两种核设施威胁（危险）分类方法的比较与讨论

本文对国际原子能机构（IAEA）和美国能源部（DOE）提出的核设施分类方法进行了对比研究,认为两种分类方法本质上是一致的,但各有其特点。IAEA分类标准全面,核设施放射性物质分类阈值与危险放射源活度D值相关联,采用了辐射生物效应研究成果,分类体系的科学性较强,但分类目的偏重于应急管理,因此某些分类准则不完全适用于核设施的安全监管。DOE的分类标准操作性强,适合以安全监管为目的的分类,缺点是计算放射性存量分类阈所用参数陈旧,3类设施的放射性存量分类阈因种种原因有一定的局限性。在制定我国核设施分类标准时,应撷取两种分类方法的长处,明确分类标准的应用方向,制定符合国情的核设施分类标准。     

核设施安全隐患分类研究

国内核设施在建设、运行等生命周期中收集记录了大量的安全隐患,但目前对核设施的安全隐患尚无规范适用的分类准则,无法对相关信息进行合适的分类和精准识别,以甄别出安全薄弱环节及整改措施重心、提升安全管理的精细化和规范化水平。针对核设施具有产业链长、类型多等特点,通过调研分析国内外核行业及核安全监管领域以及其他大型行业有关安全隐患的分类方法和经验做法,结合核设施的特点及国内监管实践,形成适用于我国核设施安全隐患管理的分类方法建议。在此基础上,最终提出按安全隐患的直接产生原因作为分级准则,包括人、设备、环境、管理4大类要素及19项细分小类的分类方法建议。     

美国能源部《非反应堆核设施安全分析编制指南》分析及对我国相关工作的启示

为规范和指导非反应堆核设施安全分析报告的编制,美国能源部发布了《非反应堆核设施安全分析编制指南》,分析该指南的主要技术内容,并给出借鉴该指南修订我国相关法规、导则及开展概率安全评估(Probability Safety Assessment,简称PSA)的建议。     

核燃料循环设施洪水设防标准研究

日本福岛核事故后,世界各国更加关注外部事件对核设施的潜在影响,包括洪水对核设施的潜在影响。当前,国内核燃料循环设施缺乏合理的防洪标准,不仅阻碍了核设施防洪工作的开展,也影响了核设施的安全性。本文以核设施潜在风险为基础,借鉴已有的4级核设施危险分类,依据核设施的重要程度,根据洪灾造成的经济损失和环境后果,提出了每一类核设施的洪水设防标准。     

对EJ/T 981—1995《核设施环境监测车通用规范》的修订建议

目前,随着核能技术日益广泛的应用,对核辐射连续稳定的监测也成为公众关注的重点。文章详细说明了国内核设施环境监测的需求,研究常规环境监测和核应急监测的变化及需求,对标准EJ/T 981-1995《核设施环境监测车通用规范》提出修订意见,目的在于规范国内环境监测车的技术规范,使之能够更好地适应、服务于核设施环境监测,为核设施环境监测提供技术保障。     

浅谈放射性废物管理设施许可管理

结合我国放射性废物管理设施实际情况, 简要梳理和探讨其许可方式。建议独立场址放射性废物管理设施应统一纳入核设施管理范畴并申领核设施安全许可证;核设施配套建设的放射性废物管理设施, 应依据主体核设施的差异实施分类许可管理。     

基于DOE-STD-1027的核燃料循环设施危险分类方法的改进与应用

简要介绍了DOE-STD-1027规定的非堆核设施危险分类方法,分析了其应用于核燃料循环设施时存在的问题：用于计算存量阈值的释放因子取值不具有保守性,以及剂量转换因子取自较早版本的ICRP出版物,而ICRP在后续的出版物中更新了这些因子。针对以上问题,提出了用DOE-HDBK-3010-94或NUREG/CR 6410提供的释放因子以及最新的ICRP出版物提供的剂量转换因子,修正DOE-STD-1027中危险分类放射性物质存量阈值的计算方法。采用此方法计算了采用天然铀和回收铀原料的危险2类重水堆核燃料元件制造设施与UF₆处理设施的存量阈值。     

核设施退役安全相关文件的类型及其标准格式与内容的探讨

在研究分析国际原子能机构有关核设施退役安全相关文件的出版物的基础上,结合我国目前实际情况,提出了我国应当制定的核设施退役安全相关文件类型建议,并对每类文件的格式与内容提出了具体建议,规范了核设施退役安全相关文件的编制,可保证文件编制和审评的质量和水平。     

核安全导则HAD501/02《核设施实物保护(试行)》解读及修订建议

核设施的实物保护对于设施的安全运行和核材料的合法使用具有重要意义。2008年,国家核安全局发布核安全导则HAD501/02《核设施实物保护(试行)》(下称《导则》),将我国民用核设施分为三个实物保护级别,并明确了相应的分区保护要求。几年来,《导则》为规范我国核设施实物保护工作做出了重要贡献;但是,实践表明《导则》存在部分不足之处,如个别条款缺乏量化指标,导致分级扩大化。本文对《导则》的制定理念和原则进行了解读,并结合实践,提出了对《导则》进行修订的具体意见和建议。     

核反应堆放射性排出物监测的现状

随着核电站在世界范围内的迅速发展和人们对环境保护工作的日益关注,核反应堆排出物的监测越来越引起人们的重视。1974年经济合作与发展组织(OECD)所属的核能机构(NEA)在西德的卡尔斯鲁厄举办了一个有关放射性排出物监测的讲习班。1977年国际原子能机构(IAEA)在南斯拉夫召开了一次有关核设施放射性排出物监测的学术报告会。1978年国际原子能机构又出版了第46号安全丛书《核设施放射性气体和液体排放监测》,并在此书中提出了关于核设施放射性气体和液体排出物监测的建议书。在此前后,一些国家也制订或修订了本国有关核电站放射性排出物监测的规     

风险指引型设备分级方法研究

风险指引型设备分级是综合确定论和概率论的分析结果对设备进行重新分级的一种方法.它可以使核电厂将资源更合理地分配到安全重要度高的设备上,同时节省大量的采购及其他相关费用.文章介绍了风险指引型设备分级的分析方法和过程,并以大亚湾核电站辅助给水系统为例对这种方法进行了研究.     

核安全公众沟通若干问题的探索

为维护公众环境权益,创新核与辐射安全监管体系,促进核事业的健康稳定可持续发展和建设生态文明,通过分析目前核安全公众沟通工作特性、现存问题,提出了完善核安全公众沟通有关体制机制建设、整合宣传资源、平衡宣传重心、创新宣传途径、注重经验反馈等对策建议,以期为我国核安全公众沟通工作实践提供帮助。     

Radioactive and nuclear material transport security: awareness and application of new recommendations

Abstract

Transport of radioactive and nuclear material is highly regulated and transport safety regulations have been in effect for decades. International nuclear material transport security has been governed for many years on the basis of a binding international convention, the 'Convention for the physical protection of nuclear material', and its supporting document 'The physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities' INFCIRC/225, revision 4 (corrected). On the other hand, transport security guidance for the radioactive material was published in 2008 by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as an implementing guide, 'Security in the transport of radioactive material', nuclear security series no. 9, and is just now being implemented in many countries. Experience in implementing the radioactive material transport security guidance is being gained by countries as they make decisions on which specific security provisions to require, provide training to their regulatory staff and licensees, and begin reviewing and approving transport security plans. This experience has led to the development of practical approaches that minimise impacts as the guidance is put into practice. The nuclear material transport security recommendations in INFCIRC/225 are in the process of being revised to update them to address the current threat environment and to incorporate recommendations based on the recent amendments made to the Convention. INFCIRC/225, revision 5 will be a recommendation level document in the IAEA nuclear security series of documents. The interface between the nuclear and radioactive material transport security documents is important in order to ensure that appropriate security measures, based on both the nuclear and radioactive properties of the material being transported, are defined and implemented. This paper provides up to date information on the development of the IAEA transport security documents and presents information on implementation of the radioactive material transport security recommendations. It explains how the documents interface with each other and provides examples of how they should both be used in defining transport security requirements for shipments.     

Safety assessment of nuclear power plant under volcanic phenomena part2 – revision of JEAG4625 on the safety assessment of severe accident measures equipment and maintenance programme

Japan is one of the countries with abundant active volcanoes. In the field of Nuclear Energy, it is necessary to assess safety against volcanic hazards, and voluntary guidelines were published in JEAG4625 in 2009 to set up the requirements of site assessments and the basic designs of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Revised guidelines were published in 2014, which stated the need to examine volcanic phenomena and concrete countermeasures in the detailed designs of NPPs. A further revision included the requirement of the safety assessment of equipment used for measures in a severe accident. This paper focuses on the background and technical basis of the revision of the voluntary guidelines and shows the basic policy on the concept of defence in depth for protecting NPPs against volcanic phenomena and the requirements of equipment to perform measures in the case of a severe accident to prevent nuclear hazards due to volcanic phenomena and the maintenance programme after a volcanic eruption.     

浅析核电企业的安全文化

国际原子能机构在对切尔诺贝利事故分析中提出了安全文化的概念。安全文化得到了全世界核电企业的广泛认同和实践。目前,安全文化已是核电企业文化的核心,被称为核电企业的灵魂,成为核安全的重要保障。本文剖析了安全文化的三个层次,介绍了安全文化发展的三个阶段。     

基于二元重要度的设备分级技术

现有的概率论设备分级方法在重要度方法选取、计算方法和分级限值制定等方面存在不足.本文把二元重要度决策法与叠加性转移模型相结合.以基于后果的风险评判为标准,为上述问题的处理提供了合理的理论依据.在秦山二期扩建核电站概率安全分析模型的基础上,验证了二元重要度分级方法的正确性.     

The causes and consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and implications for the regulation of U.S. nuclear power plants

As in the case of the TMI accident public concern around the world over nuclear safety has been aroused by the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Because of its severity and enormous impact on public opinion, it is important to study the accident and its implications carefully and to provide accurate information to the public.Since this was the first nuclear accident with large offsite releases of radionuclides, valuable insights are to be gained especially, for example, from Soviet actions to terminate the accident and mitigate its consequences, emergency preparedness and evacuation measures, medical treatment, protection against contaminated food and water supplies, and a variety of post-accident recovery measures.With the perspective of a year since the accident and a recent visit by the Author to Chernobyl with a U.S. nuclear safety delegation this paper reviews a number of new studies to draw conclusions about the causes of the Chernobyl accident, its health and environmental consequences and some of the implications for regulation of the safety of U.S. nuclear power plants.     

Probabilistic model for the economic evaluation of nuclear projects

In this article a probabilistic model for the economic evaluation of nuclear power plants was developed. It was focused on modeling the potential risks associated to financial, safety and institutional aspects involved in the reactor construction schedule. The probabilistic results have shown a wide spread on the economic performance due to the schedule complexity and coupling of tasks. This spread increases exponentially to the discount rate, and hence, becomes more important for developing countries. Moreover, the probabilistic assessment—rather than classical approach—seems to be the right choice in order to take into account coupled uncertainties relevant on nuclear projects.     

大亚湾核电站的核安全文化建设探讨

论述了核电站管理中安全文化的概念及安全文化的发展阶段。重点分析了大亚湾核安全文化形成的背景及过程 ,阐述了大亚湾核安全文化的核心理念 ,提出了核电站安全文化指标 ,总结了大亚湾核电站实施核安全文化的主要措施 ;描述了透明度的普及 ,并对大亚湾核电站核安全文化实施的效果进行了系统分析。     

核电与煤电的外部成本比较及对策研究

以对外部成本概念的讨论和对核电与其他发电系统的安全、环境特性的比较为基础,叙述了国际上对各种电力系统外部成本研究进展和主要结果,对在中国的燃煤电厂排放SO2和CO2的外部成本作了分析估算,并提出了对策建议。