A study on shear banding in chip formation of orthogonal machining

A simplified theory of instability of plastic flow is applied in this paper to analyze the formation of shear localized chips in orthogonal machining. A flow localization parameter is expressed in terms of associated cutting conditions and properties of the workpiece material. The analysis is used to investigate the effect of cutting conditions on the onset of shear localization and the formation of adiabatic shear banding in metal cutting. Comparisons are made between the analysis and experiments in which the flow localization parameter is obtained for several workpiece materials. The results of this investigation are thought to lend a strong justification for the analysis and its potential benefits in analyzing and/or remedying problems associated with chip formation and temperature generated in metal cutting.     

FEA modeling and simulation of shear localized chip formation in metal cutting

The finite element analysis (FEA) has been applied to model and simulate the chip formation and the shear localization phenomena in the metal cutting process. The updated Lagrangian formulation of plane strain condition is used in this study. A strain-hardening thermal-softening material model is used to simulate shear localized chip formation. Chip formation, shear banding, cutting forces, effects of tool rake angle on both shear angle and cutting forces, maximum shear stress and plastic strain fields, and distribution of effective stress on tool rake face are predicted by the finite element model. The initiation and extension of shear banding due to material's shear instability are also simulated. FEA was also used to predict and compare materials behaviors and chip formations of different workpiece materials in metal cutting. The predictions of the finite element analysis agreed well with the experimental measurements.     

Revisiting the fundamentals of metal cutting by means of finite elements and ductile fracture mechanics

This paper investigates Atkins’ idea that the modelling of metal cutting must include the significant work involved in the formation of new surfaces as well as the traditional components of plastic flow and friction. New finite element and algebraic calculations are presented together with specially designed orthogonal metal cutting experiments performed on lead specimens under laboratory-controlled conditions. Independent determinations of the mechanical properties of lead were made and comparisons are given between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Calculations cover a wide range of topics such as material flow, chip-compression factor, primary shear plane angle, cutting force and specific cutting pressure. It is shown that the choice of lead as workpiece material reveals important facts that would be obscured were the usual sort of workpiece metals to be cut.The paper demonstrates quantitatively that while material flow, chip formation and the distribution of the major field variables can be modelled successfully by traditional ‘plasticity and friction only’ analyses, the contribution of ductile fracture mechanics is essential for obtaining good estimates of cutting forces and of the specific cutting pressure.     

Modeling of microcrack formation in orthogonal machining

Researchers have observed formation of microcracks during metal cutting and attributed their occurrence to various phenomena. Shaw postulated that under the combined shear and normal stress conditions on shear plane, microcracks could occur when strain in the shear plane exceeds the failure limit of material. However, the phenomenon of microcrack formation is difficult to capture experimentally. Therefore, this paper presents a finite element (FE) model to simulate the microcrack formation during orthogonal cutting. The model has been validated by performing orthogonal micro-cutting experiments and error in cutting force prediction is less than 11.5%. The simulation helps identify locations at which microcracks are formed in the shear zone using the mathematical and FEA models. Furthermore, the contribution of the specific energy (energy/volume) associated with the microcrack formation to the total specific energy of the shear zone has been evaluated. Contribution of microcracks to specific shear zone energy is found to be in the range of 0–20% for AISI 1215 and 0–15% for AISI 1045 under different machining conditions.     

Determination of workpiece flow stress and friction at the chip–tool contact for high-speed cutting

This paper presents a methodology to determine simultaneously (a) the flow stress at high deformation rates and temperatures that are encountered in the cutting zone, and (b) the friction at the chip–tool interface. This information is necessary to simulate high-speed machining using FEM based programs. A flow stress model based on process dependent parameters such as strain, strain-rate and temperature was used together with a friction model based on shear flow stress of the workpiece at the chip–tool interface. High-speed cutting experiments and process simulations were utilized to determine the unknown parameters in flow stress and friction models. This technique was applied to obtain flow stress for P20 mold steel at hardness of 30 HRC and friction data when using uncoated carbide tooling at high-speed cutting conditions. The average strain, strain-rates and temperatures were computed both in primary (shear plane) and secondary (chip–tool contact) deformation zones. The friction conditions in sticking and sliding regions at the chip–tool interface are estimated using Zorev's stress distribution model. The shear flow stress (k_chip) was also determined using computed average strain, strain-rate, and temperatures in secondary deformation zone, while the friction coefficient (μ) was estimated by minimizing the difference between predicted and measured thrust forces. By matching the measured values of the cutting forces with the predicted results from FEM simulations, an expression for workpiece flow stress and the unknown friction parameters at the chip–tool contact were determined.     

Residual Stress Modeling in Orthogonal Machining

A predictive model for residual stresses in orthogonal cutting is presented. It uses process conditions as inputs and predicts surface and sub-surface residual stress profiles due to machining. The model formulation incorporates cutting force and cutting temperature predictions and utilizes those parameters to define the thermo-mechanical loading experienced by the workpiece. The stresses at the cutter edge hone and in the shear plane are considered in a rolling/sliding contact algorithm which admits kinematic hardening for non-proportional plasticity with subsequent stress relaxation to meet boundary conditions. Model predictions are compared to experimentally-measured residual stresses under various cutting conditions for validation.     

Study of the mechanism of nanoscale ductile mode cutting of silicon using molecular dynamics simulation

In cutting of brittle materials, it was observed that there is a brittle-ductile transition when two conditions are satisfied. One is that the undeformed chip thickness is smaller than the tool edge radius; the other is that the tool cutting edge radius should be small enough—on a nanoscale. However, the mechanism has not been clearly understood. In this study, the Molecular Dynamics method is employed to model and simulate the nanoscale ductile mode cutting of monocrystalline silicon wafer. From the simulated results, it is found that when the ductile cutting mode is achieved in the cutting process, the thrust force acting on the cutting tool is larger than the cutting force. As the undeformed chip thickness increases, the compressive stress in the cutting zone decreases, giving way to crack propagation in the chip formation zone. As the tool cutting edge radius increases, the shear stress in the workpiece material around the cutting edge decreases down to a lower level, at which the shear stress is insufficient to sustain dislocation emission in the chip formation zone, and crack propagation becomes dominating. Consequently, the chip formation mode changes from ductile to brittle.     

动态载荷下Al—Li合金剪切变形局部化

采用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆装置,对４种时效处理的Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金在冲击压缩试验时变形局部化产生的力学条件和微结构进行了研究,结果指出,４种处理的合金均产生两种类型的剪切带即形变剪切带和白剪切带,它们是在局部化过程中不同形变阶段下形的。两者无本质上的差别。白色剪切带内未发生相变。大应变和高应变率是产生力剪切带的必要条件,即材料在一定的高应变率下形变到一定程度时才能形成剪切带,电镜研究表明,剪切带内无畸     

Analysis of localized shear deformation of ductile metal based on gradient-dependent plasticity

1　INTRODUCTIONFailureprocessofmaterialsisparticularlycom plex ,whichisaprobleminvolvedinmulti scaleandmanydisciplines .Thoughscientistsfrommanycoun trieshavecontributedsomeimportantresultsfortheprobleminrecentyears ,furtherinvestigationsbyme chanicalscientists ,physicistsandmaterialscientistsarenecessarytoobtainafullunderstandingofthefailuremechanisms .Especiallyinlast 2 0 years ,asamechanismofprogressivefailure ,theproblemoflocalizationhasat tractedtopicinterest .Asaconsequenceofsofteni…     

Finite element modeling of segmental chip formation in high-speed orthogonal cutting

An explicit, Lagrangian, elastic-plastic, finite element code has been modified to accommodate chip separation, segmentation, and interaction in modeling of continuous and segmented chip formation in highspeed orthogonal metal cutting process. A fracture algorithm has been implemented that simulates the separation of the chip from the workpiece and the simultaneous breakage of the chip into multiple segments. The path of chip separation and breakage is not assigned in advance but rather is controlled by the state of stress and strain induced by tool penetration. A special contact algorithm has been developed that automatically updates newly created surfaces as a result of chip separation and breakage and flags them as contact surfaces. This allows for simulation of contact between tool and newly created surfaces as well as contact between simulated chip segments. The work material is modeled as elastic/perfectly plastic, and the entire cutting process from initial tool workpiece contact to final separation of chip from workpiece is simulated. In this paper, the results of the numerical simulation of continuous and segmented chip formation in orthogonal metal cutting of material are presented in the form of chip geometry, stress, and strain contours in the critical regions.     

航空铝合金7075-T651高速铣削锯齿形切屑的形成机理研究

目的分析航空铝合金高速铣削锯齿形切屑的形成过程及机理,为提高工件表面质量、延长刀具使用寿命提供理论依据。方法考虑航空铝合金在高速铣削过程中铣削厚度变化的特点,选用合理的本构模型及材料断裂准则,将三维铣削简化为二维变厚度的正交切削热力耦合有限元模型,对锯齿形切屑的形成过程进行有限元模拟,并经铣削试验验证有限元模型的准确性。结果在2～16 m/s的切削速度范围内,铣削力、切削温度、锯齿形切屑形貌均得到了准确的仿真。随着切削速度的增加,切屑厚度、切屑连续部分高度和剪切带间距都有减小的趋势,相反,剪切角随切削速度的增加而增大。切削速度为16m/s时,锯齿形切屑在切屑厚度较大的一侧出现,并随着切屑厚度减小而逐渐消失,变为均匀带状切屑,准确仿真了切削厚度变化下锯齿形切屑形貌。结论提出考虑剪切带宽度变化的三阶段锯齿形切屑形成模型,通过剪切带内外的应变、应变率和温度的变化分析了绝热剪切过程,并使用分割强度比参数量化锯齿形切屑应变程度,控制锯齿形切屑形态。     

表面微织构在切削过程中的研究进展

在切削过程中,临近切削刃的刀具前刀面与切屑、刀具后刀面与已加工表面接触区存在的高温高压情况严重影响了刀具服役寿命和工件表面完整性。表面微织构技术是一种先进的表面改性技术,在刀具表面制备不同尺寸参数、形状参数、分布参数的表面织构能够显著影响刀具的切削性能。当刀具表面微织构制备方法不同时,微织构所呈现的性能也不同。首先从制备技术的原理、制备过程、制备技术特点等方面对当前最先进的刀具表面微织构制备技术进行了综述。然后从切削力、切削温度、刀具磨损、切屑形成、工件表面完整性等角度分析了微织构对刀具切削性能的影响规律与机理。在分析切削力、切削温度、刀具磨损、切屑形成等4个指标时重点关注了刀具前刀面微织构所起的作用,在分析工件表面质量时,同时考虑了刀具后刀面微织构、前刀面微织构的影响。最后,介绍了当前微织构的研究热点,主要包括微织构技术与钝化刃口、润滑剂的协同作用对切削性能的影响,以及微织构刀具在切削过程中发生的衍生切削行为。通过对文献的归纳、总结与深入分析,给出了表面微织构未来的研究方向,为刀具进一步优化提供设计参考。     

A new experimental methodology to analyse the friction behaviour at the tool-chip interface in metal cutting

This paper investigates a new test to analyse the friction behaviour of the tool-chip interface under conditions that usually appear in metal cutting. The developed test is basically an orthogonal cutting process, that was modified to a high speed forming and friction process by using an extreme negative rake angle and a very high feed. The negative rake angle suppresses chip formation and results in plastic metal flow on the tool rake face. Through the modified kinematics and in combination with a feed velocity that is five to ten times higher than in conventional metal cutting, the shear and normal stresses are only acting in a simple inclined plane, allowing to calculate the mean friction coefficient analytically. In addition, the test setup allows to obtain the coefficient of friction for different temperatures, forces and sliding velocities. Experiments showed, that the coefficient of friction is strongly dependent on the sliding velocity for the example workpiece/tool material combination of C45E+N (AISI 1045) and uncoated cemented carbide.     

数控火焰切割机切割质量的参数控制

影响数控火焰切割机切割质量的因素有氧气的纯度、预热火焰功率及时间、氧气压力、切割速度、割嘴到工件的距离等。通过对实验及现场实际切割参数的整理分析,得出切割质量的参数控制表,以供参考。     

Simulation of cutting process in peripheral milling by predictive cutting force model based on minimum cutting energy

The cutting force and the chip flow direction in peripheral milling are predicted by a predictive force model based on the minimum cutting energy. The chip flow model in milling is made by piling up the orthogonal cuttings in the planes containing the cutting velocities and the chip flow velocities. The cutting edges are divided into discrete segments and the shear plane cutting models are made on the segments in the chip flow model. In the peripheral milling, the shear plane in the cutting model cannot be completely made when the cutting point is near the workpiece surface. When the shear plane is restricted by the workpiece surface, the cutting energy is estimated taking into account the restricted length of the shear plane. The chip flow angle is determined so as to minimize the cutting energy. Then, the cutting force is predicted in the determined chip flow model corresponding to the workpiece shape. The cutting processes in the traverse and the contour millings are simulated as practical operations and the predicted cutting forces verified in comparison with the measured ones. Because the presented model determines the chip flow angle based on the cutting energy, the change in the chip flow angle can be predicted with the cutting model.     

锯齿形切屑绝热剪切塑性变形

通过正交切削实验获得不同切削速度下的切屑,在扫描电镜下测量不同切削速度下切屑的微观几何形态与仿真结果进行比较。结果表明,仿真模型较好模拟了切屑的微观几何形态。对钛合金切削加工过程中的锯齿形切屑形成过程进行了仿真,分析了锯齿形切屑形成过程中等效应力、等效应变、等效应变率的分布变化规律。     

Analysis of a new Segmentation Intensity Ratio “SIR” to characterize the chip segmentation process in machining ductile metals

In machining, chip morphology has an important effect on several cutting parameters such as tool wear, chip flow, vibration, etc. This research work aims to analyse the chip segmentation phenomenon for ductile metals. The aeronautical aluminium alloy A2024-T351 has been selected for the study. Using Finite Element modelling, segmentation process has been analysed and quantified with a new physical parameter called “Segmentation Intensity Ratio”. The SIR parameter which leads to a better analysis of the chip morphology is defined as a ratio between the equivalent plastic strain inside and outside shear bands within the chip. Using this parameter the effect of cutting conditions and tool geometry on the chip segmentation can be clearly shown. Also the fluctuation of the contact length, the tool-chip interface temperature as well as the cutting force oscillations with respect to cutting speed are carefully discussed when segmentation occurs. A correlation between chip formation process and cutting force oscillation is established as well as a correlation between average cutting force reduction and segmentation intensity when cutting speed increases. Finally, a parametric analysis was conducted to highlight the effect of the friction on the chip segmentation intensity.     

Effects of constitutive parameters on adiabatic shear localization for ductile metal based on JOHNSON-COOK and gradient plasticity models

1Introduction Adiabatic shear band(ASB)is a very narrow zone with a high concentration of shear strain.It is believed that ASB is formed by a process of thermo-mechanical instability.ASB can be observed in the process of dynamic deformation of various fer…     

An analytical model to predict specific shear energy in high-speed turning of Inconel 718

Machining of Inconel 718 at higher cutting speeds is expected to provide some relief from the machining difficulties. Therefore, to understand the material behavior at higher cutting speeds, this paper presents an analytical model that predicts specific shearing energy of the work material in shear zone. It considers formation of shear bands that occur at higher cutting speeds during machining, along with the elaborate evaluation of the effect of strain, strain rate, and temperature dependence of the shear flow stress using Johnson–Cook equation. The model also considers the ‘size-effect’ in machining in terms of occurrence of ‘ploughing forces’ during machining. The theoretical results show that the shear band spacing in chip formation increases linearly with an increase in the feedrate and is of the order of 0.2–0.9 mm depending upon the processing conditions. The model shows excellent agreement with the experimental values with an error between 0.5% and 7% for various parametric conditions.     

From the basic mechanics of orthogonal metal cutting toward the identification of the constitutive equation

This paper proposes a methodology to identify the material coefficients of constitutive equation within the practical range of stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature encountered in metal cutting. This methodology is based on analytical modeling of the orthogonal cutting process in conjunction with orthogonal cutting experiments. The basic mechanics governing the primary shear zone have been re-evaluated for continuous chip formation process. The stress, strain, strain rate and temperature fields have been theoretically derived leading to the expressions of the effective stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature on the main shear plane. Orthogonal cutting experiments with different cutting conditions provide an evaluation of theses physical quantities. Applying the least-square approximation techniques to the resulting values yields an estimation of the material coefficients of the constitutive equation. This methodology has been applied for different materials. The good agreement between the resulting models and those obtained using the compressive split Hopkinson bar (CSHB), where available, demonstrates the effectiveness of this methodology.