反应气氛对平朔煤热解反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上研究了平朔煤在N2,H2,CH4/CO2和CH4/CO2(catalyst)不同热解气氛下的煤热解性能.主要考察了不同热解气氛下的热解温度和升温速率对焦油、水、半焦产率以及脱硫率的影响.结果表明,甲烷在催化剂的作用下能够产生大量的CHx基团,CHx基团能使煤热解产生的自由基更稳定,从而提高焦油产率.平朔煤在CH4/CO2(catalyst)气氛下热解的焦油产率最高,在600℃的热解温度下,焦油、水、半焦产率和脱硫率分别为33.5%,25.8%,69.5%和25.3%(质量分数),其中焦油产率为相同条件下H2和N2气氛下热解的1.6和1.8倍.     

神木煤-CH_4微波共热解产物生成规律研究

以半焦作为微波吸收剂和CH4裂解催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了CH4气氛下神木煤微波热解特性,对CH4气氛下神木煤-半焦混合物在不同温度(450℃~700℃)下微波热解产物的生成规律进行了研究,并与相同条件的N2气氛下微波热解结果进行了比较.研究表明,CH4气氛下神木煤的微波热解半焦产率比N2气氛下的半焦产率低;而焦油产率和热解水产率高于相同条件N2气氛下的焦油和热解水产率.在CH4气氛下煤-半焦混合物微波热解,H2和CO产率高于N2气氛下的结果,而CO2产率低于N2气氛下微波热解的CO2产率.综合对比两种气氛下热解产物的生成规律可知,在半焦催化作用下,CH4在微波加热条件下可以实现对神木煤的直接加氢,提高煤的热解转化率.     

内蒙褐煤微波热解特性研究

研究了内蒙褐煤、热解半焦及煤-半焦混合物在微波场中的升温特性,并对比研究了300℃~750℃温度范围内,内蒙褐煤微波热解和常规热解的特性.研究表明,内蒙褐煤是一种弱微波吸收剂,需添加一定量的半焦作为微波吸收剂才能进行热解反应;在添加10%~30%半焦的范围内,随着半焦添加量的增加,煤-半焦混合物的热解升温速率逐渐增加,焦油和气体产率增加,半焦和热解水产率降低;在添加30%半焦,终温保温20min的条件下,与常规热解相比,微波热解油、半焦和热解水的产率降低,气体产率增加,其中CO和H2产率显著提高.     

复合流化床低阶煤热解制备兰炭的工艺条件

以不同粒径范围的新疆准东煤为原料,在耦合下部流化床和上部输送床的复合流化床中热解制备兰炭,考察了热解温度、过量氧气系数、气化温度、煤颗粒停留时间等对热解产物分布和热解半焦性质的影响. 结果表明,随过量氧气系数、气化温度和颗粒平均停留时间增加,气体产率升高,半焦和焦油产率降低;半焦的比表面积随气化温度升高而增大,而随过量氧气系数增大先增大后减小. 当煤从下部流化床进料时,在过量氧气系数0.11、流化床气化温度850℃、输送床热解温度750℃、流化床内煤颗粒停留时间90 s的操作条件下,可制备出固定碳含量超过83%(w)、挥发分含量低于9%(w)的兰炭.     

煤热解特性研究

对大雁、协庄和昔阳3个不同煤化程度的煤样，在N2，CO2和水蒸气3种不同气氛及不同温度下进行了热解研究，考察了煤化程度、热解气氛和热解温度对煤热解产物产率和热解气性质的影响规律．研究表明，对上述3个煤样，随煤化程度加深，焦产率增加，油和气产率一般随煤中挥发分增加而增加，但又与煤的大分子结构、热解温度和加热速率等有密切关系；干馏气组成H2和CH4含量协庄煤样最高，而(CO CO2)含量因煤中氧含量的降低而下降．与N2气氛相比，CO2和水蒸气气氛中半焦产率下降，气产率增加；油产率水蒸气气氛下最高．H2组分含量在水蒸气气氛下最高，而CO，CH4和烃类C2～C5组分则最低．LHV在N2，CO2和水蒸气气氛下逐次降低．     

新疆伊犁南台子煤热解耦合CO变换反应的研究

为探索提高焦油产率的新途径,以新疆伊犁南台子煤为研究对象,考察了CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合对焦油产率的影响。采用常压固定床反应器,B205为变换催化剂,分别考察了热解气氛、反应温度对南台子煤热解反应的影响。结果表明,CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合条件下,热解温度在450℃~650℃范围,焦油产率随温度的升高而增大;650℃之后,焦油产率保持稳定。在热解温度650℃、其他反应条件完全一致、CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合条件下,焦油产率分别为N2、H2气氛中焦油产率的1.62倍和1.43倍。半焦和焦油的红外分析表明,CO变换反应生成的活性氢参与了芳烃的加成反应,使氢数量增多,提高了焦油产率。     

大同煤热解和加氢热解过程中产物生成规律的研究

在压力2MPa,温度350—650℃范围内,对比研究了大同煤分别在氮气和氢气气氛下热解过程中产物的分布和气体生成规律。研究表明,煤的热解和加氢热解转化率和水产率都随温度上升而增加;在热解条件下,焦油产率在500℃出现最大值。氢气对煤热解转化只有超过一定温度才具有促进作用,此时与热解相比具有较高的CO、CH4和C2^＋产率以及较低的CO2产率。     

平朔煤的热解试验研究

对平朔煤在不同温度下进行了热解研究,考察了热解温度对煤热解产物产率和热解气性质的影响规律。研究表明,对上述煤样,随煤的热解温度升高,半焦产率下降,干馏气产率增加;液体率在一定温度范围内先增后降,在600℃左右达到最高。热解温度升高,热解气中H2的含量就越高,热解气中CH4的含量在热解温度550～650℃左右达到最高。随热解温度的升高,CO2的含量显著降低,烃类组分随温度升高是先升后降,峰值出现在600℃左右。     

低温热解强化煤粉磁选脱硫效果的实验研究

采用自制热解装置对北宿煤进行热解,此装置与传统热解装置相比具有处理量大和操作简便等优势,能够与磁选实验相结合,热解温度400 ℃～700 ℃,氮气流量0.1 L/min,保温时间为30 min,主要研究热解温度对煤粉磁选脱硫效果的影响.结果表明:适当提高热解温度对磁选脱硫是十分有利的,且500 ℃时效果最佳,热解后半焦与原煤相比磁选脱硫率提高近40%;利用XRD分别对原煤、500 ℃半焦及半焦磁选后的精煤进行分析,发现半焦中有强磁性矿物磁黄铁矿(Fe1-xS)生成,精煤中已无黄铁矿,说明热解-磁选脱硫技术能够有效脱除煤中无机硫.依据GB/T215-2003分析试样中硫的形态,发现煤中有机硫含量高且以噻吩硫形式存在,给实现北宿煤低温预处理磁选高效脱硫造成了困难.     

粗煤气环境下褐煤热解过程中CH_4逸出规律研究

现对鄂尔多斯褐煤在粗煤气环境下快速热解气化过程中CH_4生成逸出规律进行研究。研究了温度、压力、气氛对CH_4生成特性的影响。在H_2/CO/N_2气氛下,CO歧化反应较CO甲烷化反应易进行;煤加压热解过程中CH_4总产量随温度升高而增大,700 ℃时达到最大,该变化规律主要受H_2/CO/N_2气氛中CO甲烷化反应控制。在H_2/CO_2/N_2混合气氛中,水煤气变换逆反应远比CO_2甲烷化反应容易进行,特别是在温度升至700 ℃后,前者反应CO_2转化率远远超过后者,煤热解CH_4总产量随着温度升高而增大,在800 ℃时达到最大,之后略有减少,该变化规律主要受水煤气变换的逆反应控制。实验表明,在粗煤气环境中,700 ℃是煤热解最佳反应温度。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。