带有偏差单元的IRN模型在深层搅拌桩承载力计算中的应用

对影响深层搅拌桩复合地基承载力的因素进行了分析 ,并对现行的设计方法存在的问题进行探讨 ,提出利用人工神经网络带有偏差单元的IRN(InternallyRecurrentNet)模型对复合地基承载力进行计算的新思路。通过实例验证 ,该模型可达到较好的效果 ,为今后深层搅拌桩承载力设计计算提供了可借鉴的方法。     

Setzungen und Beanspruchungen bei Gründungen auf Pfahlgruppen

Settlements and pile resistance of foundations by pile groups. Pile foundations are a commonly used type of deep foundations. It is well known that piles arranged in a group can affect each other and influence their resistance‐settlement behaviour. At present no satisfactory simplified approach that considers the group effect is available for pile groups. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a simple design approach for pile groups which take into account the partial safety concept according to DIN 1054:2005‐01. The design approach is presented in form of design charts, which are developed based on extensive numerical parameter studies complemented by the results of extended analytical methods. With this design approach, the average settlement of a pile group as well as the distribution of the different pile resistances within the pile group can be predicted with due consideration of the group effect.     

多年冻土区单桩承载力研究

多年冻土中的桩,在垂直荷载作用下地基土将产生三项反力：季节融化层与桩周的摩阻力、多年冻土层与桩周的冻结力、桩端承载力。基于规范中的计算方法,探讨了上述三项反力的取值,可供工程设计参考。     

Prediction of nonlinear vertical settlement of a pile group consisting of new and existing displacement piles in clay strata

Reusing existing displacement piles is economical, time-saving, and environment-friendly. This paper presents an analytical approach for predicting the load carrying behavior of pile groups consisting of new and existing displacement piles. The evolutions of the undrained shear strength and shear modulus of clay adjacent to the piles from installation through consolidation to long-term ageing are investigated to determine the load carrying behavior of displacement piles. The nonlinear load-settlement behavior of an individual pile is modelled by load-transfer method, where the exponential function-based load-transfer models integrating the two developed soil parameters are employed to represent the nonlinear behavior at the pile-soil interface. The pile-pile interaction in the pile group is explored based on the shear displacement method. Combining the load-transfer method and the shear displacement method, an analytical framework is proposed for predicting the load-settlement behavior of pile groups consisting of new and existing piles. The proposed framework is validated by predicting the vertical settlement of a high-rise apartment built on a pile group consisting of 74 new displacement piles and 22 existing displacement piles during construction. Good agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured results. A parametric study is performed to explore the stiffness efficiency and the load-settlement behavior of pile groups with different layouts of new and existing piles. The results indicate that the pile group with larger ratio of the number of existing piles to the number of total piles shows both stronger stiffness and a higher load carrying capacity.     

Reliability of design approaches for axially loaded offshore piles and its consequences with respect to the North Sea

In the near future, several offshore wind farms are planned to be built in the North Sea. Therefore, jacket and tripod constructions with mainly axially loaded piles are suitable as support structures. The current design of axial bearing resistance of these piles leads to deviant results regarding the pile resistance when different design methods are adopted. Hence, a strong deviation regarding the required pile length must be addressed. The reliability of a design method can be evaluated based on a model error which describes the quality of the considered design method by comparing measured and predicted pile bearing resistances. However, only few pile load tests are reported with regard to the boundary conditions in the North Sea. This paper presents 6 large-scale axial pile load tests which were incorporated within a new model error approach for the current design methods used for the axial bearing resistance, namely API Main Text method and cone penetration test (CPT)-based design methods, such as simplified ICP-05, offshore UWA-05, Fugro-05 and NGI-05 methods. Based on these new model errors, a reliability-based study towards the safety was conducted by performing a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, consequences regarding the deterministic pile design in terms of quality factors were evaluated. It is shown that the current global safety factor (GSF) prescribed and the partial safety factors are only valid for the API Main Text and the offshore UWA-05 design methods; whereas for the simplified ICP-05, Fugro-05 and NGI-05 design methods, an increase in the required embedded pile length and thus in the GSF up to 2.69, 2.95 and 3.27, respectively, should be considered to satisfy the desired safety level according to DIN EN 1990 of β = 3.8. Further, quality factors for each design method on the basis of all reliability-based design results were derived. Hence, evaluation of each design method regarding the reliability of the pile capacity prediction is possible.     

关于嵌岩桩桩端阻力计算的一些问题

本文根据嵌岩桩桩端阻力的特征，对现行规范中计算桩端阻力的几种方法进行了讨论，提出了按三向受压状态和岩石承载力确定嵌岩桩桩端阻力的方法。     

Approximate Numerical Analysis of a Large Piled Raft Foundation

An approximate method of analysis has been developed to estimate the settlement and load distribution of large piled raft foundations. In the method the raft is modelled as a thin plate, and the piles and the soil are treated as interactive springs. Both the resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile-soil-pile interaction, pile-soil-raft interaction and raft-soil-raft interaction are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions. The proposed method makes it possible to solve problems of large non-uniformly arranged piled rafts in a time-saving way using a PC. The method can also be used for the deformation analysis of pile groups by setting the soil resistance at the raft base equal to zero. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with existing solutions. Two case studies on settlement analyses of a free-standing pile group and a large piled raft are presented. In the analyses, applicability of the equivalent pier concept is also examined and discussed. The computed settlements compare favourably with the field measurements.     

单桩承载力对刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定性的影响

现行规范中刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定分析方法不能反映单桩承载力、桩帽等对路堤稳定性的影响,计算的路堤稳定安全系数严重偏大,导致部分刚性桩复合地基路堤滑塌。为克服刚性桩复合地基路堤现有稳定分析方法的缺陷,在研究刚性桩复合地基路堤滑塌原因的基础上,分析了路堤滑塌时桩土相互作用,及刚性桩提高路堤稳定性的机理。然后,在分析刚性桩复合地基路堤现有稳定分析方法的缺陷的基础上,将修正密度法完善为修正重度法。最后,为研究单桩承载力对刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定性的影响,利用修正重度法分析了刚性桩长度、间距、扩底、桩帽等对路堤稳定性的影响,对比了不同稳定分析方法计算结果,并对刚性桩复合地基路堤设计提出了建议。研究表明：单桩承载力对密桩复合地基路堤稳定性影响很小,对疏桩复合地基路堤稳定性影响很大;增大单桩承载力比减小桩间距更合理;刚性桩在持力层中扩底比加大桩长更有效;利用桩帽、土拱等措施将大部分路堤荷载转移到桩顶方可发挥单桩承载力对路堤稳定性的作用;软土强度随深度增大不明显时应慎用悬浮桩复合地基。刚性桩复合地基路堤宜采用“强桩大帽”的疏桩复合地基方案。     

大直径现浇混凝土薄壁筒桩竖向承载力计算研究

大直径现浇混凝土薄壁筒桩是一种新型桩,已成功应用于高速公路、铁路、水利堤坝、基坑支护工程及民用建筑地基处理中,因其经济效益好、施工速度快、质量有保证、无污染等优点取得很好的经济和社会效应。该桩为端承摩擦桩,如何计算筒桩内、外侧摩阻力是竖向承载力计算中的关键问题,目前这方面的研究很少,各种方法中对是否考虑土芯作用有较大分歧,对端阻力和侧阻力的折减修正也有很大差异,粗略的计算方法导致实测值与计算值相差很大,一般情况下计算值均低于实测值。在筒桩荷载传递机制基础上,对其竖向承载力计算进行探讨,综合利用现有国内外研究成果,对比分析5种计算方法,并通过2个工程实例的静荷载试验进行比较。结果表明,ICP方法简单、实用,与实测值最接近,值得推广应用。     

基于CPTU测试的桩基承载力预测新方法

首先回顾了基于静力触探试验(CPT)和孔压静力触探试验(CPTU)预测桩基承载力的方法。根据连盐高速和宁常高速公路工程中的PTC、CFG和PHC桩的CPTU试验资料,提出了基于CPTU预测桩基承载力的折线法。以静载荷和高应变试验得到的桩基承载力作为参考值,评估了各种预测桩基承载力方法的有效性。结果表明,折线法比其余三种方法在预测桩基承载力方面具有更高的可靠性,具有简单、快速、多参数的优点,并且不依赖于操作者主观性的影响,值得在桩基工程中推广应用。     

复合载体夯扩水泥粉煤灰碎石桩复合地基设计及探讨

在地基处理技术中,将复合载体夯扩桩技术与水泥粉煤灰碎石桩法相结合,取其各自优点,拓展地基处理方法。对二者的原理、方法及组成复合地基的方法进行介绍,并详细介绍了单桩承载力、复合地基承载力特征值及沉降计算。     

Analytical model for evaluating XCC pile shaft capacity in soft soil by incorporating penetration effects

The derivation of a new analytical model for predicting the soil displacement of X-section cast-in-place concrete (XCC) piles installed vertically into soft clay as well as for predicting limit shaft resistance during loading phases is presented in this paper. The analytical model is formulated by assuming that the XCC pile penetration process is an X-shaped cylindrical cavity expansion process. Based on the theoretical framework of the Strain Path Method (SPM), the strain, displacement and stress induced by X-shaped cavity expansion can be obtained. The proposed analytical model is validated by comparing the degenerate solution of this study with that of conventional circular (cylindrical) cavity expansion theory. Analytical model-based design methods are then proposed for evaluating soil displacement and XCC pile shaft capacity. Theoretical predictions are compared with field test measurements to verify the suitability of the proposed design method. The proposed new analytical model reveals the fundamental penetration mechanics of XCC piles and gives improved design methods for determining XCC pile shaft capacities.     

群桩相互作用的近似三维弹性分析方法的建立

群桩已不再具有圆形单桩的轴对称性,因此群桩的承载特性及群桩效应不仅受桩间距的影响,而且受群桩布置方式的影响。为分析这些因素,基于Mindlin位移解,通过将桩沿桩表面进行三维剖分,建立了能够考虑群桩之间相互作用的三维分析方法,同时该方法还能够考虑长短桩、不等直径桩之间以及有无刚性承台下的群桩相互作用。与现有的方法相比,该方法能够取得较好的结果,即使群桩之间被夸大的效应减小了,桩顶荷载的分布更趋于实际工况。另外,还得到一个有益的结论:群桩中的桩身摩阻力沿桩身横截面是非均匀分布的,位于群桩内侧的桩身摩阻力小于外侧的桩身摩阻力。     

螺纹桩承载机理及承载力计算方法

螺纹桩是一种全新的带螺牙的混凝土灌注桩。根据理论分析和试验研究,当螺纹桩螺牙间距较小时,受力时螺牙带动周围土一起移动,类似多节扩孔桩受力;当螺纹桩承载力达到极限时,桩身沿螺牙外侧的圆柱面破坏,承载力为桩侧提供的承载力及桩端阻力。通过整理目前螺纹桩承载力的几种计算公式,对几种它们的优、缺点进行分析。为方便设计计算,在传统直杆桩承载力计算方法基础上提出了一种螺纹桩承载力计算新的方法,对计算方法中螺纹桩等效侧阻较干作业钻孔桩侧阻的增强系数进行了理论分析,最后结合实际工程进行统计分析,并提出工程设计中增强系数的经验取值。     

桩土明确分担荷载的复合桩基及其设计方法

本文对大桩距低承台摩擦群桩中的单桩取用其极限承载力，形成桩上共同作用并明确分担荷载的复合桩基；提出整体承载力和沉降量双重控制的设计方法。     

刚性桩复合地基沉降计算方法的研究及应用

在刚性桩复合地基设计中,刚性桩布桩间距等于3～5倍桩径。桩长和桩径根据复合地基承载力和沉降设计目标值确定。就刚性桩复合地基承载力和沉降计算水平比较而言,刚性桩复合地基沉降计算水平尤为重要,且按变形控制设计比按承载力控制设计更合理。通过对现有刚性桩复合地基理论和考虑承台效应的复合桩基理论进行分析探讨,利用刚性桩现场单桩荷载试验和多桩复合地基大型荷载试验成果,对现有计算刚性桩复合地基沉降的方法进行改进,得出初步结论。     

A novel direct SPT method to accurately estimate ultimate axial bearing capacity of bored PHC nodular piles with 81 case studies in Vietnam

Bored PHC nodular piles (BPNP) are an eco-friendly and advantageous option for pile foundations of medium-rise to high-rise buildings. As none of the current methods to estimate the ultimate axial load-bearing capacity is accurate enough for BPNP in engineering practice, this study aims to achieve that objective by developing a new direct SPT method. To that end, we use static pile load test and SPT data of 81 PHC nodular piles collected in Vietnam. The ultimate bearing capacity is interpreted from the load–displacement curve in pile static load tests by various methods to determine the most suitable method for the nodular piles. Furthermore, 8 methods to determine axial load pile capacity directly from the standard penetration test are examined. Each method’s effectiveness is evaluated by comparing its predicted values with the measured values. Finally, the genetic algorithm for function optimization is employed to develop a new direct SPT method that can accurately predict the ultimate axial load-bearing capacity of nodular piles. The reliability of the proposed formula is justified by comparing the proportion of end bearing capacity with other published works. It is verified that the developed directed SPT method outperforms all current methods and could be implemented directly in engineering practice.     

钢管桩逆作复合基础竖向承载性能试验研究

为了研究砂性土中钢管桩复合基础的承载特性,设计了模型桩系列试验。结果表明:对于单桩复合基础,封桩前阶段的荷载全部直接由承台底砂土承担,封桩后阶段桩体达到极限承载力之前,桩体分担的荷载占荷载增量的73.5%～92%,当桩的承载能力达到极限后,随着荷载的继续增加,桩分担的荷载比例较之前衰减明显,而土体分担的荷载比例增加。钢管桩八桩复合基础中,桩身轴力在桩身上部的衰减梯度明显小于中下部,角桩衰减速率最大,边桩次之;桩身摩阻力自上而下逐渐发挥,桩顶以下1.55 m处摩阻力达到最大;每级荷载作用下,角桩的侧阻力大于边桩。钢管桩群桩复合基础的竖向承载力远大于相对应的高承台群桩承载力。     

New p-y model for seismic loading prediction of pile foundations in non-liquefiable and liquefiable soils considering modulus reduction and damping curves

In this study, a new p-y model is proposed for the seismic loading prediction of pile foundations using the Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation (BNWF) method. It matches the desired modulus reduction curve by identifying three parameters in a hyperbolic function and a linear function using a genetic algorithm (GA), and the desired damping curve by applying the Ishihara-Yoshida rule that controls the unloading–reloading curves iteratively through the three parameters. The rate effect is integrated into the proposed PySimple5 model for clay by exerting influence on the ultimate capacity and maximum material damping through a power function, while the pore pressure effect is reflected in the proposed Pyliq5 model for sand by relating the ultimate capacity to the mean effective stress. For a single pile in non-liquefiable soil, the predicted superstructure acceleration and pile bending moment by PySimple5 agree well with those from centrifuge tests for different soil shear strain levels, while the equivalent linear and PySimple1 models underestimate them for soil shear strain levels higher than 1%. For a pile in liquefiable soil, PyLiq5 shows a reasonable agreement with the centrifuge tests in terms of the superstructure acceleration and pile bending moment by considering the pore pressure effect.