Failure envelope considering the ultimate tensile capacity of suction caissons in sand

Little analytical work has been done to elucidate the ultimate capacity of suction caissons under vertical tensile (V), lateral (H), and moment (M) loads in soils. In this paper, in order to reveal the effect of vertical tensile, lateral, and moment loads on the ultimate capacity of suction caissons in sand, an analytical investigation was made using a traditional bearing capacity theory. Taking account of the vertical equilibrium of an annular element of a skirt, through the vertical tractions inside and outside the skirt of a suction caisson when a vertical tensile load is applied, the vertical displacement of the soils adjacent to the skirt of the suction caisson was presented. The most appropriate bearing capacity equation for predicting the experimental results was shown for suction caissons having an embedment larger than a diameter in sand. For the deformation-load responses of suction caissons with various embedment ratios in sand, subjected to inclined tensile loads, there was a good agreement between the results obtained from laboratory tests and those predicted by the present method. The failure surfaces, considering the ultimate tensile capacity in the H-M, H-V, and M−V planes, and in the H-M−V space, for suction caissons in sand, were presented.     

Ultimate bearing capacity of rigid footing under eccentric vertical load

In geotechnical engineering, the stability of rigid footings under eccentric vertical loads is an important issue. This is because the number of superstructure buildings has increased and the situation of structures being subjected to eccentric vertical loading is occurring more and more frequently. In this study, focus is placed on the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing against the eccentric load placed on two types of soil, namely, sandy soil and clayey soil, using a finite element analysis. For the sandy soil, the study newly introduces an interface element into the footing-soil system in order to properly evaluate the interaction between the footing and the soil, which greatly affects the failure mechanism of the footing-soil system. For the clayey soil, the study improves the analysis procedure by introducing a zero-tension analysis into the footing-soil system. Two friction conditions between the footing and the soils are considered; one models a perfectly rough condition and the other models a perfectly smooth condition. For a two-dimensional analysis of the footing-soil system, the rigid plastic finite element method (RPFEM) is applied to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of the eccentrically loaded footing. The RPFEM is extended in this work to calculate not only the ultimate bearing capacity, but also the distribution of contact stress along the footing base. The study thoroughly investigates the effect of the eccentric vertical load on the ultimate bearing capacity in the normalized form of V/V_ult and e/B where e is the length of the eccentricity and B is the width of the footing. V_ult indicates the ultimate bearing capacity of the centric vertical load. The failure envelope in the plane of V/V_ult and M/BV_ult is further investigated under various conditions for the sandy and clayey soils. M is the moment load induced by the eccentric vertical load. This study examines the applicability of the failure envelope obtained for the eccentric vertical load to the cases where two variables, V and M, are independently prescribed. The obtained results are coincident and indicate the wide applicability of the failure envelope in the normalized V-M plane in practice. Finally, in a comparison with previous researches, the numerical data in the present study lead to the derivation of new equations for the failure envelopes of both sandy and clayey soils.     

各向异性软黏土地基上浅基础破坏包络面研究

 根据已有的关于土体强度各向异性的表达式,针对基于Tresca屈服准则的理想弹塑性模型进行改进,使之可以考虑不排水条件下软黏土强度的各向异性,并在大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS中予以数值实施。联合应用swipe加载模式和固定位移比加载模式,对于条形浅埋基础在竖向荷载V、水平荷载H与力矩荷载M的复合加载条件下的承载性能进行比较系统的数值模拟,主要探讨地基土不排水强度的各向异性、竖向荷载水平对于浅基础在H-M荷载空间内的破坏包络面的影响。首先进行浅基础分别在竖向、水平与力矩荷载单独作用下极限承载力的计算,并与已有结果进行对比。进而对于不同竖向荷载水平下浅基础在H-M荷载空间内的破坏包络面特性进行分析。计算结果表明：当浅基础埋深与宽度之比较大或基础承受三维自由度加载时,swipe加载模式得到的加载路径比真实的破坏包络面明显偏小;对于给定埋深的浅基础,其包络面的大小与地基土强度的各向异性与竖向荷载水平都有关系,而在归一化荷载平面内,包络面形状主要受到竖向荷载水平的影响,而与地基土强度的各向异性无关。     

砂土中锚板上拔三维物质点法模拟研究

土体中锚板的上拔过程存在复杂的锚土相互作用,掌握其变形及破坏机制对于确定锚板的极限承载力和优化设计具有重要的意义.采用三维物质点法(MPM)模拟了砂土中圆形锚板的上拔过程,探究了不同埋深条件下土体的位移场分布及锚板的上拔破坏机制,并结合极限平衡法研究了砂土密实度、锚板尺寸和埋深等因素对其极限承载力的影响.结果 表明,临...     

砂土地基上圆形浅基础三维破坏包络面的理论研究

对砂土地基上圆形浅基础在竖向荷载V 、水平荷载 H 及力矩 M 复合加载条件下的承载力进行了系统的三维有限元分析。在分析中,砂土假定为纯摩擦材料,遵循基于 Mohr-Coulomb 破坏准则的理想弹塑性本构关系。首先,对圆形浅基础的竖向承载力进行了有限元计算,并与滑移线解法进行了对比,两种方法所得结果比较吻合。进而探讨了砂土内摩擦角对于基础在 V-H 、V-M荷载平面与V-H-M 三维荷载空间内的破坏包络轨迹的影响。计算结果表明,与不排水情况下软黏土地基上基础破坏包络面相比,砂土地基上圆形浅基础的破坏包络面形状有较大差异,但V-H 和V-M 平面内的破坏包络面形状仍具有较好的归一化特性。基于有限元计算结果,建立了圆形浅基础在V-H-M 三维荷载空间内的破坏包络面方程,该方程可用来合理评价复合加载条件下砂土地基上圆形浅基础的整体稳定性。     

Combined loading of strip footings on sand-over-clay with layers of varying extents

This study describes the numerical analyses performed to investigate the bearing capacity of strip footings placed on granular (frictional) material overlying soft clay subjected to combined vertical-horizontal and vertical-moment loading. A plane-strain finite element limit analysis is used to estimate the limiting load combinations for two layer soil geometries where the top layer is either fully extended in the horizontal direction or it is of limited horizontal extent, representative of rock or gravel berms commonly used in offshore practice.Bearing capacity envelopes for combined vertical, horizontal and/or moment loading are well-documented in the literature for cases of footings resting on single sand or clay soil. For two-layer sand-over-clay soil with a horizontally extensive top layer, the vertical-horizontal and vertical-moment envelopes initially coincide with the envelope for a single sand layer at low vertical loads, but show an abrupt reduction in the horizontal or moment capacity as the vertical load increases beyond a certain critical vertical load. The critical vertical load is found to vary as a function of the thickness and the lateral extent of the upper layer. Relationships are presented to enable the vertical-horizontal and vertical-moment envelopes to be estimated based on the problem geometry and material properties.The findings in this study provide insight into the response of subsea foundations placed on rock or gravel of limited extent overlying a clay seabed as well as the general response of shallow foundations on two-layer profiles.     

复合加载情况下六自由度圆形基础失稳模式与 极限承载能力研究

海洋工程中结构物除了受到自身重力作用外,往往还受到海风、海浪、海流等的作用,使得海床土体中的基础一般受到集中力、弯矩和扭矩的联合作用,这一受力状态称为结构物基础的复合加载模式。详细研究复合加载模式下海床土体的失稳模式和极限承载能力,对海洋结构物的安全运行至关重要。以三维空间内圆形基础为研究对象,基于土体弹塑性极限平衡原理,利用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对空间六自由度圆形基础极限承载能力进行详细的数值分析。基于上述计算分析结果,揭示了单调加载情况下土体的失稳机理与极限承载能力,给出了复合加载模式下海床土体破坏包络面方程。给出的土体失稳模式和破坏包络面方程能够合理地评估复合加载模式下海床土体的极限承载能力。     

地基承载力机理及新计算方法

地基承载力计算是土力学中的基本课题,但地基土自重对承载力的贡献一直未能较准确地予以计算,究其原因在于此部分的计算不是孤立的.为深入探讨地基承载力的机理及计算理论,首先,证明基础埋深相应超载及地基土重度对承载力的作用可分别转换为等效黏聚力及黏聚力随深度的增长率.随后,针对承受非偏心竖向荷载的条形基础下地基的整体剪切破坏,...     

偏心荷载下双层饱和黏土地基承载特性

在海洋与近海工程中,海洋建筑物地基受到水平荷载、竖向荷载和弯矩荷载的共同作用,地基土体非均质成层分布。因而,复合加载模式下层状地基的极限承载力与破坏机理研究是海洋工程设计的关键问题。针对竖向荷载(V)和弯矩荷载(M)共同作用下双层饱和黏土地基的极限承载力与破坏机理进行有限元分析。土体采用理想弹塑性模型,屈服准则为Mohr-Coulomb准则;基础与地基间假定切向完全黏结、竖向可分离。通过有限元计算,得到双层地基在V-M荷载空间的破坏(极限)荷载包络线,归纳得出地基的破坏模式。计算结果表明,双层地基的破坏包络线随着上层土体的厚度与基础宽度比值、上下土层的抗剪强度指标比值的增大而不断扩大,最终达到一个稳定值;在V-M复合加载条件下,地基可能发生深层整体剪切破坏或浅层局部剪切破坏。     

复合加载模式下不排水饱和软黏土中宽浅式筒型 基础地基承载力包络线研究

作为高耸结构物,海上风机受到巨大的水平荷载作用。宽浅式筒型基础是为适应中国近海荷载特点而研发的一种新型海上风机基础形式,经典的地基承载力计算公式无法精确地计算复合加载模式下宽浅式筒型基础地基的极限承载力。通过数值计算研究了不排水饱和软黏土中宽浅式筒型基础在V-H、V-M、H-M和V-H-M加载模式下的地基承载力包络线,并提出了V-H和V-M加载模式下的地基承载力包络线的表达式。研究结果表明V-H和V-M加载模式下宽浅式筒型基础地基承载力包络线具有对称性,而H-M加载模式下呈非对称性,其非对称性随着基础深宽比增大而更加显著;V-H-M加载模式下地基承载力包络线的形状受竖向荷载V的影响,表现为包络线关于M轴的非对称性随着竖向荷载的增大而减弱。可根据海上风机的实际受力状态与该破坏包络线之间的相对关系,评价实际受荷状态下筒型基础的稳定性。     

The Undrained Vertical Bearing Capacity of Skirted Foundations

Skirted foundations are becoming an increasingly prevalent offshore foundation solution for the oil and gas and renewable energies industries. Their capacity under combined horizontal, vertical and moment loading must be found in order to ensure their stability under environmental loadings. As part of this process, knowledge of the vertical bearing capacity is required. In this paper, the vertical bearing capacity of skirted foundations on normally consolidated undrained soil was investigated using numerical and physical modelling. Finite element analyses were carried to investigate the vertical bearing capacity of foundations with different geometries for various embedment ratios. Accompanying upper bound plasticity analyses highlighted the mechanistic reasons for the varying response and allowed examination of the effect of changing skirt interface friction. Analyses showed that skirted foundation capacity under vertical load may be considered normally as if the foundation is rigid with an embedment depth equal to the skirt depth. Based on the numerical analysis, a design method is proposed to calculate vertical bearing capacity. Finally, good agreement with results from a series of centrifuge model tests partially validated the design method.     

Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations in a Low Gravity Environment

As a basic study for future lunar/planetary explorations and the in-situ resource utilization missions, bearing capacity characteristics of shallow footing systems in a low gravity environment were investigated. A series of model loading tests on a simulated lunar soil (lunar soil simulant) and Toyoura sand were conducted on an aircraft that flew in parabolic paths to generate partial gravity fields. As a result of the model tests, it became clear that bearing characteristics, including the coefficient of subgrade reaction and ultimate bearing capacity of the lunar soil simulant in a low gravity environment is hardly influenced by the gravity levels, while Toyoura sand exhibits a high dependence on gravity. From the observation of the failure mechanisms, it was found that the gravity dependence seems to correlate well with soil compressibility. To rationally explain the dependence of ultimate bearing capacity on gravity, theoretical evaluations were attempted in the framework of the upper bound method. The proposed calculation method not only makes it possible to correlate quantitatively the failure mode with dependence on gravity, but also may allow us to predict the ultimate bearing capacity in the lunar surface environment.     

非均质地基上浅基础的极限承载力

本文根据塑性极限平衡原理,考虑地基土性的成层分布及粘结力沿深度的非均匀变化,结合变分法,推导了用于确定成层非均质地基极限承载力的基本公式,并采用拟牛顿算法进行了数值求解;基于大量计算结果,分析了土壤强度及其分布、基础埋深、地震荷载及地下水位深度等各种参数及其组合对地基承载力的影响,并将计算结果与已有的解答进行了比较。最后,对非均质地基承载力的表示方法进行了初步探讨。     

饱和及非饱和粉土中扩底桩极限上拔承载力大尺寸模型试验研究

 通过采用大比例尺模型对饱和度为49%的非饱和粉土及饱和粉土中埋深比(桩埋深与扩底直径之比)为1,2,3和5的扩底桩进行试验研究,揭示饱和度、埋深比对扩底桩极限上拔承载力及其破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明：土体饱和度从49%增加至100%,扩底桩的极限上拔承载力降低至原来的30%～50%;扩底桩埋深比从1增加至5,非饱和及饱和土中桩的极限上拔承载力分别增加8和12倍;扩底桩的上拔破坏模式随埋深增大由桩周土体倒圆锥台形破坏变为扩底圆周土体局部破坏。     

砂土中螺旋锚上拔承载特性模型试验研究

螺旋锚基础因其能够利用深层土体抗力且具有快速安装和承载的优势而广泛应用于各类岩土工程问题中。多锚片螺旋锚上拔承载特性受埋深、锚片间距、数量、土质条件等因素影响。相邻锚片相互影响导致土体破坏区域重叠,从而影响破坏模式和极限承载力,然而多锚片螺旋锚承载特性的理论及试验研究有限。针对砂土中螺旋锚锚片间距及数量对上拔承载特性及极限上拔承载力影响进行室内1g模型试验研究。结果表明,在中密砂及密砂中,单锚埋深比分别超过6.0和10.5时可认为是深埋锚。中密砂中深埋多片螺旋锚锚片间距在3.0D~4.5D时,各锚片承载能力能够独立发挥,承载量破坏模式发生;密砂中浅埋多片螺旋锚保证承载量破坏模式的锚片间距超过6.0D,但间距为6.0D时,螺旋锚发挥效率超过90%。增加锚片数量可适当提高上拔承载力,但当锚片数量增加使得锚片间距小于某一临界值时,柱状破坏模式发生,螺旋锚承载力不再增加;中密砂中此临界间距约为1.5D,密砂中临界间距约为2.0D。     

均质土地基上埋深条形基础 极限承载力系数数值研究

 以K. Terzaghi提出的叠加公式为基础计算均质地基上埋深条形基础的极限承载力,需要确定承载力系数及相应的埋深修正系数。一般情况是采用极限平衡法、滑移线法及上限分析法进行承载力问题的研究,但受假定破坏模式的影响,不同的研究成果具有较大差异,而有限元法并不事先假定破坏模式,其计算结果具有较高精度。通过在基础与地基土接触面及基础边缘土体内数值奇异点引入接触面单元,建立适用于埋深条形基础的理想弹塑性有限元数值计算模型。利用在ABAQUS平台上开发的计算模块,对饱和不排水黏土地基、砂土地基及土体摩擦角与黏聚力均不为0的地基承载力问题进行系统的有限元计算,分析各系数随基础侧面粗糙程度、地基土强度参数、超载大小等影响因素的变化规律,并与已有结果进行对比,所给出的承载力系数及相应埋深修正系数的计算图表,可供基础工程设计参考。     

Seismic Bearing Capacity of a Circular Footing on a Heterogeneous Cohesive Soil

This study concerns the determination of the seismic bearing capacity of a circular footing resting on a purely cohesive heterogeneous soil layer. The problem is treated using the kinematic approach of the Yield Design theory. The soil strength is modelled by the Tresca criterion with C₀ the cohesion at the soil surface and G the vertical cohesion gradient. The loading process of the system is described by four loading parameters: an inclined force (N: vertical component, V: horizontal component), a moment (M) acting at the center of the footing and horizontal uniform inertial forces (F_h) acting in the soil volume during the seismic excitation. Two cases are considered for the soil: a soil with an infinite tensile strength and a soil with zero tensile strength. The soil-footing interface is considered purely cohesive with zero tensile strength. The study presents optimal upper bounds for the ultimate combinations of the dimensionless loading parameters (N, V, M, F_h) by the examination of a series of three-dimensional virtual kinematic mechanisms of failure. The results are presented in the form of surfaces in the space of the parameters (N, V, M) for a range of values of F_h.     

地基承载力深度修正条件的结构补偿

根据浅基础下土体的破坏模式假定,以及极限荷载、塑性荷载公式的基本定义进行分析,对高层建筑下地基承载力的深度修正问题进行讨论,并提出对深度修正的超载条件进行结构补偿的计算方法。     

An Experimental Study of the Drained Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations Under Monotonic Loading For Offshore Applications

In recent years there has been a surge in the development of new small scale offshore facilities, including minimum facility structures for oil and gas developments as well as offshore renewable energy devices such as offshore wind turbines. In these cases the loading applied to the structure and foundation is significantly different to that applied to more typical larger offshore structures. The weight of the structure is much lower, and the horizontal load and moment applied to the foundation is much higher as a proportion of the vertical load. Design guidance for the combined loading response of shallow foundations under low vertical loads is sparse, and in particular much guidance is drawn from work where the vertical load applied to the foundation is close to the vertical bearing capacity. This paper addresses this lack of data by presenting results of combined loading experiments at low vertical loads on novel shallow foundations known as suction caissons. The experiments are carried out on dry sand at a low relative density to explore the drained response of the foundation. The experiments are successfully interpreted within the framework of work hardening plasticity, and information on the shape of the yield surface and the post-yield behaviour of the foundation is deduced. One of the key results is that the foundation can sustain moments and horizontal loads even when a tension is applied to the foundation.     

上拔与水平力组合作用下加筋风积沙斜柱扩展基础试验

在土工格栅加筋风积沙、土工网垫加筋风积沙以及未加筋风积沙地基条件下,开展了3个不同尺寸斜柱扩展基础上拔水平力组合荷载作用下9个工况的现场试验。根据基础的顶部荷载与位移、基底土压力变化以及地表裂缝分布情况,分析了基础尺寸、加筋材料及其铺设方式对风积沙斜柱扩展基础承载性能的影响规律,研究了加筋风积沙地基的破坏机理。结果表明：加筋风积沙斜柱扩展基础上拔水平力组合荷载作用下①其承载机理是基础底板上方地基压缩挤密-塑性区出现并进一步发展-局部剪切破坏的渐进破坏过程,且地基破裂面具有不对称性;②土工格栅提高了风积沙地基的抗拔和抗倾覆的承载能力和抗变形能力,且铺设层间距越小,改善效果越好;土工网垫由于其易变形特点,不能提高甚至降低了风积沙地基承载能力;③降低基础露头高度、增加基础埋深、扩大基础底板尺寸均可有效提高基础上拔和水平承载力。