TWIP钢在高温ECAP过程中的微观组织及孪晶行为研究

本研究通过等径通道挤压(ECAP)对孪晶诱导塑性变形钢(TWIP钢)在300℃下进行了晶粒细化,并运用金相显微镜、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)观察了经不同道次挤压后TWIP钢的晶粒、孪晶形貌及位错组织。结果表明,在均匀化退火状态下,试样晶粒基本呈现等轴状态,通过测微尺测量晶粒尺寸,约为(90±30)μm。在1道次挤压后,晶粒沿剪切方向显著伸长,并有尺寸较小的新晶粒产生,许多形变孪晶在剪切带中产生。2道次挤压后新产生的细小晶粒增多,并开始产生许多微孪晶,孪晶易于在晶界处产生。经过4道次等径通道挤压,晶粒逐渐细化至超细晶状态,晶粒尺寸达到0.3~1μm,孪晶厚度随挤压道次的增多而不断减小,甚至达到几十纳米。在不同晶粒尺寸下,TWIP钢在高温ECAP过程中产生孪晶的机理不同。     

316L不锈钢在表面机械滚压处理时的形变诱导马氏体相变和组织细化过程

采用表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)在316L不锈钢表面制备出梯度纳米结构(GNS)表层,研究了SMRT对GNS表层中的相组成和微观组织演变的影响机制。结果表明:经SMRT后316L不锈钢表层的奥氏体相发生形变诱导马氏体相变,且马氏体含量随着SMRT压下量的增大而增多;微观组织的细化过程先后经历了高密度位错生成和交互作用、形变孪生、形变诱导马氏体相变和马氏体晶粒细化过程,最终在最表层形成以马氏体相为主、晶粒尺寸~55 nm的纳米晶组织。     

超音速微粒轰击45钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对由铁素体和珠光体组成的45钢进行表面纳米化处理,在材料表面制备了纳米结构表层,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析技术研究了表面纳米结构层不同深度的微观组织结构特征.研究表明:经SFPB处理后,材料表层发生了严重的塑性变形,形成了由铁素体和渗碳体组成的纳米结构层;随着处理时间的增加纳米结构层的厚度由几微米增加到15 μm(晶粒尺寸＜100 nm);在材料的最表层形成了晶粒尺寸约15 nm的具有随机取向的等轴晶,纳米晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加增大;在距表面约为15 μm处,存在平均晶粒尺寸约100 nm的等轴晶和具有相近尺寸的胞状结构;在约30 μm处,大量的高密度位错墙分别将铁素体相和珠光体相分割成尺寸在200～500 nm的胞状结构.分析表明45钢表面纳米化主要是位错运动的结果.     

超音速微粒轰击诱导表面纳米化对TC11钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)表面纳米化技术,在TC11钛合金表层构筑了一定层深的梯度纳米结构,研究了SFPB气体压力对TC11钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在低气体压力(0.5 MPa)下,形成了25μm厚的严重塑性变形层,表层晶粒细化至纳米量级(17.7 nm)。随着气体压力的增大,表层纳米晶尺寸降低,严重塑性变形(SPD)层增大,在高气体压力(1.5 MPa)下,表层纳米晶尺寸和严重塑性变形层深度分别为9.4 nm和51μm。随着SFPB气体压力的增大,表层显微硬度及硬化层深度逐渐增加,屈服强度、抗拉强度显著增加,而伸长率变化不大,断口形貌从典型的韧性断裂向韧-脆性混合断裂转变。     

铜对孪晶诱发塑性合金组织和性能的影响

研究了铜对Fe-22.5/30 Mn-3Al-3Si TWIP钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着铜含量的增加,TWIP钢中奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸减小。铜含量超过0.5wt%后,TWIP钢的显微硬度明显提高。TEM观察显示TWIP钢未形变时组织中存在许多层错群和规则排列的位错列,形变后出现大量密集排列的形变孪晶和被形变孪晶分割的位错。     

Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi高熵合金高压扭转过程中的组织结构演变

对面心立方(FCC)结构的Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi高熵合金进行不同应变量的高压扭转实验,利用维氏硬度仪、电子背散射衍射、X射线衍射仪以及透射电镜系统分析变形引起的组织结构演变。结果表明:高压扭转过程中合金晶体结构并未发生改变,仍然保持为FCC结构,但引发其晶粒纳米化,平均晶粒尺寸达到30nm。晶粒细化主要是通过孪晶(包含初次孪晶与二次孪晶)、去孪晶(包含初次去孪晶与二次去孪晶)以及孪晶界分割晶粒的过程实现。孪晶和随后去孪晶的竞争作用导致孪晶宽度先减小后增大,初次孪晶和二次孪晶的最小宽度分别为2.7nm和0.9nm。     

高锰TWIP/TRIP 钢研究进展与应用

综述了近来年高锰孪晶诱发塑性/相变诱发塑性(TWIP/TRIP)钢的研究进展和实际应用情况。介绍了晶粒尺寸对TWIP钢变形机制的影响,观察了形变孪晶随晶粒尺寸变化的演变过程。总结了形变诱导马氏体和形变诱导孪晶的演变机理。简述了碳化钒(VC)沉淀粒子对高锰TWIP/TRIP钢延迟断裂及加工硬化行为的影响,并对VC沉淀粒子与形变孪晶的交互作用机制进行了探讨。阐述了双辊铸轧工艺制备高锰TWIP/TRIP钢薄带的近终成型工艺过程及显微组织的演变机理,并探讨了工程应用的前景。     

超音速微粒轰击对TC11钛合金组织和疲劳性能的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击(SFPB)技术对层片组织的TC11钛合金进行表面纳米化处理,对比研究了表面纳米化处理前、后TC11钛合金的室温高周疲劳行为;借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对比分析了高周疲劳断口及断口附近的微观组织形貌.结果表明:经SFPB处理后在钛合金表层产生了30～50μm厚的纳米层,纳米晶尺寸在5～15 nm左右;疲劳性能得到明显提高,在相同应力级别下的疲劳寿命提高了约8～10倍,疲劳条带宽度变窄,且随着加载级别的降低,疲劳寿命提高的倍数逐渐增加;SFPB前、后疲劳断口均由疲劳源区、裂纹扩展区、瞬断区三部分组成,但SFPB处理后的疲劳源由处理前的表层移至次表层;SFPB处理态试样疲劳加载后表层组织仍为纳米量级,但次表层组织中出现大量的形变孪晶、位错缠结以及少量的形变诱导马氏体组织.     

层错能对Fe-Mn-C系TRIP/TWIP钢变形机制影响

对三种不同层错能(SFE)Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢的变形机制进行了研究.结果表明:在淬火态下,TWIP钢组织为全奥氏体,奥氏体晶粒内存在少量退火孪晶.TWIP钢的层错能随着C、Mn含量的增加而增加.层错能为7 mJ/m2时,变形后出现大量ε马氏体,且随着应变量的增大,ε马氏体峰增强,表现为单一的TRIP效应;层错能为12 mJ/m2时,应变诱导γ→ε→α或γ→α的转变及形成少量形变孪晶,表现为TRIP/TWIP效应;层错能为18 mJ/m2时,变形后形成大量形变孪晶,表现为单一的TWIP效应,抗拉强度和延伸率分别达到851 MPa及49%.随着层错能增加,TWIP钢的断裂机制由沿晶断裂转变为以韧窝为主的塑性断裂.     

表面机械研磨处理的纯铜拉伸形变机制

采用扫描电镜电子通道衬度技术(SEM-ECC)研究了表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)铜表面在室温拉伸的形变特征.结果表明:剪切带是纳米晶层、亚微晶层以及由位错胞组成的过渡层的共同形变特征,在不同的结构表层,剪切带的形貌略有差别.纳米晶层和亚微晶层内的剪切带主要为沿平面界面剪切滑动的结果,而过渡层的形变主要是以SMAT处理前的初始晶粒为单元发生的,剪切带的形成基本符合晶体学规律.     

Microstructure and microhardness of pearlitic steel after laser shock processing and annealing

The microstructure evolution of the high carbon pearlitic steel after laser shock processing (LSP) with different laser pulse energy and high temperature annealing was investigated. After LSP, the cementite lamella were bent, fractured and broken into granules. Fragmentation and dissolution of the cementite lamella were enhanced by increasing the laser pulse energy. Results show that the ferrite lattice parameter increased due to carbon atom dissolution in the ferrite matrix, and the corresponding ferrite X-ray diffraction peaks shifted significantly towards the smaller diffraction angles. After annealing at 650°C for 30?min, an ultrafine duplex microstructure (ferrite+cementite) was formed on the surface. After LSP with a high energy, equiaxed ferrite grains were refined to 400?nm and the cementite lamella were fully spheroidised with the particle diameter of ～150?nm. The corresponding grain size of ferrite and cementite under low pulse energy was 500 and 300?nm respectively. After annealing, the ferrite peaks significantly shifted towards the higher diffraction angles, and the ferrite lattice parameter decreased. The microhardness initially increases after LSP and then slightly decreases after subsequent annealing but remained higher than without LSP.     

Laser-shock processing effects on surface microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel

The effects of laser-shock processing (LSP) on the microstructure, microhardness, and residual stress of low carbon steel were studied. Laser-shock processing was performed using a Nd:glass phosphate laser with≈600 ps pulse width and up to 120 J pulse energy at power densities above 10¹² W cm⁻². The effects of shot peening were also studied for comparison. Laser-shock induced plastic deformation caused the surface to be recessed by≈1.5 μm and resulted in extensive formation of dislocations. Surface hardness increased by up to 80% after the LSP. The microstructure and mechanical properties were altered up to≈100 μm in depth. The LSP strengthening effect on low carbon steel was attributed to the presence of a high dislocation density. Shot peening resulted in a relatively higher compressive residual stress throughout the specimen than did LSP.     

Effect of laser shock processing on fatigue crack growth of duplex stainless steel

Duplex stainless steels have wide application in different fields like the ship, petrochemical and chemical industries that is due to their high strength and excellent toughness properties as well as their high corrosion resistance. In this work an investigation is performed to evaluate the effect of laser shock processing on some mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Laser shock processing (LSP) or laser shock peening is a new technique for strengthening metals. This process induces a compressive residual stress field which increases fatigue crack initiation life and reduces fatigue crack growth rate. A convergent lens is used to deliver 2.5 J, 8 ns laser pulses by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, operating at 10 Hz with infrared (1064 nm) radiation. The pulses are focused to a diameter of 1.5 mm. Effect of pulse density in the residual stress field is evaluated. Residual stress distribution as a function of depth is determined by the contour method. It is observed that the higher the pulse density the greater the compressive residual stress. Pulse densities of 900, 1600 and 2500 pul/cm² are used. Pre-cracked compact tension specimens were subjected to LSP process and then tested under cyclic loading with R = 0.1. Fatigue crack growth rate is determined and the effect of LSP process parameters is evaluated. In addition fracture toughness is determined in specimens with and without LSP treatment. It is observed that LSP reduces fatigue crack growth and increases fracture toughness if this steel.     

Effect of Laser Shock Peening on the Microstructures and Properties of Oxide‐Dispersion‐Strengthened Austenitic Steels

Oxide‐dispersion‐strengthened (ODS) austenitic steels are promising materials for next‐generation fossil and nuclear energy systems. In this study, laser shock peening (LSP) has been applied to ODS 304 austenitic steels, during which a high density of dislocations, stacking faults, and deformation twins are generated in the near surface of the material due to the interaction of laser‐driven shock waves and the austenitic steel matrix. The dispersion particles impede the propagation of dislocations. The compressive residual stress generated by LSP increases with successive LSP scans and decreases along the depth, with a maximum value of ?369 MPa. The hardness on the surface can be improved by 12% using LSP. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) irradiation studies reveal that dislocations and incoherent twin boundaries induced by LSP serve as effective sinks to annihilate irradiation defects. These findings suggest that LSP can improve the mechanical properties and irradiation resistance of ODS austenitic steels in nuclear reactor environments.

     

Strain-induced formation of a gradient nanostructured surface layer on an ultrahigh strength bearing steel

In the present work, an ultrahigh strength bearing steel(AISI 52100) was subjected to surface mechanical rolling treatment(SMRT) at room temperature. Microstructural observations showed that martensitic laths, twins and cementite particles in the initial microstructure underwent distinct plastic strains and were gradually refined into nanostructures. Consequently, a gradient nanostructured(GNS) surface layer with a mean grain size of ~24 nm at the top surface was obtained on the bearing steel, resulting in an increment of ~20% in the surface hardness. Analyses based on microstructural evolution, phase constitution and in-depth hardness distribution revealed a mechanically induced formation mechanism of the GNS surface layer. The multiple surface severe plastic deformation under fine lubrication and cooling during SMRT contributed to the formation of a thick hardened surface layer on the bearing steel.     

Dislocation density-based modeling of subsurface grain refinement with laser-induced shock compression

Laser shock peening (LSP) is an innovative surface treatment technique applied to improve the mechanical properties and surface microstructures of metallic components. This paper is concerned with prediction of the microstructural evolution of metallic components subjected to single or multiple LSP impacts. A numerical framework is developed to model the evolution of dislocation density and dislocation cell size using a dislocation density-based material model. It is shown that the developed model captures the essential features of the material mechanical behaviors and predicts that the total dislocation density reaches the order of 10¹⁴ m^?2 and a minimum dislocation cell size is below 250 nm for LSP of monocrystalline coppers using the laser energy density on the order of 500 GW/cm². It is further shown that the model is cable of predicting the material strengthening mechanism in terms of residual stress and microhardness of the LY2 aluminum alloy due to grain refinement in a LSP process with less laser energy densities on the order of several GW/cm².     

Characterization of the Diamond—like Carbon based Functionally Gradient Film

Diamond-like carbon coatings have been used as solid lubricating coatings in vacuum technology for their good physical and chemical properties. In this paper, the hybrid technique of unbalanced magnetron sputtering and plasma immersion ion implantation (Pill) was adopted to fabricate diamond-like carbon-based functionally gradient film, N/TiN/Ti(N,C)/DLC, on the 304 stainless steel substrate. The film was characterized by using Raman spectroscopy and glancing X-ray diffraction (GXRD), and the topography and surface roughness of the film was observed using AFM. The mechanical properties of the film were evaluated by nano-indentation. The results showed that the surface roughness of the film was approximately 0.732 nm. The hardness and elastic modulus, fracture toughness and interfacial fracture toughness of N/TiN/Ti(N,C)/DLC functionally gradient film were about 19.84 GPa, 190.03 GPa, 3.75 MRa.m1/2 and 5.68 MPa-m1/2, respectively. Compared with that of DLC monolayer and C/TiC/DLC multilayer, this DLC grad     

Fabrication of nanostructure in inner-surface of AISI 304 stainless steel pipe with surface plastic deformation

In the present investigation, a pipe inner-surface grinding (PISG) technique was developed to fabricate nanostructure in the inner-surface of an austenitic 304 stainless steel pipe. PISG was performed by high speed shearing with hard sphere tips, leading to gradient distribution of strain, strain rate and strain gradient along depth. Nano-austenite with an average boundary spacing of 20?nm was generated, followed by deformation microstructure characterized by shear bands, multi- and uni-directional twins and planar dislocation arrays. Deformation induced grain refinement of austenitic 304 stainless steel with low stacking fault energy (SFE) covering 4–5 order’s magnitude of length scales toward nanometer regime was unified.     

Effect of silicon and aluminium in ferrite on tensile and impact properties

Two ferritic interstitial-free steels with approximately the same amount of solid solution strengthening by addition of 2?wt-% silicon and 4?wt-% aluminium are investigated using quasi-static tensile and dynamic impact tests. The addition of 2?wt-% silicon (2Si) results in brittle fracture in V-notched Charpy impact tests at ambient temperature, whilst the 4?wt-% aluminium-containing (4Al) steel has high absorbed energy of 320?±?12?J?cm^?2. In addition, the 4Al steel has a ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature (DBTT) ～60°C lower than the 2Si steel. It is proposed that the addition of silicon suppresses dislocation cross-slip at high strain rate and is responsible for the observed cleavage fracture and high DBTT in the 2Si steel. The ease of dislocation slip in the 4Al steel increases the impact toughness.     

冷处理温度对CF62C低合金高强度钢冲击性能的影响

在-50℃至室温范围的不同温度对CF62C低合金高强度钢进行冷处理,将冷处理试样和室温下的试样进行夏比(V型)冲击试验,并对冲击试样进行冲击吸收能量测试和显微组织、断口形貌的分析。研究结果表明:CF62C钢在室温和0~-40℃的冷处理条件下有良好的低温冲击韧度,在-40℃冲击吸收功大于300J,而冷处理温度下降至-50℃时,冲击吸收功小于135J,且其断口微观特征呈沿晶脆性断口;CF62C钢的脆性转变温度为-50℃。