散粒土自然堆积的宏细观特征与形成机制

利用离散元数值方法模拟由不同形状颗粒形成散粒堆积体的过程,并通过分析堆积体的宏细观力学特征来揭示其形成机制。研究发现,颗粒形状愈规则,自然休止角愈小。细观上,颗粒接触法向量、法向接触力和切向接触力的各向异性分布强度都随颗粒形状变得规则而降低;接触法向量各向异性主方向与竖直方向的角度差■同自然休止角a之和近乎为一个常数,法向接触力和切向接触力的各向异性主方向与竖直方向的角度差■和■可近似表达为与自然休止角?正相关的线性函数。最后,建立了堆积体内部拱效应的优势发挥方位同颗粒接触法向量、法向接触力和切向接触力各向异性主方向的关系。     

Indoor air quality for chemical and ultrafine particle contaminants from printers

There are various emission sources of chemical contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone and particulate matter. This report is a study into the indoor air of a room containing either a laser printer/ink-jet printer, and the air contaminations were monitored for VOCs, ozone and ultrafine particle. The result confirmed an increase in the concentration of ozone and ultrafine particle numbers in the printing processes of the printer. The emission of VOCs and ozone were measured by the use of a test chamber. The chamber concentrations of styrene, xylenes and ozone were increased in printing process of the laser printer, and pentanol was detected from the ink-jet printer. The results suggest that an office or residential printer may be a source of indoor air contamination. It is necessary for emission from printers to monitor not only VOCs and particle but also ultrafine particles and other contaminants in indoor air.     

各向异性砂土宏微观特性三维离散元分析

各向异性对砂土强度和变形特性有显著的影响,为了研究各向异性砂土的宏微观特性,基于三维离散元法,对7个不同沉积角的试样进行了一系列的三轴模拟试验。利用"Clump"命令生成近似椭球形状颗粒,并且采用三维抗转动模型来模拟颗粒间的抗转动能力。离散元模拟结果与已知室内试验结果吻合很好。结果表明:随着沉积角的增大,偏应力和轴向应变的关系逐渐由应变软化向应变硬化发展。沉积角较小的试样剪胀性更强并且容易到达临界状态,颗粒组构–应力联合不变量(表征颗粒长轴组构张量和应力张量的相对角度)的值接近于-1,且颗粒长轴组构各向异性先增大后减小;然而对于沉积角较大的试样,在轴向应变50%处,仍不能达到临界状态,并且联合不变量的值大于-1,颗粒长轴组构各向异性先减小后不断增大。对于法向接触组构,组构主轴方向迅速向应力主轴方向偏转,组构各向异性的演化规律与偏应力随轴向应变的演化规律相似。     

粒状材料临界状态的颗粒级配效应

采用理想颗粒材料（DEM理想球体）、人工颗粒材料（玻璃球）和天然颗粒材料（Hostun砂）,通过数值和室内常规三轴排水试验研究了颗粒材料级配对其应力-应变响应和临界状态的影响规律。试验结果表明：在相同加载初始条件下（e₀ = 0.574,p₀' = 400 kPa）,随着不均匀系数C_u（d₆₀/d₁₀）的增大,试样在q-ε₁平面上从剪胀变为剪缩,在ε_v-ε₁平面上表现出由应变软化转变为应变硬化的特性。通过不同围压下的三轴排水试验,在e-p'和q-p'平面上分别对不同级配的颗粒材料集合体绘制了临界状态线,e-p'平面随着C_u的增大临界状态线往下偏移,而在q-p'平面上临界状态线不随C_u的改变而改变。     

Round robin test on angle of repose: DEM simulation results collected from 16 groups around the world

The round robin test (the simultaneous analysis of the same problem) is a method to investigate the variance and sensitivity of results provided by different analysts for a given problem and the reliability of the particular software used by each group participating in the test. A round robin test has been conducted for the traditional numerical method (e.g., finite difference method), but not yet for the discrete element method (DEM). This paper presents the results of the first ever round robin test on the DEM simulation for the angle of repose, involving 16 groups from around the world using different softwares. Within the scope of this round robin test, most groups reported similar simulation results for the angle of repose that differed only by a few degrees from the average of the experimental values, which was initially concealed from participants. There was also good agreement on the degree of variance of the angle of repose. In addition, this paper revealed the recent trends on the interparticle constitutive models and DEM softwares by considering the reports obtained from the participants.     

颗粒破碎对砂土剪切性质影响的离散单元研究

采用离散单元方法,建立了圆形颗粒、不破碎非圆形颗粒和破碎非圆形颗粒的数值试验模型,进行了砂土的双轴剪切试验,研究了颗粒破碎现象对砂土物理力学性质的影响,分析了颗粒破碎和颗粒形状对试样强度的影响以及围压对颗粒破碎性质的影响。研究结果表明：颗粒破碎现象严重影响砂土的峰值强度以及体积应变性质,并且低围压下颗粒形状对强度影响大于颗粒破碎,随着围压增大,颗粒破碎的影响逐渐增强;围压影响颗粒破碎发生的速率和最终的破碎率;由对颗粒破碎的位置和试样内位移场的追踪可得到颗粒破碎的细观演化规律及破碎带的分布范围,破碎带分布范围与围压有关。     

Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices: sources, real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories

The release of ultra-fine particles (UFP, d < 0.1 µm) from hardcopy devices such as laser printers into the indoor environment is currently a topic of high concern. The general emission behavior of a printer can be examined by conducting emission test chamber measurements with particle-counting devices. Chamber experiments with modified laser printers operated without toner or paper also revealed UFP emissions. On the basis of these results we reasonably doubt the opinion that UFPs primarily originate from the toner. Instead, the high-temperature fuser unit is assumed to be one source for ultra-fine particle emission. UFP release typically follows the flow path of the cooling air which may leave the printer casing at various points (e.g. the paper tray). This limits the usability of the commercial filter systems available because the released particles could leave the printer without passing through the filter. Chamber measurements with various filter systems retrofitted to a laser printer demonstrate different efficiencies of UFP reduction. Complementary experiments were carried out in an office room. Here the decay of the particle concentration after a print job was about ten times slower than in the test chamber. A toxicological assessment of the emitted particles requires that their chemical composition be known. Due to the low mass of the released UFPs chemical analysis needs a prior enrichment on a feasible media. Experiments using electrostatic precipitation showed a flame retardant (tri-xylyl phosphate) whose concentration on the media was dependent on the number of pages printed. Whether this compound was particle-bound could not be determined.     

Micromechanical analyses of the effect of rubber size and content on sand-rubber mixtures at the critical state

This study presents a series of monotonic drained triaxial tests consisting of mixtures of sand (stiff) and rubber (soft) particles simulated by the discrete element method (DEM). Sets of mixtures were prepared with different rubber size ratio of 1, 2.5 and 5 and contents ranging from 0% to 30% by weight. The numerical samples were sheared up to large axial strains to reach a critical state. The slope of the critical state lines is strongly affected when the rubber size is the same as sand. When rubber size increases, the critical state lines shift downward with little effect on the slope. While it is generally accepted that, for the given range of rubber contents used in the study, the sand-rubber mixture strength increases when adding rubber particles, the results from this study suggest that said strength diminishes as rubber size is incremented. Micro-scale information, including coordination number, geometrical and mechanical anisotropy, was obtained for all the tests. Regardless of the rubber particle size, rubber-sand contacts represent an important contribution to the overall strength of the material; however, the rubber particle size dictates how said contribution takes place. These findings highlight the importance of understanding new geomaterials to practicing engineers that different size ratios and rubber contents have positive or negative effect of strength and deformability and the choice of a sand-rubber mixture has to be based on the project nature.     

基于颗粒离散单元法的获取任意相对密实度下级配颗粒堆积体的数值方法

土体的密实程度对土体的工程性质影响很大。获得给定相对密实度下的初始颗粒堆积体,是利用离散单元法进行土体细观力学分析的重要前提。基于离散单元法,首先获得颗粒在自重作用下稳定后的最松散堆积体。其次提出采用减小压实过程中颗粒间摩擦系数的拟振动压实法来模拟现实中的振动压实作用,并验证了其可行性。当压实过程中颗粒间摩擦系数为0时获得最密实堆积体。研究了拟振动压实过程中颗粒间摩擦系数与压实稳定后的堆积体孔隙率的关系。最后根据该关系可估算出获得任意给定相对密实度堆积体所需的压实过程中颗粒间的摩擦系数。研究结果表明:颗粒的配位数与粒径近似满足指数关系;通过减小压实过程中颗粒间的摩擦系数能较好的模拟振动压实效果;压实过程中颗粒间的摩擦系数与堆积体孔隙率满足负指数关系;该方法可获得任意相对密实度下的颗粒堆积体,可以为土体细观力学的数值模拟提供初始颗粒堆积结构。     

The impact of porosity and crack density on the elasticity,strength and friction of cohesive granular materials: Insights from DEM modelling

This study uses the Discrete Element Method (DEM), in which rock is represented by bonded, spherical particles, to investigate the dependence of elasticity, strength and friction angle on porosity and crack density. A series of confined triaxial extension and compression tests were performed on samples that were generated with different particle packing methods, characterised by differing particle size distributions and porosities, and with different proportions of pre-existing cracks, or uncemented particle contacts, modelled as non-bonded contacts. The 3D DEM model results demonstrate that the friction angle decreases (almost) linearly with increasing porosity, and is independent of particle size distribution. Young's modulus, strength and the ratio of unconfined compressive strength to tensile strength (UCS/T) also decrease with increasing porosity, whereas Poisson's ratio is (almost) porosity independent. The pre-eminent control on UCS/T is, however, the proportion of bonded contacts, suggesting that UCS/T increases with increasing crack density. Young's modulus and strength decrease, while Poisson's ratio increases with increasing crack density. The modelling results replicate a wide range of empirical relationships observed in rocks and underpin improved methods for the calibration of DEM model materials.     

Multi-scale investigation of active failure for various modes of wall movement

Retained backfill response to wall movement depends on factors that range from boundary conditions to the geometrical characteristic of individual particles. Hence, mechanical understanding of the problem warrants multi-scale analyses that investigate reciprocal relationships between macro and micro effects. Accordingly, this study attempts a multi-scale examination of failure evolution in cohesionless backfills. Therefore, the transition of retained backfills from at-rest condition to the active state is modeled using the discrete element method (DEM). DEM allows conducting virtual experiments, with which the variation of particle and boundary properties is straightforward. Hence, various modes of wall movement (translation and rotation) toward the active state are modeled using two different backfills with distinct particle shapes (spherical and nonspherical) under varying surcharge. For each model, cumulative rotations of single particles are tracked, and the results are used to analyze the evolution of shear bands and their geometric characteristics. Moreover, dependencies of lateral pressure coefficients and coordination numbers, as respective macro and micro behavior indicators, on particle shape, boundary conditions, and surcharge levels are investigated. Additionally, contact force networks are visually determined, and their influences on pressure distribution and deformation mechanisms are discussed with reference to the associated modes of wall movement and particle shapes.     

泥膜形成与状态划分细观分析及模型试验研究

泥水盾构施工中泥浆在高压作用下侵入土层形成不同状态的泥膜,泥膜的形成机理复杂,但其状态划分依据相对简单。基于离散元程序YADE编制了流体与颗粒相互作用及粒间长程引力作用模型,从粒径比、粒间范德华力、流体初始流速以及泥浆颗粒密度几个方面分析了泥浆侵入土层初始恒速阶段的堆积状态,确定土层最紧密堆积对应的泥膜状态理论下限值。采用静置后的泥浆侵入土层模型试验分析了两组土层粒径的泥膜状态,表明粒径比对泥膜状态的影响与离散元分析结果、泥膜状态划分理论相吻合。初步建立了泥膜形成过程的宏细观联系,弥补了传统过滤理论和离散元法未考虑颗粒侵入土层动态形成泥膜的不足。     

级配碎石形状量化及其对堆积特性的影响

针对现有离散元模拟多采用规则形状颗粒进行,与颗粒实际形态不符的缺陷。以级配碎石为例,对颗粒形状进行量化分析。采用数字图像处理技术,得到颗粒轮廓,根据轮廓形态特征从多个层次对颗粒形态进行描述,并得到互相独立的扁平度、棱角度形状指标,对指标进行统计分析,发现颗粒形态与粒径无关。最后通过离散元数值模拟探究颗粒真实形态与颗粒堆积孔隙率关系。试验结果表明：在松散情况下,堆积孔隙率随扁平度的增大而增大,而当颗粒近似圆形时,孔隙率随棱角度增大而减小。     

染色石膏颗粒一维压缩破碎与粒径迁移

为研究粒状岩土材料粒组层面的破碎与粒径迁移规律,采用人工制备的染色石膏颗粒,进行不同应力和级配的单粒组及多粒组等比例混合试样的一维压缩试验。采用人工识别和图像识别软件相结合的方法进行破碎后的颗粒分离,得到各粒组破碎后的级配,据此分析颗粒破碎过程中的粒径迁移模式、粒组的破碎概率以及破碎重叠效应。分析结果表明,颗粒破碎与粒径迁移模式为分步多次破碎、依粒组次序迁移,因而破碎后粒组的级配是连续不间断的。与单粒组级配试样中颗粒破碎概率随粒径减小而减小不同,多粒组级配试样中颗粒的破碎概率随粒径减小而增大(窄级配试样)或先增后减(宽级配试样),但较单粒组级配试样整体上有所下降。破碎重叠效应表现为各粒组颗粒的绝对破碎量远大于相对破碎量,且随着应力的增加和粒径的减小更加明显。最后基于粒度熵的概念,建立了可以反映破碎重叠效应的绝对破碎率。该试验结果亦可为颗粒破碎的数值模拟提供参考。     

基于PFC2D的砂土原生各向异性微观机理数值试验

采用颗粒流PFC数值模拟方法,生成符合标准砂室内单元试验结果的离散元数值试验试样。运用重力沉积法建立不规则砂土颗粒单元的平面双轴试验模型,给定不同沉积步数对试样不同初始原生状态进行模拟,然后分别从水平和竖直方向上施加荷载增量,得到不同沉积条件下不同加载方向上砂土试样宏观应力应变曲线和力学参数。数值试验结果显示,重力沉积步数对颗粒微观长轴定向排列、平均配位数有显著影响;初步建立了砂土微观结构变化和宏观应力应变曲线及力学参数的联系;分析了砂土试样表现出的宏观原生各向异性力学特性与内部颗粒结构的关系。     

一种基于离散元的模拟颗粒破碎方法

为模拟颗粒破碎对散体材料应力–应变特性产生的显著影响,提出了一种改进的基于离散元的模拟颗粒破碎的方法。首先将颗粒复杂的受力状态简化成颗粒球心附近的最大拉应力并假定颗粒破碎服从最大拉应力准则。当颗粒满足破碎条件时,将破碎颗粒的直径缩小。当由缩小颗粒直径导致的质量损失达到某一规定值时,向样本内的孔隙插入新颗粒。为模拟破碎产生碎片的颗粒级配,新生成的颗粒尺寸服从分形分布,同时,为考虑颗粒强度的变异性和尺寸效应,未破碎颗粒、已破碎颗粒和破碎产生的碎片的抗拉强度均服从Weibull分布。该方法满足质量守恒条件,且适用于能在超级计算机上并行运行的开源离散元软件。采用本文方法模拟了一维压缩和直剪试验并与室内试验结果进行对比,结果表明本文方法模拟颗粒破碎是可行的。     

Insight on bulk shear strength parameters of clay using discrete element approach incorporating physics-based interparticle force model

This paper aims to provide insight on factors affecting the bulk shear strength parameters of clay, i.e., the cohesion and internal friction as well as the effects of memory of preconsolidation pressure. A unique Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is built on platy particles with customized particle interaction force model. The particle interaction force model considers non-contact forces (such as the long-range electrostatic repulsion, short-range van der Waals attraction) as well as the direct contact force. The long-range electrostatic forces are calibrated by measurement with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Parameters for direct particle contacts of the regular DEM contact model, such as the contact stiffness and the friction coefficient, are calibrated by use of experimental consolidation and direct shear testing data. Computational simulations are conducted on digital clay specimen subjected to virtual direct shear tests. The predicted experimental responses of the digital specimens are consistent with typically observed in experiments including the shear stress-shear strain relationship, volumetric contraction and dilation, shear band formation, etc. From the stress–strain curves, the soil strength parameters are obtained with common experimental criteria. The DEM simulation results show that higher preconsolidation pressure drives more particles to overcome non-contact force into direct contacts and consequently bonding by van der Waals force. Consequently, the bulk cohesion of clay increases with increasing preconsolidation pressure. The results show that bulk cohesion strength is mainly attributed to the attractive interparticle force as well as the interlocking of platy particle, while the bulk internal friction angle is affected by the particle friction coefficient and particle fabric. Overall, the simulation results indicate the experimentally observed macroscopic shear strength parameters c and φ are linked to the microscope characteristics of soil particles and their mutual interactions. The results offer insight on the microscopic properties of particles on the bulk macroscopic strength behaviors. Besides, this work demonstrates a new strategy for simulation-based prediction of bulk soil strength parameters, by incorporating microscale characterization of the interparticle interactions and particle fabric into the particle-based DEM model.     

基于 DEM 的颗粒级配对粗颗粒土三轴试验影响分析

通过建立DEM离散元模型,分析不同颗粒组成的土颗粒三轴试验中的应力应变及强度特性。为充分描绘不同颗粒级配对应力应变特性的影响,在采用传统应力应变曲线基础上,对颗粒三轴试验中颗粒位移场的变化进行了分析。结果表明,随着围压的增加,颗粒位移场变得均匀,粗粒土更容易发生体缩变形,向更密实的挤压状态转变,强度增高。曲率系数与不均匀系数对土的强度及变形性能影响较大,在级配曲线连续的条件下,有效粒径与中值粒径或限制粒径相差较大时,粗骨料之间接触形成骨架结构,其内摩擦角增大,强度及抗变形性能提高。     

基于粒子受激散射的烟与气溶胶粒子属性识别

介绍了粒子散射相关理论以及激光粒子信号多角度检测装置的构成与基本原理，并详细描述了对烟与干扰气溶胶粒子的多角度散射特征进行采集、处理和分析的过程。实验证明，通过多路比值的交叉对比可以区分不同类型粒子，也就说明通过角散射比值区别烟雾与干扰粒子是可以实现的。     

用离散单元法分析单剪试验中粒状体的剪切机理(英文)

用铝棒堆积体作为二维粒状体的模型材料进行单剪试验 ,然后对其用离散单元法进行数值模拟 ,对于宏观应力应变关系 ,两者结果基本吻合。基于数据模拟结果 ,对粒状体的剪切机理 ,例如滑动面上粒子接点角的分布及变化规律 ,进行了微观分析。