压力型锚杆抗拔能力模拟实验研究

压力型锚杆的应变分布情况反映锚杆损伤破坏位置,利用3次实验室小比例尺模型进行拉拔试验,可以对锚杆的应变分布等进行研究,取得合理的结果。(1)对各级拉拔荷载作用下的锚杆顶部位移进行记录分析,得到了拉力顶部位移与拉力关系图,其曲线的形态说明拉力达到一定程度将引起位移的迅速增加;(2)对锚杆各部位直径增加量做了分析,发现在离承压板锚杆一定位置处直径增加量最大;(3)对锚杆的轴向应变、径向应变的数值和分布情况进行了对比,发现轴向应变是锚杆应变的主要形式,但轴向应变、径向应变分布规律基本一致,都随远离承压位置呈负指数衰减。因此,在提高锚杆的锚固效果方面,减小锚杆承压板附近的形变是一个有效的途径。     

金属薄壁圆柱壳轴压试验研究

对在轴压作用下充液的金属薄壁圆柱壳屈曲前沿柱壳不同高度的轴向和径向应变以及上端液体的内压变化进行了研究,找出了轴向和径向应变的变化规律,试验发现：轴压和内压基本呈线性规律;径向应变变化以中点上下基本对称,轴向应变变化大致呈均匀分布。     

Investigation of the ultimate particle size distribution of a carbonate sand

A series of ring shear tests were conducted to investigate the ultimate particle size distribution of a carbonate sand. The tests were carried out under different stress levels, on three types of specimens: 1) uniformly graded specimens made of dry natural sand 2) remoulded specimens of the crushed sand after first shearing to large strains 3) specimens made of natural sand grains but with the same grading as in (2). The first series of tests on type (1), carried out to very large strains, led to apparently stable gradings, distinct for each stress level. Only limited additional particle breakage could be induced by remoulding the specimens after shearing (type (2)) and subjecting them to more shearing. Tests on specimens created at the apparently stable gradings (type (3)) but from the intact sand particles however led to significantly greater breakage. For the three types a stable, fractal grading was achieved. Analyses of the soil particles’ shape showed that the aspect ratio, sphericity and circularity reach a steady value at large strains, in parallel to reaching a stable grading. The mobilized angle of shearing resistance however was not significantly different in the different types of samples, suggesting the final grading dominates the behaviour.     

循环荷载作用下格栅防护柔性埋地管道的性能分析

交通循环荷载下埋地管道性能与防护是当前研究的重点问题,首先针对格栅加筋柔性管道开展试验研究,分析管道埋深H为3D(D为管道外径)时循环荷载水平和频率、首层格栅埋深、长度、层间距和筋材层数对管道力学与变形性能的影响,试验结果表明:首层格栅最佳埋深u为0.4B(B为加载板宽度),最佳层间距ug为0.5B,最佳铺设长度L为5D;增加格栅层数能显著增强土体,从而有效减少管道变形和加载板沉降;提高荷载水平或降低荷载频率使管道变形、加载板沉降和格栅应变整体显著增加;格栅应变随其与加载板中心的距离增加而减小,格栅中心点应变随循环次数增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。进而,基于有限元数值模拟分析管道埋深H、加载板宽度B和管径D对管道力学性能的影响,数值结果表明增加管道埋深或减小加载板宽度,管道径向变形减小;同等荷载作用下,减小管径时管道径向变形增大,筋材加筋效果减弱,适当增加管道直径,有利于筋材加筋作用的充分发挥,从而减小管道径向变形。     

Evaluation of fly ash- and slag-based geopolymers for the improvement of a soft marine clay by deep soil mixing

The use of deep soil mixing (DSM) in ground-improvement projects, for structures subjected to low to medium loads, has increased over the past decade due to its convenient and practical implementation and its economic advantages. Traditionally, Portland cement and lime have been the most popular binders for DSM applications. However, the ground-improvement industry has been keen to explore environmentally friendly alternatives with low carbon dioxide emission. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of two stockpiled industrial waste by-products, namely, fly ash (FA) and slag (S), as alternative green binders in ground-improvement projects that would reduce the carbon footprint of these projects. In this research, combinations of FA and S, activated by a liquid alkaline activator (L), were evaluated for the ground improvement of a soft marine clay, namely, Coode Island Silt (CIS). The performance of the FA?+?S geopolymers was compared with that of traditional cement and lime control binders. The soil moisture content was set at 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 of the liquid limit (LL) of the soil to replicate the field conditions. 10, 20 and 30% binders, by dry soil mass, were added to the soil, and the samples were cured for 7 and 28?days. Unconfined compression strength (UCS), flexural beam and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging tests were conducted to evaluate the changes in the engineering behavior and the microstructure of the mixtures. The results indicated that the strength and stiffness of the soft clay were significantly increased by the use of these new FA?+?S binders, which substantiated them as alternatives to traditional cement or lime binders. The optimum binder content was found to be 20%, while CIS?+?5%FA?+?15%S was found to be the optimum mixture. Furthermore, correlations between the UCS and the modulus of elasticity (E₅₀) and between the UCS and the modulus of rupture (R) for the geopolymer mixtures were proposed. They will be valuable to both designers and practitioners of ground-improvement works.     

考虑P-⊿效应的筒体结构弯-扭分析

本文提出了一个筒体结构在任意荷载作用下的弯-扭分析方法。视P-⊿效应为虚拟节点荷载,同时考虑弯曲、剪切、轴向拉压三种变形,导出结构各个部分之间的相互联系,逐层传递求出结构的变形和内力。     

框架侧移近似计算新法

介绍一个在水平力作用下,框架侧移新的近似计算方法.系用节点杆端综合抗弯刚度导出的A值法.不但可计算框架因弯曲及剪切变形产生的侧移;而且还可计算因轴向变形产生的侧移.经比较精度较高.     

地裂缝活动下分段式马蹄形隧道特殊变形缝的三维变形特征试验研究

 为研究40°斜穿地裂缝分段式马蹄形衬砌结构受地裂缝影响的变形破坏模式、特殊变形缝的三维变形特征,从西安地铁隧道工程背景和西安地裂缝地质环境出发,根据相似理论设计分段式马蹄形隧道衬砌结构40°斜穿地裂缝的物理模型试验。模型顶面土体沉降、结构底部土压力分布、变形缝三维变形特征表明：分段式马蹄形隧道衬砌结构40°斜穿地裂缝时其破坏模式为顺变形缝发生整体剪切变形破坏,变形缝发生垂直位错、轴向拉伸、水平偏移三维变形分量,管段结构混凝土没有破坏;变形缝拱顶处的三维变形分量均分别大于其拱底的,且其分布规律基本一致;上盘侧变形缝垂直位错大于下盘侧,其轴向拉伸变化不大,水平偏移主要发生在地裂缝处,变形缝垂直位错从下盘端部向上盘逐渐增加;根据相似理论推算,原型结构在地裂缝上盘下降90 cm时,5处变形缝最大总垂直位错量达72 cm,最大总轴向拉伸量达34.5 cm,最大总水平偏移量达32 cm。     

The behaviour of a low- to medium-density chalk under a wide range of pressure conditions

Experiments are described which provided the basis for advanced numerical modelling of large-scale axial and lateral pile tests undertaken chalk to assist the design of offshore wind and other projects in northern Europe. The research explored the mechanical behaviour of chalk from a UK research site under effective cell pressures up to 12.8 MPa. When sheared from low confining pressures the chalk’s interparticle bonds contribute a large proportion of the peak deviator stresses available to specimens that crack, bifurcate and dilate markedly after failing at relatively small strains. Progressively more ductile behaviour is seen as pressures are raised, with failures being delayed until increasingly large strains and stable critical states are attained. Loading invokes very stiff responses within the chalk’s (Y₁) linear elastic limits and behaviour remains stiff, although non-linear, up to large-scale (Y₃) yield points. Near-elliptical Y₁ and Y₃ yield loci can be defined in q-p′ stress space and a critical state v-p′ curve is identified. The chalk’s initially bonded, high porosity, structure is explored by normalising the shearing and compression state paths with reference to both critical state and intrinsic compression lines. The results have important implications for pile test analysis and practical design in this challenging geomaterial.     

Effects of industrial by-product based geopolymers on the strength development of a soft soil

Portland cement is traditionally used as a binder in ground improvement projects on soft soil foundations. The use of cement in ground improvement projects, however, is fraught with both, financial and environmental concerns due to its relatively high cost, the use of natural resources and the high carbon footprint from cement production. Attempts are being made to find alternative environmentally friendly binders with a low carbon footprint using industrial by-products such as fly ash (FA) and slag (S). Using waste by-products such as FA and S to produce geopolymer binders, as novel green cementitious materials, may provide an environmentally friendly and effective ground improvement option. In this study, the effect of adding geopolymers to a soft soil was investigated for usage in deep soil mixing (DSM) applications. The soil was a soft marine clay known as Coode Island Silt (CIS). Different combinations of FA and S with six combinations of sodium and potassium based liquid alkaline activators (L) were added to the soil to study the effects on its engineering and chemical properties. These changes were evaluated via an unconfined compression strength (UCS) test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The tests were conducted after 3, 7, 14 and 28?days of curing. Based on the results, the important role of L in strength development was studied, and the combination of 30% NaOH with 70% Na₂SiO₃ was found to achieve the highest strengths. Furthermore, increasing the S content was found to result in significant improvements in strength. The excellent correlation between strength and stiffness shown in the results are expected to help in the development of relationships for strength prediction of these green binders in geotechnical applications. This study shows that FA and S based geopolymers can be used as sustainable binders in DSM projects, with significant environmental benefits.     

Characterization of warm mix asphalt binders containing artificially long-term aged binders

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) comprises one of the largest recycled materials, and warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies become more commonly used due to their promising advantages in the United States and Europe. This paper addresses the laboratory investigation of performance properties of WMA binders containing aged binders. The recycled binders with the additives were produced using two (i.e., zeolite Aspha-min^® and wax Sasobit^®) of the available warm asphalt processes. The recycled WMA binders were artificially short-term and then long-term aged through the rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) procedures. Superpave binder tests were carried out on the binders through the rotational viscometer, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). In general, the results of this study indicated that (1) the additives and aged binders played an important role in determination of the binder properties; (2) the use of lower PG grade as a virgin binder (PG 58-28 in this study) was critical on offsetting the increase of binder stiffness caused by the addition of WMA additives and aged binders; and (3) even at the low recycling percentage of 15%, the lower PG grade was needed to get the results meeting current Superpave binder requirements.     

Preparation and rheological characterization of asphalt binders reinforced with layered silicate nanoparticles

Bentonite clay (BT) and organically modified bentonite (OBT) were used to reinforce and modify a bituminous paving asphalt binder. The modified asphalt binders were produced by melt processing under sonication and shearing stresses. The interlayer spacing of silicate layers in bentonite, organically modified bentonite and the modified asphalt binders were analyzed by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The softening point, viscosity and ductility of the modified asphalts were tested as a function of clay content and clay type. The dynamic shear rheological tests showed that the modified asphalts have higher rutting resistance. Bending beam rheometer (BBR) test results for aged specimens (through rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV)) indicated that adding BT and OBT can significantly improve low temperature rheological properties and cracking of asphalt.     

FRP加固桥梁RC短柱拟静力及网络拟动力试验

针对桥梁钢筋混凝土(RC)短柱刚度大而剪跨比小的特点,通过试验方法研究其抗震性能。制作了7个受剪承载力不足的短柱试件,在恒定轴力作用下分别进行未加固短柱、碳纤维(CFRP)加固短柱和玻璃纤维(GFRP)加固短柱的拟静力试验和网络拟动力试验。分析各试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、累积耗能曲线和刚度退化曲线,研究其延性、强度和刚度,并初步比较了拟静力试验结果与拟动力试验结果的差异。试验结果表明:FRP加固RC短柱能够在基本不改变结构动力特性的条件下,有效地增加延性,改善抗震性能;试件在拟动力试验中耗能能力小于拟静力试验中耗能能力。研究成果可为加固RC结构的抗震分析和工程设计提供参考。     

钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料约束梁耐火性能试验研究

对3个钢筋混凝土（RC）约束梁试件和3个钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料（RECC）约束梁试件进行了升降温全过程耐火性能试验，研究了升降温全过程中梁端约束、受火时间等参数对梁试件高温下变形和内力的影响，比较了RECC约束梁和RC约束梁高温下的温度场分布、变形和内力。研究结果表明：RECC约束梁的截面测点温度低于RC约束梁，在相同的条件下，RECC约束梁的跨中挠度和梁端弯矩均小于RC约束梁；升温时间为60min的RECC约束梁轴向变形峰值比RC约束梁低25%，RECC约束梁轴力比RC约束梁低18%，升温时间为120min的RECC约束梁和RC约束梁轴向变形和轴力峰值比较接近；梁试件的反弯点位置在整个升降温过程中不断变化，在降温到某一时刻反弯点会基本消失。     

岩石黏弹塑性应变分离的流变试验与蠕变损伤模型

 基于目前未能对岩石蠕应变的内涵进行分类研究,提出岩石黏弹塑性应变分离的蠕变试验方法和数据处理技巧。以金川二矿区的二辉橄榄岩为例,探讨该类岩石的三轴黏弹塑性变形特性。岩石的瞬时应变分离为瞬弹性和瞬塑性应变,二辉橄榄岩的瞬弹性响应近线性,而瞬塑性模量随偏应力水平的增加而增大;蠕应变分离为黏弹性和黏塑性应变,岩石黏弹性应变曲线呈现衰减蠕变的特性,而黏塑性应变曲线呈现出衰减蠕变,稳定蠕变,甚至加速蠕变的特性,黏弹性应变、黏塑性应变和定常蠕变率与受载偏应力水平之间表现为非线性关系;侧向黏弹塑性应变特性与轴向相似,在未破坏级偏应力下侧向蠕变应变为轴向蠕变应变的25%～30%。将Burgers模型和非线性M-C塑性元件串联组合建立新的BNMC蠕变损伤模型,该模型认为加速蠕变是岩石强度迅速降低和黏塑性变形高度发展,塑性失稳的阶段。依据FLAC3D所提供的二次开发程序接口,采用VC++编程方法实现BNMC蠕变损伤本构模型的二次开发,提出BNMC蠕变损伤本构模型参数的辩识方法。     

压力分散型锚索锚固段受力特性试验分析

压力分散型锚索锚固段注浆体与围岩的黏结应力是荷载传递研究的核心问题,目前直接测试界面黏结力存在一定的难度。针对压力分散型锚索注浆体的轴对称应力条件,在现场试验中通过自制的应变砖测点直接测得靠近孔壁的注浆体切向剪应力,以反映界面黏结力分布,同时进行了钢绞线握裹力测试。分析了轴向应变与切向剪应力的分布规律,探讨了轴向压缩量对荷载传递的特性的影响。采用 FLAC^3D 进行数值模拟,对锚固段注浆体轴力的不均匀性、注浆体切向剪应力与注浆体与围岩接触面剪应力分布的联系与差别等进行探讨。确定了现场试验和数值计算条件的压力分散型锚索有效长度为 2 m 左右,并建议将锚固段设计长度改为 3 m 。     

Anisotropy in compressive strength and elastic stiffness of normal and polymer-modified asphalts

Anisotropy in the compressive strength and the elastic stiffness of normal hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) were investigated experimentally. Two types of prismatic specimen with planes of compaction either normal to or parallel to the applied axial compression were used. Both axial and lateral principal strains were measured locally. Continuous monotonic loadings at a constant strain rate were axially applied to investigate the anisotropy in the compressive strength. Very small strain–amplitude cyclic stresses were also applied by means of another load-controlled apparatus to investigate the anisotropy in the elastic stiffness. The followings were found: (i) compressive strengths of both HMA and PMA are anisotropic in that the values for the vertical direction were significantly larger than those of horizontal direction; (ii) the small strain stiffness of both HMA and PMA are anisotropic with the vertical elastic Young׳s modulus being greater than the horizontal elastic Young׳s modulus; (iii) the elastic Young׳s modulus is stress level dependent, exhibiting a hypo-elastic behaviour; and (iv) the elastic Young׳s modulus becomes greater with the applications of the normal and the polymer-modified asphalt cement binders.     

The strength in combined bending and tension of concrete beams with externally bonded reinforcing plates

Sixteen tests were carried out on plated reinforced concrete members subjected to bending, shear and axial tension, to study the influence of geometric parameters on the maximum tensile strain that can be developed in a mild steel plate before breakdown of the adhesive layer or failure of the concrete member. No failures occurred in the epoxy adhesive, and strains exceeding yield could be developed in the plates, but the stress concentration at the end of each plate caused cracking at low loads, followed by failures of some of the concrete members in combined shear and tension at loads of about half the expected strengths of these regions.     

The effect of water content on the mechanical response of a high-porosity chalk

The paper deals with the effect of water content on the stress–strain response and compressive strength of a high-porosity chalk. Specimens were tested in three different testing configurations: uniaxial compression of solid cylinders, radial compression of hollow cylinders, and hydrostatic compression of hollow cylinders. Special tools for the local measurement of axial and lateral deformations were developed and proven effective in the testing of the chalk even at water contents as high as 45%.The data illustrate the transition from linear to nonlinear stress–strain response when water content is below about 8%. The small strain modulus of deformation within the plane of material symmetry was found to be 30% larger than its counterpart perpendicular to the plane of material isotropy, regardless of water content. These aspects of chalk response are not yet properly integrated into constitutive models aimed at describing the deformation of chalk units in the field.A Lade-type failure criterion was developed for the compressive strength of the chalk within the plane of material isotropy. It was found that results of radial compression of hollow cylinders correlate well with uniaxial compression data in the construction of the failure criterion.     

SH波作用下山岭隧道洞口段结构动力响应研究

 基于弹性波动理论,将山岭隧道洞口段简化为单面边坡模型,考虑波在洞口边坡的反射效应,推导垂直入射SH波作用下隧道轴线上的位移场分布,并将隧道简化为三维薄壁壳结构,以得到在该位移场作用下隧道结构的动力响应。针对上述分析结果开展山岭隧道洞口段振动台模型试验,以验证理论模型的合理性,并综合分析得到如下结论：将隧道结构动力响应看作横截面与纵向响应的叠加,隧道结构横截面发生剪切变形,两侧拱肩与拱脚为抗震的薄弱环节,变形效应沿轴向缓慢增加,此响应为平行隧道结构横截面传播的SH波作用所致;隧道结构纵向发生水平剪切变形,变形效应沿隧道轴向逐渐减弱,洞口处产生较大刚性位移,在施工缝存在的情况下,隧道结构在洞口附近易沿施工缝产生错台现象,此响应为沿轴向传播的SH波所致。此规律表明,隧道结构的纵向抗震设计同样值得关注。