7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

纯铝板搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模拟

建立了搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS模拟了搅拌摩擦焊的温度场,研究了焊接速度、搅拌头轴肩尺寸和垫板材质对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中试板的温度场的影响。结果表明：随着焊接速度的提高,焊件上各点的峰值温度降低,经历高温区的时间减少;轴肩摩擦热是热输入的主要来源,随着搅拌头轴肩尺寸的增加,焊缝中心高温区同一等温线上宽下窄的分布特征越来越明显;垫板材质明显影响焊件底部的温度和分布;适当的焊接参数、搅拌头尺寸及散热条件对获得较好的焊缝质量极为重要。     

搅拌摩擦焊接全过程热力耦合有限元模型

利用ALE网格自适应技术及相应边界条件处理,建立搅拌摩擦焊接全过程(下压阶段和稳定焊接阶段)热力耦合有限元模型。采用6061铝合金焊件验证模型。结果表明:整个焊接过程温度场最高温度在463℃左右,低于材料熔点;稳定焊接6s后,焊件后方横截面上等效塑性应变区近似呈"V"形分布,前进边侧变形程度较返回边侧剧烈,变形范围更大。     

冷-热源辅助对FSW残余应力影响的数值模拟

目的采用焊接中施加冷热源辅助的方式对焊接应力进行控制,以减小焊后残余应力。方法采用热机耦合数值模拟的方式对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行仿真,研究采用焊缝两侧加热且底部激冷的温差拉伸辅助工艺降低残余应力的效果。结果与常规工艺相比,温差拉伸时焊缝附近区域的温度梯度明显减小,焊缝区域温度峰值降低了75.3℃;搅拌头后方形成一个焊缝两侧温度高中间温度低的马鞍形温度场。两种工艺下的纵向残余应力峰值均位于焊缝边缘;相比于常规工艺,温差拉伸工艺下的残余应力峰值降低了23.4%。结论冷热源辅助可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头的残余应力峰值。     

双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和流场数值模拟分析

目的 研究铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和流场规律。方法 以2024铝合金为研究对象,借助FLUENT软件,综合考虑了温度和应变速率对铝合金粘度的影响,采用修正的本构模型,分析了典型双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接条件下接头温度和速度特征。结果 搅拌头边缘,应变速率较大,接近1000 s-1;温度场呈现出对称的哑铃状分布,最高温度为751 K,达到2024铝合金熔点的83%;前进侧温度大于后退侧温度,前进侧温度为640 K左右,后退侧为600 K左右;双轴肩摩擦焊材料流动速度大于常规焊,前进侧速度大于后退侧速度,前进侧轴肩作用区域大于后退侧;前进侧轴肩作用区域延伸至板材中间,造成带状不连续缺陷。结论 CFD软件Fluent可以较为准确地分析双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和流场,可为搅拌工具的优化提供依据。     

6061铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的数值模拟

目的 研究回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的产热机理。方法 利用DEFORM-3D有限元软件对焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得到了不同位置的温度循环和不同时刻的温度场,并通过改变搅拌头转速,研究了不同转速下接头的温度循环和温度场。结果 在套筒达到最大下扎深度附近测试点温度最高,最高温度分布在套筒下方金属;在水平方向,离焊点中心越近,温度上升速率越快,峰值温度越高,在厚度方向,温度循环变化不大;随着搅拌头转速增加,测试点温度上升速率增大,峰值温度升高。结论 通过数值模拟方法可以获得回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的温度场和温度循环,为研究其产热机理提供理论指导。     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊接质量的影响

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了在焊接参数不同的情况下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中力学特征的变化．数值模拟结果和试验结果都表明,等效塑性应变能近似地反映焊接构件焊缝区域材料显微结构的演化,较高的搅拌头转速和较低的焊速有利于提高焊缝的质量．焊接构件特定的等效塑性应变等值线可以较好的对应不同焊接区域的边界．随着搅拌头转速的提高,等效塑性应变随之增大,但搅拌探针与焊接构件交界面上的接触压力随之减小．等效塑性应变随着搅拌头平移速度的增大而减小．     

铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动行为研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,焊缝成形与金属流动行为密切相关,而金属流动又取决于焊接工艺参数、搅拌头形貌、材料本身性能及温度场分布等影响因素。与铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊不同,厚板焊接时焊缝上部、下部温差太大,导致焊缝材料流动形态发生较大变化。基于焊缝成形理论,从焊缝金属流动分析方法、影响因素出发,分析厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态及特征,探讨焊缝中疏松、未焊透、包铝伸入、弱连接等缺陷的形成原因,揭示厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形机理。研究结果为铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊接技术在航空、航天等高科技领域的广泛应用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝形成的物理机制

研究了一种铝合金焊缝成形的物理机制及焊接工艺参数对焊核尺寸的影响.结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊焊缝是由焊核、在前进边后方沿板材厚度方向流动的金属、由搅拌针两侧向其后方流动的金属组成,四个方向的金属流会在焊缝横截面上出现一交汇区,若金属流动不足,易在此区出现焊接缺陷.焊核的形成及其大小取决于搅拌针表面的螺纹和焊接工艺参数,若单位长度焊缝中有较多的金属在螺纹的驱动下向下流动,则会在焊缝下部出现较大的焊核.过高的搅拌头旋转速度或过低的焊接速度,使搅拌针周围金属易于朝焊缝上部流动,焊核尺寸减小.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.