一种发射率测量系统的设计与实现

介绍了一种带有三个黑体空腔的发射率测量系统.该测量系统能在-10²00℃范围内测量多个样品的发射率.测量系统的硬件由三腔黑体辐射源、计算机、红外测温仪和导轨装置组成,可同时测量标准样品、待测样品、标准黑体辐射源三组温度数据,并计算得出待测样品的发射率.同时,应用编程语言进行测量系统的界面设计,结合软件和硬件搭建出了一个自动化、便捷的实验测量系统.     

便携式分压力质谱计校准装置的性能测试研究

文章对新研制的便携式分压力质谱计校准装置的部分性能进行了测试。采用参考电离真空计测量了装置的极限真空度;对于流导值在10^-2 m³/s的圆孔型抽气流导元件,通过精确测量其直径和厚度的尺寸,采用公式计算得到分子流条件下的流导值;对于孔径在微米量级的进气流导元件,采用定容衰减压力的方法通过实验测量确定其流导值;采用同一真空计分别测量抽气流导元件两端的气体压力获得返流比。测试研究结果表明：装置的极限真空度为4.8×10^-7 Pa,抽气流导元件对N2的流导值为1.37×10^-2 m³/s,对N₂的返流比为0.193,两个进气流导元件对N₂的流导值分别为3.81×10^-6 m³/s、4.50×10^-8 m³/s,综合分析可得装置对N₂的校准范围为(4×10^-1～5×10^-6)Pa。     

材料光谱发射率测量装置线性度研究

介绍了对中国计量科学研究院建立的材料光谱发射率测量装置关于光谱辐射线性度的研究.本文应用双温黑体法模拟发射率测量的情况,验证了光谱辐射测量的线性度.从而保证发射率测量装置的可靠性,并根据验证中体现出的问题进行分析,也有利于下一步装置改进.     

扁平箱形桥梁断面斯特罗哈数的雷诺数效应研究

斯特罗哈数的雷诺数效应是桥梁断面雷诺数效应研究中的一个重要问题。表面压力积分成气动力的方法在文中得到了应用,用这种方法不仅得到了气动力均值,更重要的是获得了气动力的时程,从而可以计算气动力的RMS值和频率。通过压力积分气动力主要频率计算出刚性支撑断面的斯特罗哈数,并研究了斯特罗哈数随雷诺数的变化规律。试验雷诺数范围为2.7×10⁴ to 1.4×10⁶,其中高雷诺数与实桥仅差一个数量级,能够反映实桥情况。在研究中发现扁平桥梁箱形断面的斯特罗哈数有明显的雷诺数效应,斯特罗哈数变化的过渡区雷诺数范围在2×10⁵ to 4×10⁵。     

微小音速喷嘴临界背压比测试装置

音速喷嘴工作时的背压比小于临界背压比是实现并保持临界流的关键。现行国际标准建议,对于喉部雷诺数Red小于2×10⁵的音速喷嘴,需保持0.25的临界背压比或进行临界背压比的实际测量。基于此,建立了一套微小音速喷嘴临界背压比测试装置,该装置能够实现喉径为0.3~3mm,流量范围为0.05~5m³/h音速喷嘴临界背压比的测量,测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.56%(k=2)。     

铈掺杂硼酸钙镧晶体的生长与性能研究（英文）

硼酸钙镧晶体是一种激光基质晶体,以其优秀的物理特性而受到广泛关注。稀土离子掺杂的硼酸钙镧晶体在紫外激光器领域的研究尚不多见。本研究采用顶部籽晶法成功生长出尺寸为40 mm×21 mm×6 mm的铈掺杂硼酸钙镧晶体。研究了铈掺杂硼酸钙镧晶体室温光谱性质,测量了室温下其透过光谱以及紫外-吸收光谱,发现铈离子掺杂导致晶体在200～288 nm以及305～330 nm紫外波段吸收较强。测试了室温下铈掺杂硼酸钙镧晶体的激发光谱,并且利用波长260 nm的连续光激发得到发射光谱,发现主要发射带中心波长位于290,304,331和353 nm处,对应于铈离子5d态到²F_5/2和²F_7/2态的跃迁。对铈掺杂硼酸钙镧晶体的热学性质进行了研究,发现其在300 K下具有较高的热导率(6.45 W/(m·K)),且随着温度升高保持良好的热稳定性。358 K条件下,热膨胀系数及c方向的晶格常数分别为2.94×10^–6/K和0.91240 nm,随着温度升高至773 K，线性增加到5.3×10^–...     

全自动正压漏孔校准装置

针对漏孔形状不一、受温度影响大、手动测量误差大的难题,建立了一套“基于活塞体积补偿、温度补偿”的全自动正压漏孔校准装置。通过体积连续和自动测量系统、半导体恒温系统、自动化控制与处理系统的合理设计,该装置可完成1×10^-7～1×10^-5 Pa﹒m³/s的正压漏孔漏率的量值溯源,装置不确定度为Urel=6%(k=2)。     

数学摆台法的超低频加速度校准

建立了基于数学摆台法的超低频加速度校准装置,解决了线振动台超低频加速度信噪比低的问题,对相关校准具有参考价值和借鉴作用。根据低频噪声理论,在建立激光测振仪的功率谱密度模型基础上,提出了位移噪声的定量评价方法,通过实验验证了所提方法的正确性。对数学摆台的虚拟摆臂、激励传递系数进行了实验测量,对校准装置的测量不确定度进行了评定。该装置实现了加速度计在频率范围0.001～0.1Hz、加速度范围5×10^-7 ～1×10^-2m/s² 的绝对法校准。     

基于激光积分球反射计的集成黑体发射率测量研究

集成黑体发射率是评价其有效光谱辐射亮度不确定度的关键贡献项。建立了激光积分球反射计测量系统,对中国计量科学研究院制备的集成空腔的法向光谱发射率进行了实验研究和模拟验证。在633nm的波长下测量了集成黑体法向光谱发射率,测量结果的标准不确定度优于0.043%。结果表明:集成黑体辐射源在室温条件下的有效发射率高于0.998,与STEEP3蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果偏差在0.04%之内。实验结果与数值模拟的一致性在测量结果不确定度内吻合良好,验证了激光积分球发射计法用于评价集成黑体发射率的可行性。     

超宽浓度放射性参考气DT制备装置设计及性能研究

为了满足流气式氚电离室测试和校准需求,须制备不同活度浓度的放射性参考气DT。借助秦山第三核电有限公司CANDU6堆中的含氚重水慢化剂和树脂净化系统,利用液体闪烁计数测量-电解法获得慢化剂活度浓度,质谱法分析电解气氢同位素丰度,并基于PVT指数稀释法,研制了超宽浓度放射性参考气DT制备装置。装置设计有催化-氧化-液体闪烁计数法验证单元,尾气收集-再利用处理单元,同时,样品制备时采用同位素浸润、内壁电镀等措施降低装置壁吸附-记忆效应。装置具有体积小、活度浓度范围宽、低浓度DT壁吸附-记忆效应小、交叉污染小、不确定度小等优点。制备的放射性参考气DT在标准状态下的活度浓度范围为4.0×10⁴～1.0×10¹⁴Bq/m³,放射性参考气DT可满足国内不同类型不同用途的流气式氚电离室测试、校准等需求。     

Temperature-Resolved Infrared Spectral Emissivity of SiC and Pt–10Rh for Temperatures up to 900°C

This article reports the first comprehensive results obtained from a fully functional, recently established infrared spectral-emissivity measurement facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). First, sample surface temperatures are obtained with a radiometer using actual emittance values from a newly designed sphere reflectometer and a comparison between the radiometer temperatures and contact thermometry results is presented. Spectral emissivity measurements are made by comparison of the sample spectral radiance to that of a reference blackbody at a similar (but not identical) temperature. Initial materials selected for measurement are potential candidates for use as spectral emissivity standards or are of particular technical interest. Temperature-resolved measurements of the spectral directional emissivity of SiC and Pt–10Rh are performed in the spectral range of 2–20 μm, over a temperature range from 300 to 900°C at normal incidence. Further, a careful study of the uncertainty components of this measurement is presented.     

Apparatus for Measuring Spectral Emissivity of Solid Materials at Elevated Temperatures

Spectral emissivity measurements at high temperature are of great importance for both scientific research and industrial applications. A method to perform spectral emissivity measurements is presented based on two sample heating methods, the flat plate and tubular furnace. An apparatus is developed to measure the normal spectral emissivity of solid material at elevated temperatures from 1073 K to 1873 K and wavelengths from \(2\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) to \(25\,\upmu \hbox {m}\). Sample heating is accomplished by a torch flame or a high temperature furnace. Two different variable temperature blackbody sources are used as standard references and the radiance is measured by a FTIR spectrometer. Following calibration of the spectral response and background radiance of the spectrometer, the effect of the blackbody temperature interval on calibration results is discussed. Measurements are performed of the normal spectral emissivity of SiC and graphite over the prescribed temperature and wavelength range. The emissivity of SiC at high temperatures is compared with the emissivity at room temperature, and the influence of an oxide layer formed at the surface of SiC on the emissivity is studied. The effect of temperature on the emissivity of graphite is also investigated. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of the uncertainty components of the emissivity measurement is performed.     

Influence of Non-ideal Blackbody Radiator Emissivity and a Method for its Correction

Demands for accurate temperature measurement and calibration are increasing along with the wider use of radiation thermometry in industry. However, the deviation of a ‘blackbody’ radiator emissivity from the emissivity of an ideal blackbody remains one of the main uncertainty contributions in the calibration of radiation thermometers, although the performance of blackbody radiators has been continually improving. Nevertheless, the influence of this deviation was often ignored due to the complexity of the correction. In this paper, general methods to evaluate the influence of the emissivity deviation of a blackbody radiator from unity for typical radiation thermometer models are described. An approximate practical method for wide-band radiation thermometers is proposed. Moreover, the concept of equivalent wavelength and the corresponding calculation method are introduced to simplify the mathematical model. The calculation result and a mathematical expression for the equivalent wavelength applicable to most popular radiation thermometers with a spectral range of 8–14 μm are given. The analysis and calculation show that the influence of blackbody radiator emissivity on longer working-wavelength radiation thermometer calibrations at mid or high temperatures cannot be ignored.     

A dynamic technique for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures with a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer

A dynamic (subsecond) technique is described for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures, primarily in the range 1800 K up to near their melting point. The basic method involves resistively heating a tubular specimen from ambient temperature through the temperature range of interest in less than 1 s by passing an electrical current pulse through it, while using a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer to measure spectral radiance temperatures along a 25-mm length on the specimen. This portion of the specimen includes a small rectangular hole that approximates a blackbody cavity. Measurements of spectral radiance temperature of the specimen surface as well as specimen true temperature enable the determination of the normal spectral emissivity of the surface via Planck's law. The applicability of the technique is demonstrated by measurements performed on molybdenum in the range 1900–2850 K.     

NIST Radiance Temperature and Infrared Spectral Radiance Scales at Near-Ambient Temperatures

The realization and the dissemination of spectral radiance and radiance temperature scales in the temperature range of −50 to 250°C and spectral range of 3–13 μm at the National Institute of Standards and Technology are described. The scale is source-based and is established using a suite of blackbody radiation sources, the emissivity and temperature of which have been thoroughly investigated. The blackbody emissivity was measured using the complementary approaches of modeling, reflectometry, and the intercomparison of the spectral radiance of sources with different cavity geometries and coatings. Temperature measurements are based on platinum resistance thermometers and on the direct use of the phase transitions of pure metals. Secondary sources are calibrated using reference blackbody sources, a spectral comparator, a controlled-background plate, and a motion control system. Included experimental data on the performance of transfer standard blackbodies indicate the need for development of a recommended practice for their specification and evaluation. Introduced services help to establish a nationwide uniformity in metrology of near-ambient thermal emission sources, providing traceability in spatially and spectrally resolved radiance temperature, spectral radiance, and background-corrected effective emissivity.     

Remote-sensing infrared thermometer with radiation balancing

What is to our knowledge a novel infrared thermometer (IRT) for remote measurement of the temperature rise (-20-100 K) above the variable ambient (270-320 K) of a distant object is described. A radiation-balancing method is successfully extended to the near-ambient temperature range by variation of the temperature of a built-in blackbody, until the radiation from it equals the radiation from the source, so that its temperature is proportional to that of the source. Another feature believed to be novel is simplifying the design by elimination of the need for cooling the blackbody for subambient temperature range by use of a second blackbody, strategically located, which is heated to achieve radiation balance. Detailed theoretical analysis is given, showing that the IRT can measure remotely the total emissivity or even the electric current or voltage. Resistive inserts are proposed for improving the accuracy of current measurement. A method is proposed for simultaneous remote measurement of absolute temperature and emissivity by variation of the heating current and the aperture of the blackbody for radiation balancing in two bands so that prior knowledge of the object's emissivity is not needed.     

System for Measuring the Spectral Distribution of Normal Emissivity of Metals with Direct Current Heating

A system for measuring time variations of the normal spectral emissivity at wavelengths ranging from 0.55 to 5.3 m was developed and applied to metal specimens in vacuum and oxidizing environments in the temperature range from 780 to 1200° C. The specimen was heated to high temperatures by passing a direct current in a vacuum chamber, and the surface oxidation was controlled by a low-pressure oxidizing gas. The specimen temperature was measured by a single-band (0.9-m) radiation thermometer viewing at a cavity formed in the specimen from the rear side. The front surface of the specimen was observed by a multiband (112-wavelength) radiation thermometer to measure the normal spectral emissivity. The effective normal spectral emissivity of the specimen cavity was evaluated to be 0.94±0.05 at a wavelength of 0.9 m in comparison with a metal tube having a small blackbody hole on the rear. The measurement uncertainty of the normal spectral emissivitiy by the system was estimated to be 5 to 10% of the emissivity value in most of the interesting ranges of emissivities, temperatures, and wavelengths.