Round robin test on angle of repose: DEM simulation results collected from 16 groups around the world

The round robin test (the simultaneous analysis of the same problem) is a method to investigate the variance and sensitivity of results provided by different analysts for a given problem and the reliability of the particular software used by each group participating in the test. A round robin test has been conducted for the traditional numerical method (e.g., finite difference method), but not yet for the discrete element method (DEM). This paper presents the results of the first ever round robin test on the DEM simulation for the angle of repose, involving 16 groups from around the world using different softwares. Within the scope of this round robin test, most groups reported similar simulation results for the angle of repose that differed only by a few degrees from the average of the experimental values, which was initially concealed from participants. There was also good agreement on the degree of variance of the angle of repose. In addition, this paper revealed the recent trends on the interparticle constitutive models and DEM softwares by considering the reports obtained from the participants.     

中国3D打印混凝土技术应用历程与趋势

为了全面分析中国3D打印混凝土技术的研究现状,从“油墨”材料、施工工艺和应用场景等方面对3D打印混凝土技术的研究进展进行了回顾,从时间和逻辑2条线路分析了该技术的发展历程,介绍了主要的施工工艺及在建筑物和基础设施上的应用案例,并分析了3D打印混凝土技术在生态“油墨”材料、仿生设计、大型打印设备开发及施工工艺、3D打印混凝土技术标准与验收规范等发展趋势。最后分析总结了目前中国3D打印混凝土技术所面临的问题,并结合实际应用场景给出了部分研究思路。结果表明:3D打印材料是影响混凝土性能最根本的因素,混凝土须具有更好的流变性能,并能够在环境中快速凝固; 现有3D打印混凝土设备还不能够完全满足不同应用环境的特殊性要求,需要在机械设计和施工流程方面进行协调开发,促进面向建筑领域新型3D打印设备的精细化与自动化发展; 3D打印混凝土结构和普通混凝土结构形式不同,现有的混凝土结构设计施工标准和国家规程并不适合3D打印混凝土技术,缺乏面向3D打印建筑的标准和验收规范; 企业、高校和科研机构需加强合作,以工程应用为导向指引3D打印混凝土的研究和发展。     

挤出型3D打印混凝土力学性能研究进展

介绍了3D打印混凝土的特点与前景,综述了挤出型工艺的3D打印混凝土的压、拉、折、剪基本力学性能以及增强措施.研究表明:打印层在喷嘴的挤压作用下密实度有所提高,但同时层间易形成薄弱界面,造成性能的各向异性,通过调整胶凝材料、掺入纤维、优化工艺、水浴养护、布筋等措施能有效改善.此外,提出了还需进一步研究的问题.     

3D打印混凝土层间性能影响因素与测试方法研究综述

结合国内外研究案例,深入分析了打印工艺、砂浆配合比等3D打印混凝土层间性能的影响因素。在此基础上,进一步探讨了3D打印混凝土层间强度的提高方式。同时总结了抗拉试验、抗剪试验、微观结构分析等层间强度测试方法并分析了各自优缺点。     

建筑3D打印技术及材料的研究进展

3D打印技术在建筑领域的研究与应用逐渐成为世界范围内的热点研究课题之一,建筑3D打印材料的研究与开发是3D打印技术在建筑领域应用的重点和难点.本文回顾了3D打印技术的发展历程,在总结国内外建筑3D打印技术的基础上,重点介绍了建筑3D打印材料的研究状况和进展,并对目前建筑3D打印材料的应用和问题进行了概括,对建筑3D打印...     

三维DDA与有限元的耦合分析方法及其应用

发展了三维不连续变形分析(DDA)与有限元(FEM)耦合计算的力学模型。通过对三维块体进行有限单元网格剖分,采用有限元法来求解块体内部的位移场及应力分布,块体边界之间的接触则采用DDA方法来模拟,基于最小势能原理建立了三维DDA-FEM耦合方法的总体平衡方程,并详细推导了接触矩阵的表达式。在此基础上编制了相应的计算程序并将其应用到混凝土基础与地基相互作用的变形分析。计算结果表明了该耦合方法的有效性。     

New proposals on the calculation of the flexural resistance in angle connections

In this paper, beam-to-column top and seat angle connections with double web angle are considered. It is commonly known that angle connections have highly nonlinear behavior and Eurocode 3 does not specifically consider them. Moreover, the general procedure for calculating the connection flexural resistance by means of component methodology is very complex. Designers in the European zone do not use this semi-rigid typology. Therefore, in the case of beam-to-column angle connections, using a simplified procedure for design could be very helpful.This paper presents a methodology that improves other existing simplified proposals. This approach takes into account that resistance mainly depends on angles and that the web angle collapse mechanism can be predicted for closed bolt rows. The proposed method is based on finite element parametric studies. These studies have been carried out in order to determine the distance between the plastic hinges developed in the top angle. Experimental tests for determining the behavior of this type of connection have been performed. The proposed method has been validated with these tests and experimental results extracted from the literature.     

3D random Voronoi grain-based models for simulation of brittle rock damage and fabric-guided micro-fracturing

A grain-based distinct element model featuring three-dimensional （3D） Voronoi tessellations （randompoly-crystals） is proposed for simulation of crack damage development in brittle rocks. The grainboundaries in poly-crystal structure produced by Voronoi tessellations can represent flaws in intact rockand allow for numerical replication of crack damage progression through initiation and propagation ofmicro-fractures along grain boundaries. The Voronoi modelling scheme has been used widely in the pastfor brittle fracture simulation of rock materials. However the difficulty of generating 3D Voronoi modelshas limited its application to two-dimensional （2D） codes. The proposed approach is implemented inNeper, an open-source engine for generation of 3D Voronoi grains, to generate block geometry files thatcan be read directly into 3DEC. A series of Unconfined Compressive Strength （UCS） tests are simulated in3DEC to verify the proposed methodology for 3D simulation of brittle fractures and to investigate therelationship between each micro-parameter and the model＇s macro-response. The possibility of numericalreplication of the classical U-shape strength curve for anisotropic rocks is also investigated innumerical UCS tests by using complex-shaped （elongated） grains that are cemented to one another alongtheir adjoining sides. A micro-parameter calibration procedure is established for 3D Voronoi models foraccurate replication of the mechanical behaviour of isotropic and anisotropic （containing a fabric） rocks.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Modeling Lac du Bonnet granite using a discrete element model

A discrete element method code developed by the authors is used to model Lac du Bonnet granite in triaxial compression. The paper first presents the features of the model and the algorithms used to identify the micro deformability and strength parameters. With these identification algorithms, the model was calibrated to match experimental triaxial test data on Lac du Bonnet granite. With the calibrated model, investigation on failure evolution was then performed. The monitored evolution of the number and type of contact failures (micro cracks) reveals that at micro level tensile failures occur first, followed by mobilization of residual friction. Three distinct stages of stress–strain curve can be well identified by the accumulated number of contact failures and the mode of contact failures.     

模拟热–水–应力耦合作用的三维节理单元及其数值分析

对于具有相同厚度的空间8节点等参数节理单元,考虑温度和孔隙水压力的影响,将其的应力–位移关系加以拓展,建立了相应的应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程,使之可用于分析饱和–非饱和岩体中存在不连续面时的热–水–应力耦合问题,并结合实体单元,研制出相应的三维有限元程序。针对一个假定的核废物地质处置模型,通过有、无节理的热–水–应力耦合过程数值分析,显示与无节理的情况相比,由于节理的存在使得近场岩体中的温度、应力及水流速度的分布与数值都发生了明显的变化,特别是节理附近的岩体中有某种水流\"冷却\"作用和一定程度的应力集中现象,其它部位岩体的应力也有所增加。     

基坑开挖对坑底已建隧道影响的三维数值分析

城市地下工程的快速发展,不可避免地要在地铁隧道附近进行施工活动,这其中就包括在已建隧道的上方进行基坑开挖。采用三维有限元方法,对软土地区基坑开挖对坑底已建隧道的影响进行分析,其中基坑为矩形,隧道轴线与基坑长边平行,通过变换隧道横截面的位置来研究开挖对坑底不同位置隧道的影响。数值分析的结果表明,处于坑底中心的隧道,其横截面在基坑开挖过程的最大直径改变发生在竖向与水平向,竖向伸长,水平向压缩。处于坑底靠近地连墙的隧道,其横截面在基坑开挖过程的变形与处于坑底中心的隧道相似,但绕垂直轴向坑内旋转了一定角度。对于同一条隧道,基坑的空间效应对隧道横截面的变形影响明显。     

散粒土自然堆积的宏细观特征与形成机制

利用离散元数值方法模拟由不同形状颗粒形成散粒堆积体的过程,并通过分析堆积体的宏细观力学特征来揭示其形成机制。研究发现,颗粒形状愈规则,自然休止角愈小。细观上,颗粒接触法向量、法向接触力和切向接触力的各向异性分布强度都随颗粒形状变得规则而降低;接触法向量各向异性主方向与竖直方向的角度差■同自然休止角a之和近乎为一个常数,法向接触力和切向接触力的各向异性主方向与竖直方向的角度差■和■可近似表达为与自然休止角?正相关的线性函数。最后,建立了堆积体内部拱效应的优势发挥方位同颗粒接触法向量、法向接触力和切向接触力各向异性主方向的关系。     

地震地表变形三维有限元数值分析

基于地震断层弹性位错理论,采用地震位移水平分布的抛物线模型,研究了三维有限元方法在活断层发震产生地震变形预测计算中的应用,并以敦煌莫高窟为例进行了实际计算。研究及计算结果表明,该方法计算地震变形简明实用,具有计算精度高、边界可控、模型可调的特点,能使模拟更切合实际。     

Three-dimensional FDEM numerical simulation of failure processes observed in Opalinus Clay laboratory samples

This study presents the first step of a research project that aims at using a three-dimensional(3D) hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) to investigate the development of an excavation damaged zone(EDZ) around tunnels in a clay shale formation known as Opalinus Clay. The 3D FDEM was first calibrated against standard laboratory experiments, including Brazilian disc test and uniaxial compression test. The effect of increasing confining pressure on the mechanical response and fracture propagation of the rock was quantified under triaxial compression tests. Polyaxial(or true triaxial) simulations highlighted the effect of the intermediate principal stress(s2) on fracture directions in the model: as the intermediate principal stress increased, fractures tended to align in the direction parallel to the plane defined by the major and intermediate principal stresses. The peak strength was also shown to vary with changing σ2.     

梨园水电站下咱日堆积体稳定性分析

以梨园水电站坝前左岸分布的大规模下咱日堆积体为例,通过分析堆积体物质组成及堆积体与基岩接触面的物理力学特性,确定堆积体的边界条件,并初步判定其可能的变形及破坏模式。以此为基础,采用三维极限平衡方法对沿堆积体与基岩接触面的假设滑面及由二维极限平衡分析出的最危险滑弧拟合出的三维空间滑面进行了分析,确定了不同滑面的安全系数。根据有限元三维分析成果,基于位移梯度理论提出了堆积体三维滑面确定方法,分析方法能够搜索任意形式滑面,同时兼顾考虑堆积体的三维效应。分析表明各工况下堆积体稳定性均能满足要求,计算成果为工程设计提供了重要参考。     

三维模态变形体离散元方法

本文针对小应变、大位移和大转动的块体系统建立了三维模态变形体离散元数值模型(3MDEM).首先推导了包含块体刚体运动和变形的整体运动和变形方程,同时提出了在小变形条件下,变形块体的运动可以分解为块体刚体运动和变形的叠加,从而分别推导出刚体平移、转动和变形的方程,并用变形模态分解块体的变形模式.和一般的离散元方法相同,本文模型也采用了显式的时步步进求解格式,适用于求解非连续、大变形及动力问题.该模型克服了三维变形体离散元(3DEM)需要对块体内部细分网格导致计算量急剧上升的缺点,具有高效、仿真和可变形的特点.一系列算例表明:本文模型在小变形以及连续介质力学领域可以给出和有限元相媲美的应力和位移结果,而在大变形、大位移的强非线性领域可以给出与3DEM相媲美的计算结果,并具有良好的数值稳定性.     

Effect of particle shape on the response of geogrid-reinforced systems: Insights from 3D discrete element analysis

Understanding soil-geogrid interaction is essential for the analysis and design of reinforced soil systems. Modeling this interaction requires proper consideration for the geogrid geometry and the particulate nature of the backfill soil. This is particularly true when angular soil particles (e.g. crushed limestone) are used as a backfill material. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model that is capable of capturing the response of unconfined and soil-confined geogrid material is developed and used to study the response of crushed limestone reinforced with geogrid and subjected to surface loading. The 3D shape of the crushed limestone is modeled by tracing the surface areas of a typical particle and fitting a number of bonded spheres into the generated surface. Model calibration is performed using triaxial tests to determine the microparameters that allow for the stress-strain behaviour of the backfill material to be replicated. To demonstrate the role of particle shape on the soil-geogrid interaction, the analysis is also performed using spherical particles and the calculated response is compared with that obtained using modeled surfaces. The biaxial geogrid used in this study is also modeled using the discrete element method and the unconfined response is compared with the available index test results. This study suggests that modeling the 3D geogrid geometry is important to accurately capture the geogrid response under both confined and unconfined conditions. Accounting for the particle shape in the analysis can significantly enhance the predicted response of the geogrid-soil system. The modeling approach proposed in this study can be adapted for other reinforced soil applications.