耐热钢焊接接头蠕变失效数值模拟/张建强…//焊接学报.-2009,30(2):87~90采用有限元方法对马氏体/珠光体异种耐热钢接头在560℃条件下,外加轴向应力水平分别为100,120和140MPa时界面附近的最大主应力、VonMises等效应力进行了数值模拟,通过恒应力加速蠕变试验对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,对于低匹配接头,焊缝/低强母材界面附近最大主应力很高,蠕变孔洞易于在焊缝/低强母材界面处形成,随...     

T2铜/2A50铝合金锻接扩散焊工艺及显微组织分析

采用锻接扩散焊法进行了T2铜／2A50铝合金异种材料的焊接。利用显微硬度、能谱分析（EDS）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等测试方法对接头界面附近的显微组织进行分析。试验结果表明，T2铜／2A50铝合金，采用先锻接，后加热到515～525℃之间，保温180min，并在加热和保温过程中通过特殊的夹具提供给试样压力，能得到冶金结合的T2铜／2A50铝合金接头，接头界面处出现了明显的焊缝。     

铝/钢激光-MIG复合热源熔-钎连接试验研究

基于激光-MIG复合热源焊接实现了5A02铝合金与镀锌钢、镀铝钢及非镀层Q235钢的优质、高效熔-钎连接,并对焊缝的成形、接头的性能及微观结构作了分析.结果表明,利用该连接方法可以在高速焊接条件下实现铝/钢熔-钎连接,最高焊接速度可达5 m/min;得到的熔-钎接头的抗拉强度接近于该铝合金熔化焊接头的抗拉强度,接头的抗剪强度高于90 MPa;焊缝钎接界面处生成的金属间化合物主要为Fe_3Al、FeAl_2、Fe_2Al_5、FeAl_3,金属间化合物层厚度太薄或太厚均会影响接头的强度,化合物层厚度在1.5～4 μm范围内最佳.     

铝/铜异种金属电阻热辅助超声波缝焊工艺特性

1060纯铝箔作为中间层,通过电阻热辅助超声波缝焊的方式实现1 mm厚度6061铝合金和T2紫铜异种金属焊接,分析了焊接过程中电阻热对铝/铜焊接接头焊缝成形、界面形貌、温度场以及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,采用单独超声波缝焊焊接铝/铜异种金属时,因产生的焊接能量较小,接头连接界面处仅局部区域位置形成连接,接头拉剪强度为45 MPa. 但在电阻热辅助超声波缝焊过程中,电阻热的加入能够有效预热工件,令待焊材料表面发生软化,在高频振动作用下,接头连接界面处形成有效连接. 同时,引入电阻热提高了铝/铜界面处温度,由单独超声波缝焊的140 ℃增加至190 ℃,界面处原子扩散距离增加,获得焊接接头的拉剪强度增加至75 MPa,相对前者接头拉剪强度提高67%.     

异质铝合金激光填丝搭接叠焊接头的组织与性能

对1 mm厚的5052-H32铝合金轧制板与3 mm厚的6005A-T6铝合金挤压板进行激光填丝搭接叠焊。采用金相显微镜、SEM与EDS分析了焊缝接头组织,使用电子万能拉伸试验机与维氏显微硬度计对接头力学性能进行检测。结果表明:在激光功率为5. 8 kW～6. 2 kW,送焊丝速度3. 5 m/min～4. 0 m/min时,焊接接头表面成形良好,焊缝有效连接宽度在2. 66 mm～2. 90 mm;焊缝区组织主要由铸态的等轴枝晶构成,在6005A铝合金侧焊缝区出现过时效现象,在α-Al基体上出现大量的析出相Mg_2Si及Mg_2Al_3,并随着激光功率的增加而增多;焊接接头抗拉强度随着激光功率的增加而降低,在激光功率为5. 8 kW时,焊缝获得最大抗拉强度为205. 85 N/mm~2,5052铝合金母材强度为228 N/mm~2,焊缝强度系数为0. 90。在5052铝合金板侧焊缝处硬度值低于母材的,6005A铝合金板热影响区存在软化,软化区范围在2 mm～3 mm。但由于6005A铝合金板厚度大于5052铝合金板的,薄板受力更为集中,断裂位置发生在5052铝合金焊缝处。     

散热器用铜与铝合金异质FSW接头的组织与性能研究

采用1100 r/min旋转速度、180 mm/min焊接速度,进行3 mm厚散热器用T2铜与6061铝合金的对接搅拌摩擦焊试验,并对接头进行了X光无损检测、显微组织、显微硬度和力学性能的测试与分析。结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊可以实现T2铜与6061铝合金的高质量异质连接,接头的显微硬度呈"W"型分布、抗拉强度达到T2铜母材的95%、伸长率达到6061铝合金母材的97%。     

Mg/Al脉冲加压扩散连接接头显微组织及力学性能

采用脉冲加压扩散连接工艺,实现了AZ31镁合金与5083铝合金的连接.借助扫描电镜、EDS、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计等手段对接头的显微组织及力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,接头有镁合金基体、冶金反应层、扩散层和铝合金基体组成.焊缝中形成了Mg₂Al₃,AlMg和Al_0.56Mg_0.44金属间化合物.接头最高硬度值达3300 MPa.随着保温扩散时间的延长,接头的抗拉强度出现了先升高后降低的现象,最高接头强度达46 MPa,在断口中发现了部分韧窝,断口属于韧性和准解理混合断口.在镁合金和铝合金两侧,硬度变化区域出现不对称现象.     

超声冲击实现7A52铝合金焊接接头表面纳米化

针对7A52铝合金焊接接头表面纳米化研究尚不成熟的实际情况,利用超声冲击技术,在预设电流为2 A,超声冲击速度为1.25 min/cm2的条件下,对7A52铝合金双丝MIG焊焊接接头进行超声冲击处理,借助扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜对超声冲击处理后的7A52铝合金双丝MIG焊焊接接头的表层组织进行观察、分析.发现焊接接头表层经超声冲击处理后形成塑性变形层,焊缝及热影响区的变形层厚度可达70μm左右,母材的变形层厚度可达50μm左右.同时,焊接接头表层晶粒被细化,焊缝表层的晶粒尺寸可达70~300 nm,母材的晶粒尺寸可达50~500 nm.     

铝/铜异种金属双面搅拌摩擦焊接成形及接头力学性能

对12 mm厚的1060纯铝与T2紫铜进行了双面搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了焊接速度对焊缝成形与接头力学性能的影响。结果表明：在搅拌头转速为600 r/min的条件下,当焊接速度为30～50 mm/min时,焊接速度对接头力学性能影响较小,接头均断裂于铝母材一侧;当焊接速度为30 mm/min时,获得了无缺陷的焊接接头;当焊接速度为40～50 mm/min时,接头出现扁平状小孔洞缺陷,此时,由于搅入焊缝的铜与铝混合形成复合材料结构,增强了焊缝性能,因此,其接头强度仍高于纯铝母材的;当焊接速度超过60 mm/min时,热输入降低引起材料流动不足,在接头内形成贯穿焊缝的孔洞缺陷,使接头承载面积减小,抗拉强度降低。搅拌区中部受到搅拌头两次热力搅拌作用,硬度最高。此外,由于第一道焊缝引起工件变形,在相同下压量的情况下,第二道焊缝相对于第一道焊缝压力略低、热输入较小,使得焊缝底部(即第二道焊缝)的硬度低于焊缝上部(即第一道焊缝)的,且第二道焊缝更易出现孔洞缺陷。综合考虑焊接效率和接头性能,50 mm/min为最优焊接速度,此时接头性能与铝母材的相当,抗拉强度为75.6 MPa,伸长率为26%。     

工业纯钛TA2/紫铜T2异种金属CMT焊接接头的微观组织和腐蚀性能

采用冷金属过渡技术(CMT)对工业纯钛TA2和紫铜T2异种金属薄板进行对接焊.焊接过程中,使焊丝偏向铜的一侧,铜母材和焊丝熔化形成熔焊接头,熔化的填充材料润湿钛母材,形成钎焊界面,实现钛和铜的熔钎焊连接.使用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和力学试验研究焊接接头的组织以及连接机理.在室温下10%HCl溶液中,研究钛/铜异种金属CMT焊接接头的腐蚀行为.结果表明,钎焊界面由TiCu,Ti₂Cu,AlCu₂Ti等多种金属间化合物组成;焊缝区由铜基固溶体和Ti-Cu-Al-Ni-Fe五元素析出相组成;接头的抗拉强度达到205 MPa;焊接接头在室温10%HCl溶液中腐蚀7天后,钎焊界面出现腐蚀沟槽,14天后自行断裂.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.