空化效应下端面液膜机械密封性能分析

针对端面螺旋槽液膜密封空化效应,基于Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,采用流场计算软件FLUENT对机械密封端面液膜密封流场进行空化模拟,探究液膜密封在不同转速、入口压力、槽深、液膜厚度以及不同螺旋角对空化效应的影响规律。研究结果表明：端面螺旋槽液膜密封在考虑空化效应时的开启力、泄漏率均小于不考虑空化效应工况下的值,而且工况参数和结构参数的影响规律基本相似。综合考虑端面螺旋槽液膜密封的密封性能以及可靠性,建议取槽深为10～14 μm、液膜厚度为3～4 μm和螺旋角为15°～20°时,端面螺旋槽液膜密封的整体密封性能最佳。     

基于CFD的端面空化对液膜密封稳态特性影响研究

基于满足质量守恒的空化模型,利用CFD FLUNET软件建立螺旋槽液膜密封端面三维模型,探讨螺旋槽结构参数对密封端面空化产生的影响规律,分析端面空化对密封端面间流体膜的开启力、液膜刚度、泵送率等的影响。结果表明:以液膜中气相体积分数变化为判据,空化效应随槽深和槽数的增加而增强,随槽径宽径比的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,但随螺旋角的增加而减弱;考虑空化效应后,液膜开启力和泵送量的数值与未考虑时有所降低,但变化趋势基本一致,而液膜刚度在一定的螺旋槽结构参数范围内波动较大,影响液膜的稳定性。因此,端面空化易导致密封失效。     

衍生螺旋槽对超临界二氧化碳干气密封微气膜稳态特性影响*

以衍生螺旋槽为研究对象,建立衍生螺旋槽端面微气膜三维流动模型,通过软件REFPROP获取CO2在不同压力温度下的物性参数,并导入Fluent计算得到了衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽的膜压分布。对比分析衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽S-CO2干气密封开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度,讨论不同入口压力和转速下湍流效应、实际气体效应以及离心惯性力对密封稳态性能的影响,揭示多种效应交互耦合对S-CO2干气密封气膜动态特性的密封机制。结果表明：衍生螺旋槽的气膜开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度等性能参数优于经典螺旋槽,这是衍生螺旋槽两级台阶作用的结果;随着转速的增加,在湍流效应和离心惯性力的交互耦合作用下,开启力、泄漏率及气膜刚度先增大后减小,随入口压力的增大,气膜开启力、泄漏率和气膜刚度均呈近似线性增大,且压力越大衍生螺旋槽和经典螺旋槽的差异越来越明显。     

大圆形孔端面机械密封性能分析

考虑液膜空化的影响,采用有限单元法求解层流、等温条件下控制流体密封端面膜压的雷诺方程,分析大圆形孔端面机械密封在不同端面几何结构参数和操作条件下,端面液膜压力分布以及开启力、液膜刚度和泄漏率等密封性能参数的变化规律,对比微孔与大孔密封端面的性能,指出大圆形孔端面密封产生承载力的机制;以最大液膜刚度及开启力为优化目标,在研究范围内获得大孔的最佳孔深。结果表明:在相同研究条件下,随着孔径和孔数的增加,大圆形孔产生的流体动压效应比微孔更强;随着介质压力的增加,静压效应增强,空化效应减弱,由此导致端面开启力增大,液膜刚度下降,泄漏率增大;随着转速的增大,开启力和液膜刚度均增大,而泄漏率减小。     

端面波度、锥度与槽型耦合密封特性数值分析

研究非接触端面密封中密封端面的波度、锥度与槽型耦合作用下非端面密封的密封特性。在层流、稳态的密封介质基础上,基于极坐标下二维雷诺方程,结合数值求解方法,考虑波度、锥度与槽型耦合对密封特性的影响,得到泄漏率、开启力、液膜刚度3类密封特性参数变化趋势。研究表明,当锥度一定时,随着波度增大,泄漏率增加,液膜刚度微幅增大,而开启力则受端面槽型耦合影响,其中直方槽端面和螺旋槽端面开启力呈现逐步变小的趋势,内螺旋槽端面开启力呈现先增后减变化,最后3种槽型端面的开启力趋于同一值;当波度一定时,随着锥度提升,泄漏率增加,开启力增大,液膜刚度变弱。在非接触端面密封中,合理选取波度、锥度与槽型有利于保证密封的非接触状态,提高端面密封的可靠性和工作寿命。     

阶梯收敛槽机械密封空化效应及密封性能优化分析

为解决波度端面机械密封精密加工困难的问题,基于收敛型槽具有较低的泄漏量和较高的流体静压效应的特点,提出一种由波度端面机械密封结构衍生变化的阶梯收敛槽机械密封结构,考虑空化作用,对不同结构参数及工况参数下机械密封密封性能进行CFD流体仿真分析。结果表明：工况参数及结构参数对液膜空化效应有显著的影响,其中随着膜厚、密封压力以及槽深的增加,液膜空化效应均减弱,随着转速的增大,液膜空化效应变强。以开漏比评价密封性能,结果表明,阶梯收敛槽机械密封在小膜厚、高转速、较低密封压力以及较小静环开槽深度下运行时可获得最优密封性能;但为保证密封端面液膜具有足够的承载力,开槽深度不宜过小。     

基于Fluent的螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封三维微间隙流场数值模拟

密封端面微间隙液膜特性是上游泵送机械密封性能研究的关键。采用Pro/E wildfire软件建立参数化螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封端面微间隙液膜几何模型,以清水为工作介质,使用Fluent软件,对跨尺度密封端面微间隙流场进行三维数值模拟,得到开启力及压力分布规律,并与有关测试结果进行对比分析,实验数据与模拟数值基本吻合,表明所采用的模拟方案可对螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封微间隙三维流场进行较好地描述,该方法可用于密封端面微间隙流场及性能的系统研究;对端面压强分布进行分析,结果表明,在螺旋槽外槽根处存在最大静压,液膜开启力的增大主要来源于槽根产生的最大静压。     

单向双列螺旋槽干气密封流场数值模拟

对一种具有我国自主知识产权的单向双列螺旋槽干气密封端面流场进行了数值分析。采用商用CFD分析软件Fluent,应用RNGk-ε湍流模型、SIMPLE算法,计算了密封端面的压力分布、开启力、泄漏量,并计算了特定工况下密封的工作膜厚、工作泄漏量。结果表明该密封具有良好的动压效应和较小的泄漏量,对该类干气密封的进一步优化设计有一定的指导意义。     

微流道界面剪切对液膜密封空化流场特性的影响研究

针对高转速下液膜密封空化区界面发生强烈波动导致密封失稳的问题,为寻找波动抑制方法,考察了微流道槽底面剪切条件对液膜空化流场特性的影响。选用Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,运用Laminar和转捩SST模型,对比研究了不同转速槽底面无滑移和无剪切条件下的开启力F_o、泄漏率Q、空化占比和空化区速度分布规律。结果表明：流动模型的选择(Laminar和转捩SST模型)对F_o和Q的影响可以忽略,但对空化影响十分显著;液膜空化泡在膜厚方向呈不规则曲面状,在槽区膜厚中部位置的轴截面空化面积占比最大,无滑移时向非开槽端面单侧减小,无剪切时向密封端面双侧减小;可分开判定非槽区和槽区流态,非槽区始终为层流,槽区在11 300 r/min以下为层流,高于11 300 r/min为转捩流,若存在局部区域流动因子9/16<ζ<1或有空化发生,均应采用转捩SST模型;槽底面进行超滑水改性,可显著提高F_o(15 000 r/min时提高51.6%),降低Q(1 000 r/min时降低2.8%),有效降低空化率(15000r/min时...     

端面周向波度密封中流场的数值模拟

建立端面周向波度密封密封端面间液膜流场的数值模型,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对密封间隙中的液膜进行三维数值模拟,得到液膜流场的压力分布,求得密封的泄漏量、开启力和刚度等密封特性参数,分析密封几何参数(如波幅、波数、密封环坝区的宽度与密封环宽度之比)对密封性能的影响.结果表明:随着液膜厚度的增加,开启力减小,泄漏量增大;密封几何参数对密封特性参数的影响存在一定的规律,如波幅越大、波数越多,密封环端面的流体动压效应越明显,而随密封环坝区的宽度与密封环宽度之比的增加,开启力、泄漏量和刚度都减小.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.