Diffusion Bonding of Microduplex Stainless Steel and Ti Alloy with and without Interlayer: Interface Microstructure and Strength Properties

The interface microstructure and strength properties of solid state diffusion bonding of microduplex stainless steel (MDSS) to Ti alloy (TiA) with and without a Ni alloy (NiA) intermediate material were investigated at 1173 K (900 °C) for 0.9 to 5.4 ks in steps of 0.9 ks in vacuum. The effects of bonding time on the microstructure of the bonded joint have been analyzed by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in the backscattered mode. In the direct bonded joints of MDSS and TiA, the layer-wise σ phase and the λ + FeTi phase mixture were observed at the bond interface when the joint was processed for 2.7 ks and above holding times. However, when NiA was used as an intermediate material, the results indicated that TiNi₃, TiNi, and Ti₂Ni are formed at the NiA-TiA interface, and the irregular shaped particles of Fe₂₂Mo₂₀Ni₄₅Ti₁₃ have been observed within the TiNi₃ intermetallic layer. The stainless steel-NiA interface is free from intermetallics and the layer of austenitic phase was observed at the stainless steel side. A maximum tensile strength of ~520 MPa, shear strength of ~405 MPa, and impact toughness of ~18 J were obtained for the directly bonded joint when processed for 2.7 ks. However, when nickel base alloy was used as an intermediate material in the same materials, the bond tensile and shear strengths increase to ~640 and ~479 MPa, respectively, and the impact toughness to ~21 J when bonding was processed for 4.5 ks. Fracture surface observations in scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrate that in MDSS-TiA joints, failure takes place through the FeTi + λ phase when bonding was processed for 2.7 ks; however, failure takes place through σ phase for the diffusion joints processed for 3.6 ks and above processing times. However, in MDSS-NiA-TiA joints, the fracture takes place through NiTi₂ layer at the NiA-TiA interface for all bonding times.     

Diffusion Bonding of 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel to Ti Alloy With and Without Ni Alloy Interlayer: Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

In the present study, the diffusion bonding of 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel to Ti alloy with and without nickel alloy as intermediate material was carried out in the temperature range of 1073 K to 1223 K (800 °C to 950 °C) in steps of 298 K (25 °C) for 60 minutes in vacuum. The effects of bonding temperature on interfaces microstructures of bonded joint were analyzed by light optical and scanning electron microscopy. In the case of directly bonded stainless steel and titanium alloy, the layerwise α-Fe + χ, χ, FeTi + λ, FeTi + β-Ti phase, and phase mixture were observed at the bond interface. However, when nickel alloy was used as an interlayer, the interfaces indicate that Ni₃Ti, NiTi, and NiTi₂ are formed at the nickel alloy-titanium alloy interface and the PHSS-nickel alloy interface is free from intermetallics up to 1148 K (875 °C) and above this temperature, intermetallics were formed. The irregular-shaped particles of Fe₅Cr₃₅Ni₄₀Ti₁₅ have been observed within the Ni₃Ti intermetallic layer. The joint tensile and shear strength were measured; a maximum tensile strength of ~477 MPa and shear strength of ~356.9 MPa along with ~4.2 pct elongation were obtained for the direct bonded joint when processed at 1173 K (900 °C). However, when nickel base alloy was used as an interlayer in the same materials at the bonding temperature of 1148 K (875 °C), the bond tensile and shear strengths increase to ~523.6 and ~389.6 MPa, respectively, along with 6.2 pct elongation.     

液相烧结钼基合金粘结相的研究

研究了粘结相的成分Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ的变化对液相烧结Ｍｏ－Ｗ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ合金性能的影响。结果发现，随镍铜量或镍铜比的增加，烧结温度下降，合金的晶粒球化，细化。当镍铜比一定，合金的抗拉强度随镍铜量的增加先是急剧上升，然后缓慢下降，当镍铜量一定，抗拉强度随镍铜比的增加亦有上述关系。当镍铜比为２．４，镍铜量为６％，烧结温度不低于１３８０℃时，液相烧结钼基合金几乎无孔隙，抗拉强度可达１１００ＭＰａ，晶粒呈鹅卵石状     

中间层成分对TP304H不锈钢瞬间液相连接的影响

 采用镍基、铁镍基和铁基3种中间层合金进行了TP304H不锈钢的瞬间液相(TLP)连接试验,利用电子探针和能谱分析了中间层成分对接头组织和成分的影响。结果表明,镍基接头组织为固溶体,接头区出现了跨界面晶粒。虽然接头拉伸断裂于焊缝处,但强度、塑性已达到母材水平。铁镍基接头组织与母材组织不同,元素扩散差,焊缝界限清晰,接头性能低。铁基接头组织与母材组织相同,成分连续均匀分布,实现了真正的TLP连接。挂管试验结果表明,铁基接头不仅具有很好的强度和塑性,而且接头抗腐蚀性能好,可满足实际工业应用。     

硬质合金与工具钢的扩散焊接

探讨了过渡族金属作为过渡层金属时,其焊接工艺条件对硬质合金和合金工具钢在扩散焊接时,对结合部的强度的影响。同时还研究了过渡层金属的种类、厚度及线膨胀系数对接合强度的影响。     

Possibility to Strengthen the Joint between a Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel Formed by Diffusion Welding through an Interlayer

The mechanical properties and the fracture of the joints between a PT3V titanium alloy and 12Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel formed by diffusion welding through ultrafine-grained layers of nickel and a Cr2Ni98 alloy are studied. The highest strength of the joint (about 390 MPa) is achieved upon welding at T = 700°C, 20 min irrespective of the interlayer material. However, in the case of the nickel interlayer, fracture occurs in the regions adjacent to the TiNi layer; in the case of the Cr2Ni98 alloy, along the alloy/steel interface.     

反向凝固复合不锈钢带的轧制工艺及界面结合

针对用反向凝固法生产不锈钢复合带的工艺，研究了轧制温度、轧制速度及轧制变形率对母带与凝固层间结合的影响。结果表明：轧制温度为１２５０℃、两道次的轧制变形率为５０％时，界面结合较好，轧制速度对界面结合的影响不明显。经分析得知 喧与凝固层的界面结合是靠元素相互扩散形成过渡区实现的。     

Transient-Liquid-Phase Bonding of H230 Ni-Based Alloy Using Ni-P Interlayer: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Transient-liquid-phase bonding using Ni-P as an interlayer has been developed for H230 Ni-Cr-W solid-solution-strengthened Ni-based alloy. Two process parameters—composition of the interlayer and bonding time—have been varied to optimize the mechanical properties. H230 has been bonded into two sets of stacks (set I and II) for 8 and 4 hours using Ni-12P and Ni-6P interlayer, respectively, (wt pct) at 1423 K (1150 °C) and 12.7 MPa. The microstructure of both the stacks has three distinct regions—the joint centerline which showed the presence of pores, an isothermally solidified zone (ISZ) which did not have any carbide precipitates and base H230. Transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography showed a uniform microstructure, and an absence of any deleterious phases at the joint and in ISZ. Set I and set II had a yield strength of 76 and 86 pct of that of the H230 sheet, tested at 1023 K (750 °C). The measured elongation at fracture was negligible, but the fracture surfaces revealed a ductile cup-and-cone-type fracture occurring through the ISZ/joint region. Examination of broken tensile samples revealed that the plastic strain was constrained to within one joint region through which fracture occurred.     

液-固相轧制复合法生产含硅中锡/钢复合轴瓦带的凝固组织

采用液—固相轧制法可以稳定、连续生产AlSn8Si2．5Pb2Cu0．8Cr0．2覆钢双层轴瓦带。通过金相照片显示其组织与铸造组织相似，但柱状晶(胞状晶)更为细小、发达，组织内Si，Sn等元素分布均匀，在液—固相轧制复合工艺条件范围内，浇注温度对胞状晶组织结构有较大影响，退火则使Sn，Si元素聚集、球化。     

纳米镀镍层作中间层的钛合金与不锈钢扩散焊接

采用电镀纳米镍中间层,对钛合金TA17与不锈钢0Cr18Ni9Ti进行扩散焊焊接试验研究.利用能谱对焊接接头的元素分布进行分析,结果表明:采用电镀纳米镍层作中间层能有效防止钛合金中的Ti、V、Al等元素与不锈钢中Fe、Ni、C等元素的相互扩散和迁移,很好地抑制了金属间化合物TiFe、TiFe2及脆性相TiC的形成.通过计算接头处扩散层的激活能可知纳米镍的扩散性能比镍箔的好.     

Effect of Interlayer Interval Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured WE43 Mg Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Additive manufacturing of magnesium (Mg) alloys has gained interest for the potential to fabricate complex geometries for extreme light-weighting or...     

热轧合金钢轨中马氏体组织的成因及避免措施

分析了金属凝固过程中的合金元素偏析现象，并简要介绍了合金钢轨中马氏体组织的形态，分布特征和基本特性，提出了避免合金钢轨中马氏体组织形成的工艺措施。     

钛合金-不锈钢相变超塑性扩散连接接头分析

探讨了TA17钛合金和OCr18Ni9Ti不锈钢相变超塑性扩散连接工艺；分析了接头微观组织结构，元素的扩散及断口形貌。结果表明，钛合金和不锈钢两侧的元素有不同程度的扩散，在界面处形成β-Ti、TiFe和TiFe2。控制金属间化合物厚度在5μm以内可以提高接头强度。接头受力的主要物相是以β-Ti为基的固溶体，该物相的面积对接头的强度影响很大，面积越大，接头强度越高；反之越低。     

An Investigation of Interface Bonding of Bimetallic Foils by Combined Accumulative Roll Bonding and Asymmetric Rolling Techniques

The bond strength in bimetallic materials is an important material characteristic. In this study, 0.1-mm thick bimetallic foils (AA1050/AA6061) were produced using one pass of accumulative roll bonding followed by three passes of asymmetric rolling (AR). The AR passes were carried out at roll speed ratios of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 separately. Finite element simulation was used to model the deformation of the bimetallic foils for the various experimental conditions. Particular attention was focused on the bonding of the interface between AA1050 and AA6061 layers in the simulation. The optimization of the roll speed ratio was obtained for improvement of the bond strength of the interface of AA1050/AA6061 bimetallic foils during AR process. In the simulation, the mean equivalent strain at the interface zone between the AA1050 and AA6061 layers was seen to reach a peak value at a roll speed ratio of about 1.2 to 1.3, which also corresponded to a high quality bond at the interface as observed experimentally.     

反向凝固钢带母带与凝固层间焊合的研究

研究了反向凝固钢带母带与凝固层之间的焊合,分析了反向凝固钢带的组成,焊合的条件及影响焊合的因素。结果表明:母带与凝固层可以实现良好的焊合,焊合的条件是母带表面产生部分熔化;钢难过热度对焊合有一定影响。     

热轧不锈钢复合板界面氧化物夹杂的形成机制

 以不锈钢-低合金钢复合板为研究对象,利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对复合界面附近的夹杂物进行了分析。研究发现,不锈钢复合板界面处夹杂物主要为氧化物,其成分与复合界面处的真空度有关。在较低的真空度下(真空度大于15Pa),氧化物夹杂的成分以硅为主,在较高的真空度下(真空度小于0.1Pa),夹杂的成分以铝为主。界面氧化物夹杂主要是由于高温下钢中的Al、Si和Mn等元素向复合界面处扩散并被氧化形成的。由试验结果也可知,随着真空度的降低,界面氧化也变得更加明显,当真空度的值从0.1Pa增加到20Pa左右时,界面氧化物的体积分数从15%提高到了50%。     

Thermochemical Analysis of Phases Formed at the Interface of a Mg alloy-Ni-plated Steel Joint during Laser Brazing

The thermodynamic stability of precipitated phases at the steel-Ni-Mg alloy interface during laser brazing of Ni-plated steel to AZ31B magnesium sheet using AZ92 magnesium alloy filler wire has been evaluated using FactSage thermochemical software. Assuming local chemical equilibrium at the interface, the chemical activity–temperature–composition relationships of intermetallic compounds that might form in the steel-Ni interlayer-AZ92 magnesium alloy system in the temperature range of 873 K to 1373 K (600 °C to 1100 °C) were estimated using the Equilib module of FactSage. The results provided better understanding of the phases that might form at the interface of the dissimilar metal joints during the laser brazing process. The addition of a Ni interlayer between the steel and the Mg brazing alloy was predicted to result in the formation of the AlNi, Mg₂Ni, and Al₃Ni₂ intermetallic compounds at the interface, depending on the local maximum temperature. This was confirmed experimentally by laser brazing of Ni electro-plated steel to AZ31B-H24 magnesium alloy using AZ92 magnesium alloy filler wire. As predicted, the formation of just AlNi and Mg₂Ni from a monotectic and eutectic reaction, respectively, was observed near the interface.     

Accumulative Roll Bonding of Alloy 2205 Duplex Steel and the Accompanying Impacts on Microstructure,Texture, and Mechanical Properties

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The mechanical and microstructural evolution of Alloy 2205 during severe plastic deformation is examined in this study. A combination of accumulative...     

An Analysis of Intermetallic Bonding between a Ring Carrier and an Aluminum Piston Alloy

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the formation of an intermetallic bond between a ring carrier and an aluminum piston alloy. The ring carrier is made of austenitic cast iron (Ni-Resist) to increase the wear resistance of the first ring groove and is applied in highly loaded diesel engines. The most important thing is that the Ni-Resist (ferrous) must be bonded with a non-ferrous piston material during the casting of the piston. A metallographic investigation using an optical microscope in combination with the SEM/EDS analysis of the quality of the intermetallic bonding layer was done. The test results show that if the proper conditions are met, then the preparation of the ring carrier can be made successfully, as can the formation of the metal connection between the two materials of different qualities.