焊接热输入对TC4钛合金TIG焊接头组织和性能的影响

观察不同焊接热输入条件下TC4钛合金TIG焊接头的微观组织特征,分析接头力学性能、显微硬度及断口形貌。结果表明,焊缝主要为针状α'马氏体组成的网篮组织,未发现其他生成相。热影响区主要为α+β+α',且越靠近焊缝的热影响区晶粒越粗大,晶内马氏体越多、越密集。针状α'相尺寸随焊接热输入的增大而增大,马氏体取向亦更加混乱。接头抗拉强度随焊接热输入的增大而增大,在1 144 J/mm时达到912 MPa。不同焊接热输入下的接头硬度值随距焊缝中心距离的增大先降低后升高,并在距焊缝中心3~5 mm的粗晶区存在一软化区。随着焊接热输入的增大,接头平均硬度值增大,且软化区向母材方向偏移。TC4钛合金TIG焊接头的断裂方式属于脆性断裂。     

TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头显微组织和力学性能

研究TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接头焊缝的显微组织为片状α′马氏体,TC4侧靠近母材的热影响区和TA17侧靠近母材的热影响区只发生α相向β相转变,TC4侧靠近焊缝的显微组织为残余α相+针状α′马氏体,TA17侧靠近焊缝的显微组织为残余α相+片状α′马氏体。TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接头的显微硬度呈不对称分布,焊缝的显微硬度最高,TA17母材显微硬度最低。TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头断裂在TA17母材,断口呈现韧性断裂形貌。     

轧制+增材TC4合金电子束焊接接头组织与性能

研究了一种电子束焊接规范对轧制+增材TC4钛合金焊接接头组织影响,分析了焊后钛合金力学性能.结果表明,轧制侧热影响区合金组织变化较大,离焊缝中心距离越近,β转变组织含量增加,晶粒逐渐转变为等轴晶组织,等轴晶内有集束状马氏体α'相析出,越靠近焊缝等轴晶尺寸越大;增材侧热影响区组织形态变化较小,β晶粒形态保持柱状晶形态,无等轴晶区产生,晶内组织转变为马氏体α'相.焊缝两侧热影响区显微硬度变化趋势相同,均为越靠近焊缝中心,显微硬度越高,焊接重熔区硬度最高,达400 HV左右.焊接接头力学性能与TC4钛合金锻件相当,且断裂位置均位于激光沉积母材区域.     

焊接电流对TC4钛合金窄间隙TIG焊缝成形及组织的影响

对30 mm厚的TC4钛合金板材进行窄间隙TIG单层填丝焊试验,研究了焊接电流对焊缝成形的影响,分析了焊接接头的显微组织和显微硬度。试验结果表明:随着焊接电流的增加,焊缝熔深、熔宽增加,焊缝表面下凹程度增大,但是焊缝熔宽增加幅度较小;焊缝区晶粒发生严重粗化,主要为粗大的柱状晶,其显微组织均为针状马氏体α'组织;靠近焊缝区侧的热影响区晶粒比靠近母材侧的粗化程度大。焊接接头显微硬度分布相似,焊缝区硬度稍高于母材硬度,并未存在明显的软化区;峰值硬度出现在热影响区,随着焊接电流增加,热影响区峰值硬度降低。     

厚板TC4钛合金电子束焊接头组织和力学性能研究

对30 mm厚TC4钛合金进行电子束焊接试验,通过金相分析以及显微硬度测试对焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,TC4钛合金母材由等轴α以及部分β转变组织组成,焊缝区组织在纵向上具有不均匀性。焊缝顶部β柱状晶粗大,沿熔合线向顶部生长,中部和下部柱状晶相对较小,垂直熔合线向焊缝中心对称竞相生长。β晶粒内部微观组织为针状马氏体,马氏体尺寸从焊缝顶部到底部逐渐减小。热影响区显微组织为等轴初生α相和α'针状马氏体,以及未完全转变的β相。焊缝区和热影响区显微硬度值高于母材;在焊缝区纵向上,顶部显微硬度值为340 HV,随着距离焊缝顶部距离的增加,硬度值显著增大,最大值为435 HV。     

TC4钛合金激光拼焊接头显微组织及力学性能分析

文中系统分析了TC4钛合金激光拼焊接头的显微组织与力学性能.结果表明,TC4钛合金激光焊缝组织为粗大的柱状晶,晶粒内部是针状马氏体交织成的网篮状组织;热影响区组织为α+β+针状α′组织,且分布不均匀,靠近熔合线的区域晶粒更粗大,针状马氏体数量更多分布更密集.0.8 mm厚TC4钛合金薄板拼焊工艺参数为焊接功率1100～1 300 W,焊接速度1.5～3.0 m/min.焊缝力学性能优良,拉伸试样均断裂于离焊缝中心较远的母材上,母材和焊缝断口形貌都显示韧窝断口特征,且焊缝断口韧窝相对更较小.     

TC4钛合金电子束焊与TIG焊焊接接头的组织性能对比研究

针对TC4钛合金电子束焊及TIG焊焊接接头的凝固组织、微观相结构及接头静载室温拉伸性能进行了对比研究。结果发现,TIG焊接头热影响区内为较粗大的等轴晶,焊缝区内凝固组织为粗大柱状晶,柱状晶粒生长方向由最初的垂直于焊缝-热影响区界面逐渐转为垂直向上生长。电子束焊接头组织形态同样是热影响区为等轴晶粒形态,而焊缝区内为柱状晶粒,等轴晶和柱状晶粒的尺寸较TIG焊均明显减小,且柱状晶生长方向始终垂直于焊缝-热影响区界面。TIG焊焊缝区原始β晶内的微观组织由魏氏α板条、针状马氏体α’以及β基体组成,而电子束焊焊缝原始β晶内的微观组织由大量细长针状马氏体α’+β基体组成。力学性能测试结果表明,电子束焊焊接接头的强度略高于TIG焊,塑性显著优于TIG焊。     

重熔摆动激光焊修复TC4钛合金焊接接头组织和性能

采用摆动激光焊对TC4钛合金焊接接头进行重熔，研究摆动频率对TC4钛合金焊接接头气孔、组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明，重熔摆动激光焊可有效消除TC4钛合金焊接接头中存在的气孔缺陷；随着摆动频率的增加，气孔的消除效果增强，且大气孔的消除效果变得更加明显。重熔摆动激光焊接头的焊缝组织为针状的α’马氏体和部分α相，热影响区组织由初生α相、针状α’马氏体及β相组成。随着摆动频率的增加，激光对熔池的搅拌作用增强，焊缝晶粒破碎逐渐细化，而热影响区晶粒生长变得更加有利，导致晶粒逐渐粗大。摆动频率的增加使焊接接头组织发生变化，进而导致焊接接头性能发生变化。随着摆动频率的增大，TC4重熔焊接接头的焊缝硬度上升，热影响区硬度逐渐下降，且焊接接头的拉伸性能呈现下降趋势。当摆动频率增加到120 Hz和150 Hz时，断裂区域由母材转变为热影响区。     

厚壁TC4-DT钛合金电子束焊接接头的微观组织特征

对50mm厚壁TC4-DT钛合金进行焊接试验,通过对接头横截面进行光学显微组织分析和显微硬度测试,研究电子束焊接对该合金微观组织特征的影响。结果表明:TC4-DT钛合金母材显微组织为等轴状初生α相和层片状(α+β)所构成的典型双态组织。焊缝区的显微组织为网篮状马氏体组织α,,焊缝上部粗大的原始β柱状晶界明显,下部原始β晶粒尺寸较小且晶界不明显。热影响区显微组织可分为2个区域,近焊缝热影响区显微组织为少量等轴初生α+针状马氏体α,,近母材热影响区显微组织为等轴初生α+含针状α的转变β组织。2个区域的分界取决于焊接冷却过程的β转变温度。接头焊缝区和热影响区显微硬度偏高,近焊缝热影响区显微硬度达到峰值。另外,不同焊缝深度处显微硬度有差别:随着熔深位置增加,焊缝区的显微硬度呈递增趋势。     

TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头组织和性能

通过室温拉伸、室温缺口拉伸、显微硬度以及金相分析对TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了研究。试验结果表明，用电子束焊接TC4钛合金可获得性能良好的焊接接头，其接头的抗拉强度不低于母材，焊缝的缺口敏感系数均小于1。焊缝区和热影响区的硬度均高于母材，焊缝组织是由较粗大的原始β相转变而成的α′相，即针状马氏体，热影响区组织为均匀且细小的针状马氏体和原始α相的混合物。     

TC4合金TIG焊接头组织转变与力学性能分析

针对TC4合金TIG焊接头微观组织特征以及焊接过程中的组织转变规律进行了研究,并对接头力学性能进行了分析.经历TIG焊接热循环之后,焊缝及热影响区粗晶区晶粒严重粗化,热影响区晶粒尺寸具有突变特征,过渡区组织呈带状分布,不存在明显的细晶区.升温过程中(α+β)→β转变过程包括两个阶段:原始β→高温β转变和原始α→高温β转变,而且在原始α→高温β转变开始之前,原始β→高温β转变已经完成.冷却过程中在β→α'转变区间冷速较慢时,α'相首先在高温β晶界上形核,并向晶内生长,生成针状α';在快速冷却时,α'相在晶内大量形核,形成"筐篮"组织.硬度测量结果表明,粗晶区部位存在一个软化区;接头抗拉强度与母材接近,接头性能优异.

Abstract：

The microstructure and phase transformation of TC4 alloy weld joints during TIG welding were investigated. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were also tested. When the TC4 alloy was heated by TIG arc, grains in the weld bead and heat affected zone (HAZ) were badly coarsening. The grain size in HAZ has mutant character. The microstructure in the transition region presented zonal distribution. There was no obvious fine grained region. In temperature-rise period, the transformation of (α + β)→β was divided into two processes which included the original β→ high-temperature β and the original α→ high-temperature β. And the previous phase transformation was finished before the next starting. In the cooling process, slowly cooling rate introduced α' phases nucleating at the high-temperature β grain boundary in the β→α transform temperature range. The α' martensite grew up into the center of the β grains and generated acicular martensite. With quicker cooling rate, large numbers of α' phase nucleated in the high-temperature β grains and generated orthogonally oriented martensites. Hardness measurements show there is a softened zone in HAZ. Tensile strength of welded joint was approximate with the base metal. And the properties of the welded joints were good.     

TC4厚壁管全位置PAW工艺及接头性能分析

介绍了一种适合TC4钛合金厚壁管的等离子弧焊接新工艺,通过对工艺参数分区控制和优化匹配,实现了钛合金管道全位置优质焊接.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及显微维氏硬度仪分别对特征位置焊接接头的显微组织、断口形貌以及显微硬度进行表征.结果表明,特征位置接头焊缝区及热影响区显微组织均主要由网篮状α'相、针状α相以及粗大β相组成;接头拉伸性能良好,拉伸试样均断裂于母材处;冲击试样的断裂形式为韧性断裂;焊缝区及热影响区硬化区的硬度值高于母材.     

TC4钛合金水下湿法激光焊接焊缝组织与性能

使用光纤激光器对TC4钛合金进行了水下湿法激光焊接试验,通过在TC4表面预置焊接辅助剂实现了增加水下湿法焊接熔深的同时对焊缝进行保护的目的. 对焊缝的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析,结果表明,预置焊接辅助剂后,焊缝熔深增大,焊接阈值增加,焊缝中裂纹减少. 焊缝中心主要由初生α和马氏体组织α'相组成,在熔池底部还保留有粗大的β晶界,焊缝由于水的急冷作用出现了淬硬组织,显微硬度远高于TC4母材. 水下焊接拉伸试验试件均断裂在焊缝处,焊接接头平均抗拉强度值为439 MPa,呈现为脆性断裂.     

大厚度TC21钛合金电子束焊接试验

对56mm厚TC21钛合金进行了电子束对接试验,对接头显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,接头焊缝区组织形态以柱状β晶粒为基体,针状的马氏体弥散其中;热影响区从焊缝到母材分为三个区域,依次为等轴再结晶β晶粒区、片状和针状а相形成的魏氏组织区以及片状α相聚集长大的区域;熔合区内柱状晶与等轴晶联生.接头强度达到母材水平,断裂发生在母材内,接头厚度方向性能一致.接头塑性损失较大,只达到母材的50%左右.接头焊缝区硬度最高,其次是热影响区的等轴晶区和魏氏组织区,而热影响区内片状α相聚集长大的区域硬度值最低.

Abstract：

Electron beam welding of TC21 56 mm titanium alloy was carried out. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of welded joints were analyzed and tested. The results showed that the weld zone consisted of the columnar β gains, and in which the transgranular acicular α' martensite were dispersedly distributed. HAZ can be divided into three parts from base metal to weld zone, which are the equiaxed recrystallized β grain zone, Widmanstaten structure zone formed by lamellar and aeicular α phases and lamellar a phase coarsening zone. Fusion zone consists of the adnate columnar and equiaxed grains. Tensile strength of joints reaches to that of base metal and the failure appears in the base metal. The mechanical properties are uniform along the vertical direction. Plasticity in the welded joint is greatly decreased and only up to 50% of that of the base metal. The microhardness in weld zone is the highest, and that of the equiaxed grain zone and Widmanstaten structure zone in HAZ is higher, and the microhardness in columnar a phase coarsening zone is the lowest.     

Lap joining of titanium alloy using laser welding and resistance seam welding combined process

Titanium alloy lap joints were performed by combined laser welding and resistance seam welding process. The welding characteristics of this combined process were investigated compared with that of laser welding. The experimental results indicate that the combined process welded joint has larger weld width at the lap surface. The joint tensile shear force of combined process is 2.5 times that of laser welding. There are some pores around the lap surface in laser welded joint, and most pores can be eliminated by resistance seam welding process. Metallographic examinations of combined process welded joint reveal that the microstructure in heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld zone has the acicular martensite morphology, which causes that the microhardness in HAZ and weld zone increases compared with the base metal, and the microhardness in weld zone is highest.     

Double-sided gas tungsten arc welding process on TC4 titanium alloy

TC4 titanium alloy was welded by double-sided gas tungsten arc welding（GTAW） process in comparison with conventional GTAW process, the microstructure and mechanical performance of weld were also studied. The results indicate that double-sided GTAW is superior over regular single-sided GTAW on the aspects of increasing penetration, reducing welding deformation and improving welding efficiency. Good weld joint was obtained, which can reach 96.14% tensile strength and 70.85% elongation percentage of the base metal. The grains in heat-affected zone（HAZ） are thin and equiaxed and the degree of grain coarsening increases as one moves to the weld center line, and the interior of grains are α and α′ structures. The coarse columned and equiaxed grains, which interlace martensitic structures α′ and acicular α structures, are observed in weld zone. The fracture mode is ductile fracture.     

热连轧高强钛合金厚壁管道的TIG工艺及组织和性能

针对采用新型的热连轧工艺生产的厚壁高强度无缝钛合金管,通过TIG自动送丝与手工填丝2种焊接方法进行了环缝对接焊工艺试验,对比分析了2种工艺下接头的焊缝成形、微观组织及力学性能。结果表明,2种焊接方法下的焊道表面均呈亮银色,无明显氧化现象,自动送丝接头表面成形更加平滑美观,而手工填丝接头表面成形有不规则的鱼鳞纹;热影响区中β相均发生了一定程度的粗化,并生成了一定量的细针状α’马氏体相。焊缝区组织主要为沿β相界生成的板条状和块状α相,以及晶粒内形成的少量针状α’马氏体组织;TIG自动送丝和手工填丝焊接接头的硬度都是热影响区最高,焊缝最软而母材居中;拉伸试验断裂位置均位于焊缝,平均抗拉强度分别为603.8 MPa和571.7 MPa;热影响区的冲击吸收能量分别达到了41.7 J和78.5 J,手工填丝下的热影响区表现出了比母材更好的冲击韧性。     

Effect of Laser Welding Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on Butt Joint of New Hot-Rolled Nano-scale Precipitation-Strengthened Steel

A 4 kW fiber laser was chosen to weld the new hot-rolled nano-scale precipitation-strengthened steel with a thickness of 4.5 mm. The effect of laser power, defocusing distance, and welding speed on the welded joint appearance was examined, and the microstructure and mechanical properties on the typical butt joints were investigated. Results showed that increasing laser welding power may cause faster downward flow of molten metal to produce greater root humping. With the welding speed increasing, the average welding seam （WS） width decreased, and the average WS and heat-affected zone （HAZ） hardness increased. The microstructures of WS, fusion line, and coarse grain heat-affected zone were lath martensite, but the growth direction of the original austenite grain boundaries was significantly different. The microstructures of fine grain heat-affected zone were ferrite and martensite, and the microstructure of mixed grain heat- affected zone contained ferrite, massive M/A island, and a small amount of martensite. The micro-hardness values of WS, HAZ, and base metal （BM） were 358, 302, and 265 HV, respectively. The butt joint fracture at the BM far from the WS and the welded joint tensile strength are observed to follow proportional relationship with hardness.     

无钴马氏体时效钢电子束焊接接头组织与性能分析

对18Ni无Co马氏体时效钢进行了真空电子束焊接,用金相显微镜观察了焊接接头的组织形貌,并测定了焊缝区、热影响区、基体的显微硬度.结果表明,18Ni无Co马氏体时效钢组织为板条马氏体组织,材料焊接性能良好,焊缝区凝固组织为胞状树枝晶,熔合线附近热影响区晶粒发生了再结晶,晶粒长大明显.硬度分布有明显的规律性,焊缝区硬度最低,细晶区硬度最高,熔合线附近的热影响区,离熔合线越远,硬度值越高.在距熔合线2.5 mm处有一个马氏体与奥氏体两相混合的狭窄区域,硬度较其两侧有明显降低.