Research on the real-time signal conditioning method for dispersion interferometer in HL-2M

A new CO₂ laser dispersion interferometer has been developed in the HL-2M tokamak to measure the electron density. In order to meet the needs of high-precision measurement, a data acquisition system with real-time signal conditioning (RSC) method is proposed. It can eliminate part of the impacts of environmental factors, such as mechanical vibration, light path changes, and plasma refraction effect during experiments. In harsh environments, the system can measure the line-integrated density with a high precision of 2 × 10¹⁸ m⁻² with the RSC method. The system has been tested in a recent HL-2A experimental campaign, and the results show that the RSC method plays an important role in the plasma electron density measurement.     

14 MeV快中子照相准直屏蔽系统的设计与优化

基于强流氘氚中子源科学装置HINEG设计了一套快中子照相准直屏蔽系统。采用中子输运设计与安全评价软件系统SuperMC和ENDF/B-Ⅶ.0数据库计算了准直中子束的中子能谱及注量率、γ射线能谱及注量率、直射中子注量率与γ射线注量率比值（φ_d/φ_γ）、直射与散射中子注量率比值（φ_d/φ_s）、准直束中子注量率的不均匀度等特性参数,并采用MCNP5程序进行了对比验证。研究了准直屏蔽系统的内衬材料、尺寸等对特性参数的影响规律,并通过优化获取了最优设计方案。计算结果显示,在同等计算条件下,SuperMC计算结果与MCNP计算结果相对偏差小于1%,准直屏蔽系统的φ_d/φ_γ为50.1,φ_d/φ_s为5.7,在Φ30 cm视野范围内的中子注量率为4.80×10⁷ cm^-2•s^-1,其中直射中子注量率为4.09×10⁷ cm^-2•s^-1,中子注量率不均匀度为5.8%,满足快中子照相对准直束特性参数的要求。     

Development of a combined interferometer using millimeter wave solid state source and a far infrared laser on ENN's XuanLong-50 (EXL-50)

A millimeter wave solid state source—far infrared laser combined interferometer system (MFCI) consisting of a three-channel 890 GHz hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser interferometer and a three-channel 340 GHz solid state source interferometer (SSI) is developed for real-time line-integrated electron density feedback and electron density profile of the EXL-50 spherical tokamak device. The interferometer system is a Mach–Zehnder type, with all probe-channels measured vertically, covering the plasma magnetic axis to the outermost closed magnetic plane. The HCN laser interferometer uses an HCN laser with a frequency of 890 GHz as a light source and modulates a 100 kHz beat signal by a rotating grating, giving a temporal resolution of 10 μs. The SSI uses two independent 340 GHz solid-state diode sources as the light source, the frequency of the two sources is adjustable, and the temporal resolution of SSI can reach 1 μs by setting the frequency difference of the two lasers at 1 MHz. The main optical path of the two interferometers is compactly installed on a set of double-layer optical platform directly below EXL-50. Dual optical path design using corner cube reflectors avoids the large support structures. Collinear the probe-beams of two wavelengths, then the phase error caused by vibration can be compensated. At present, the phase noise of the HCN Interferometer is 0.08 rad, corresponding to a line-integrated electron density of 0.88 × 10¹⁷ m⁻², one channel of measuring result was obtained by the MFCI system, and the highest density measured is about 0.7 × 1019 m⁻².     

次临界能源堆包层中子学概念研究

介绍了次临界能源堆包层中子学概念研究进展。采用MCNP与ORIGENS耦合的输运燃耗程序MCORGS开展研究。利用一维模型改进了产氚区和屏蔽区的设计。产氚区采用多区分层布置,降低水对中子的吸收,大幅减少了Li₄SiO₄的用量。屏蔽区采用铁和水多区分层布置,包层泄漏中子数为10^-4量级,超导线圈沉积热小于60 kW,28 a内中子注量小于10²²m^-2。针对不同的铀水体积比（R_V）,探讨了相应的后处理策略。随着R_V的减小,需去除的裂变产物相应增加。建议采用R_V=2的物理设计,平常只需作燃料重整,每隔几十年作1次高温干法去除沸点在3 600 K以下的裂变产物即可。最后,参考国际热核实验堆几何结构,建立三维包层模型,进行了初步研究。     

AB-BNCT中子靶物理设计分析

质子加速器适用于为硼中子俘获治疗提供中子源,其中子源强及能谱较反应堆中子源更具可调性。中子靶物理计算分析是加速器中子源设计的基础,为其提供粒子能量、流强等参数需求分析,并为靶体结构尺寸设计、中子慢化和屏蔽分析等提供前端参数。本文利用MCNPX蒙特卡罗程序,通过对质子打靶的中子产额和能谱、靶体能量沉积、打靶后靶材放射性活度和中子出射空间角分布等进行研究,提出能量2.5 MeV质子轰击100～200 μm锂靶的设计,并用模拟计算数据论证其合理性。该设计中子源在1 mA流强质子轰击下,源强可达9.74×10¹¹ s^-1;拟设计15 mA、2.5 MeV质子束产生的中子源,在治疗过程中靶材放射性活度累积最大值约为1.44×10¹³ Bq。     

Enhanced removal of benzene in nonthermal plasma with ozonation,flow recycling,and flow recirculation

A double stage AC/DC sequential high voltage reactor has been developed to study the decomposition of benzene in the air stream at atmospheric pressure. The removal efficiency was measured as a function of ozonation, flow recycling, and flow recirculation. Ozonation in the inlet, and recycling of the exhaust stream increased the removal of benzene, also with increasing of specific input energy (J l⁻¹) the effect of inlet flow ozonation on benzene decomposition was enhanced. The highest removal efficiency was obtained up to >99% in recirculation six times, while CO₂ selectivity reached 99.9% and energy efficiency was 0.59 g kWh⁻¹. O₃ production/ decomposition > production of OH radicals > electronic and ionic collisions were indicated as the main mechanisms influencing benzene abatement in this research.     

241Am-Be中子源紧凑型屏蔽装置及辐照器设计

²⁴¹Am-Be中子源被广泛用于实验研究,为保护实验人员免受中子及γ射线照射,需要设计适当的屏蔽。利用蒙特卡罗方法计算中子透射不同材料后的能谱分布与剂量,优选各层屏蔽材料种类与厚度,设计一套²⁴¹Am-Be中子源紧凑型屏蔽装置。装置由内而外采用钨+聚乙烯+含硼聚乙烯+不锈钢进行防护,外表面周围剂量当量率H^*(10)低于10μSv/h,满足辐射防护要求。同时对装置内部热中子、超热中子和快中子注量分布进行研究,确定装置快中子和热中子输出通道最佳位置。在辐照装置同时开放快中子和热中子通道进行实验测试时,需要设置距离大于130 cm的控制区,以保障操作人员安全。     

Measurement of radial temperature distributions of the blown CO_2 arcs under different conditions

In this paper, the radial temperature distributions of the blown CO_2 arcs in a model gas circuit breaker were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy methods. The CO_2 flows with different flow rates(50, 100 and 150 1 min~(-1)) were created to axially blow the arcs burning in a polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) nozzle. Discharges with different arc currents(200 and 400A) were conducted in the experiment. The absolute intensity method was applied for a carbon ionic line of 657.8 nm to obtain the radial temperature profiles of the arc columns at a cross-section 1 mm above the nozzle. The calibration for the intensity of the CⅡ 657.8 nm line was achieved by the Fowler–Milne method with the help of an oxygen atomic line of 777.2 nm.The highest temperature obtained in the arc center was up to 19 900 K when the arc current was 400 A and the CO_2 flow rate was 50 1 min~(-1), while the lowest temperature in the arc center was about 15 900 K when the arc current was 200 A and the CO_2 flow rate was 150 1min~(-1). The results indicate that as the arc current increases, the temperature in the arc center would also increase apparently, and a larger gas flow rate would lead to a lower central temperature in general. It can also be found that the influence of the CO_2 flow rate on the arc temperature was much less than that of the arc current under the present experimental conditions. In addition,higher temperature in the arc center would cause a sharper temperature decrease from the central region towards the edge.     

Efficient direction-independent fog harvesting using a corona discharge device with a multi-electrode structure

Efficient collection of water from fog can effectively alleviate the problem of water shortages in foggy but water-scarce areas, such as deserts, islands and so on. Unlike inefficient fog meshes, corona discharge can charge water droplets and further enhance the water-collecting effect. This study proposes a novel multi-electrode collecting structure that can achieve efficient and direction-independent water collection from fog. The multi-electrode structure consists of three parts: a charging electrode, an intercepting electrode and a ground electrode. Four types of water-collecting structures are compared experimentally, and the collection rates from a traditional fog mesh, a wire-mesh electrode with fog coming from a high-voltage electrode, a wire-mesh electrode with fog coming from a ground electrode and a multi-electrode structure are 2–3 g h⁻¹, 100–120 g h⁻¹, 60–80 g h⁻¹ and 200–220 g h⁻¹, respectively. The collection rate of the multi-electrode structure is 100‒150 times that of a traditional fog mesh and 2–4 times that of a wire-mesh electrode. These results demonstrate the superiority of the multi-electrode structure in fog collection. In addition, the motion equation of charged droplets in an electric field is also derived, and the optimization strategy of electrode spacing is also discussed. This structure can be applied not only to fog collection, but also to air purification, factory waste gas treatment and other fields.     

3m^(3)天然六氟化铀运输货包满载及卸载后的辐射水平分析北大核心CSCD

对运输天然UF_(6)原料的3 m^(3)运输容器在满载和卸料后容器内部的辐射源项及分布情况进行分析,计算两种状态下容器表面及1 m处辐射水平,并与实际测量结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:容器外部辐射主要来源于^(234)m Pa、^(234)Pa和^(235)U的γ辐射;满载时,容器外部辐射水平随时间增加而增加,至3个月时基本达到稳定;卸料后,残料容器中由于衰变子体^(234)Th、^(234)m Pa和^(234)Pa的大量残留,且缺少UF_(6)的自屏蔽作用,容器外部辐射水平高于满载状态,在卸料后2个月,残料容器表面最大辐射水平从167.5μSv·h^(-1)降到30.3μSv·h^(-1)。对卸料后约2个月的两个3 m^(3)运输容器表面辐射水平进行测量,测得最大辐射水平分别为31.3μSv·h^(-1)和28.1μSv·h^(-1),测量结果与计算结果基本一致。鉴于天然UF 6运输活动频繁,运输量大,因而在残料容器返厂运输活动中的辐射防护不容忽视,可通过增加残料容器空置时间、远距离操作和减少操作时间来减少工作人员遭受的照射。     

赣杭构造带某铀矿区地下水中铀的存在形式研究北大核心CSCD

为研究铀矿区地下水化学性质对铀的存在形式的影响,本文以赣杭构造带某铀矿区地下水为研究对象,在对9个典型采样点地下水化学成分分析的基础上,采用数理统计软件SPSS 18.0和地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC及llnl.dat数据库,探究了研究区内地下水水化学特征及U的存在形式。结果表明:本研究区地下水水化学类型以HCO_(3)-Na与HCO_(3)-Na·Ca为主,U含量与Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)浓度体现出较强正相关性,与SO_(4)^(2-)的相关性次之;地下水中U元素主要以六价为主,几乎占100%,主要存在形式依次为UO_(2)(CO_(3))_(2)^(2-)、UO_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)^(4-)、UO_(2)CO_(3)、UO_(2)(OH)2、UO_(2)(OH)_(3)^(-)、UO_(2)OH^(+)等6种,其中UO_(2)(CO_(3))_(2)^(2-)占绝对优势,整体以碳酸铀酰形式为主,这也与研究区地下水酸碱性相对应。     

Enhancing toluene removal in a plasma photocatalytic system through a black TiO_2 photocatalyst

An efficient toluene removal in air using a plasma photocatalytic system(PPS) not only needs favorable surface reactions over photocatalysts under the action of plasma,but also requires the photocatalysts to efficiently absorb light emitted from the discharge for driving the photocatalytic reactions. We report here that the PPS constructed by integrating a black titania(B-TiO_2)photocatalyst with a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) can effectively remove toluene with above 70% CO_2 selectivity and remarkably reduced the concentration of secondary pollutants of ozone and nitrogen oxides at a specific energy input of 1500 J·l~(-1),while exhibiting good stability. Photocatalyst characterizations suggest that the B-TiO_2 provides a high concentration of oxygen vacancies for the surface oxidation of toluene in DBD,and efficiently absorbs ultraviolet–visible light emitted from the discharge to induce plasma photocatalytic oxidation of toluene. The presence of B-TiO_2 in the plasma region also results in a high discharge efficiency,facilitating the generation of large numbers of reactive species and thus the oxidation of toluene towards CO_2. The greatly enhanced performance of the PPS integrated with B-TiO_2 in toluene removal offers a promising approach to efficiently remove refractory volatile organic compounds from air at low temperatures.     

GdI3:Ce闪烁体中子探测性能测试与改进研究

为改善GdI₃:Ce闪烁体在探测中子过程中的γ抑制能力,使用Geant4和XCOM计算了其γ线性吸收系数,并通过模拟计算与实验测量研究了铅屏蔽法抑制γ的有效性。结果表明：GdI₃:Ce闪烁体在探测中子过程中易受低能γ射线的干扰;随着铅层厚度的增加,100 keV~1 MeV的γ射线对中子探测的干扰减小,而3~10 MeV的γ射线的干扰呈先增加后减小的趋势。对²⁵²Cf中子源的实验测试发现,在碘化钆闪烁体外围添加铅层后,中子峰得以显现;随着铅层厚度的增加,中子峰内净计数减小,而净计数与本底计数的比值上升。模拟和实验结果均表明,在使用GdI3:Ce闪烁体探测中子时,应根据中子探测效率和信噪比的优化确定γ屏蔽铅层的厚度。     

AMS-14C样品制备系统的研制及其性能研究

为了开展加速器质谱仪（accelerator mass spectrometry, AMS）在¹⁴C测量方面的研究,研制了可采用锌法、氢法、氢化钛法制备¹⁴C样品的装置,该制样系统以石英玻璃为主要结构材料,分为以下三个单元：系统真空维护单元、CO₂纯化单元和CO₂还原单元。为验证此装置的可靠性,进行了系列 ¹⁴C样品的制备实验,得到的石墨产率基本达到80%,同时对商业碳粉、树木的含碳量与实验过程中测量区域对应的CO₂量进行了线性拟合,结果呈现明显的线性关系。对一批标准样品和本底样品进行AMS测试,结果显示每个样品¹²C^-的引出束流均大于20 μA,系列空白样品的测量结果表明,¹⁴C/¹²C丰度比平均值为1.061×10^-15,样品制备系统稳定且在制样过程中引入的碳污染较小,符合制样要求,现代木头样品的AMS绝对测量值为（9.13±0.05)×10^-13,与预期值~9.0×10^-13相符合。上述结果表明,该系统结构紧凑,能避免相互污染,高效且便于操作,满足AMS对¹⁴C样品的测试要求。     

Plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor: roles of dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of packing materials

In this article, plasma-assisted NH₃ synthesis directly from N₂ and H₂ over packing materials with different dielectric constants (BaTiO₃, TiO₂ and SiO₂) and thermal conductivities (BeO, AlN and Al₂O₃) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is reported. The higher dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of packing material are found to be the key parameters in enhancing the NH₃ synthesis performance. The NH₃ concentration of 1344 ppm is achieved in the presence of BaTiO₃, which is 106% higher than that of SiO₂, at the specific input energy (SIE) of 5.4 kJ·l⁻¹. The presence of materials with higher dielectric constant, i.e. BaTiO3 and TiO₂ in this work, would contribute to the increase of electron energy and energy injected to plasma, which is conductive to the generation of chemically active species by electron-impact reactions. Therefore, the employment of packing materials with higher dielectric constant has proved to be beneficial for NH₃ synthesis. Compared to that of Al₂O₃, the presence of BeO and AlN yields 31.0% and 16.9% improvement in NH₃ concentration, respectively, at the SIE of 5.4 kJ·l⁻¹. The results of IR imaging show that the addition of BeO decreases the surface temperature of the packed region by 20.5% to 70.3°C and results in an extension of entropy increment compared to that of Al₂O₃, at the SIE of 5.4 kJ·l⁻¹. The results indicate that the presence of materials with higher thermal conductivity is beneficial for NH₃ synthesis, which has been confirmed by the lower surface temperature and higher entropy increment of the packed region. In addition, when SIE is higher than the optimal value, further increasing SIE would lead to the decrease of energy efficiency, which would be related to the exacerbation in reverse reaction of NH₃ formation reactions.     

cosRMC复杂曲面开发及在聚变中子学的应用

中国聚变工程实验堆（CFETR）是我国自主设计和研制的重大科学工程,CFETR旨在与ITER相衔接和补充,为研制DEMO级别聚变堆电站提供必要的技术。蒙特卡罗方法在聚变中子学与屏蔽设计等方面具有重要作用。本文基于自主化蒙特卡罗程序cosRMC,研究了蒙特卡罗复杂曲面建模的数学模型和计算方法,开发了复杂曲面建模功能,并通过PPCS（power plant conceptual study）模型验证了该功能实现的正确性。然后构建了CFETR的三维精细化模型,并利用该模型对CFETR包层设计中的关键中子学参数进行计算分析。结果表明,cosRMC对中子学参数氚增殖比、中子壁载荷和核热沉积的计算结果与MCNP的计算值吻合良好,相对偏差均小于5%,满足工程设计需求。研究证明了cosRMC应用于聚变堆包层中子学分析的正确性和有效性。CFETR中子学参数的计算分析,也为其设计和优化提供了参考。     

Time-Resolved Optical Emission Spectroscopy Diagnosis of CO2 Laser-Produced SnO2 Plasma

The spectral emission and plasma parameters of SnO_2 plasmas have been investigated.A planar ceramic SnO_2 target was irradiated by a CO2 laser with a full width at half maximum of 80 ns.The temporal behavior of the specific emission lines from the SnO_2 plasma was characterized.The intensities of Sn I and Sn II lines first increased,and then decreased with the delay time.The results also showed a faster decay of Sn I atoms than that of Sn II ionic species.The temporal evolutions of the SnO_2 plasma parameters(electron temperature and density) were deduced.The measured temperature and density of SnO_2 plasma are 4.38 eV to0.5 eV and 11.38×10~(17) cm~(-3) to 1.1×10~(17) cm~(-3),for delay times between 0.1 μs and 2.2 μs.We also investigated the effect of the laser pulse energy on SnO_2 plasma.     

CO_2 conversion by thermal plasma with carbon as reducing agent: high CO yield and energy efficiency

A key problem in CO_2 conversion by thermal plasma is suppressing the inverse reactions,CO?+?O?→?CO_2 and CO?+?0.5O_2?→?CO_2, to simultaneously obtain high CO yield and energy efficiency. This can be done by quickly quenching the decomposed gas or rapidly taking away free oxygen from decomposed gas. In this paper, experiments of CO_2 conversion by thermal plasma with carbon as a reducing agent are presented. Carbon quickly devoured free oxygen in thermal plasma decomposed gas, and not only is the inverse reaction completely suppressed, but the discharge energy to form oxygen atoms, oxygen molecular, and thermal energy is also reused.A CO_2 conversion rate of 67%–94% and the corresponding electric energy efficiency of about 70% are achieved, both are much higher than that seen so far by other plasma implementations.     

Neutron beam design for both medical neutron capture therapy and industrial neutron radiography for TRIGA reactor

Neutron beam designs were studied for TRIGA reactor with a view to generating thermal, epithermal and fast neutron beams for both medical neutron capture therapy (NCT) and industrial neutron radiography (NR). The beams are delivered from thermal and thermalizing columns, and also horizontal beam hole. Several prospective neutron filters (high-density graphite (G), bismuth (Bi), single-crystal silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), aluminum fluoride (AlF₃) and lead fluoride (PbF₂)) were examined for obtaining sufficiently intense neutron beam for various applications. Monte Carlo calculations indicated that with a suitable neutron filter arrangement, thermal and epithermal neutron beams attaining 2×10⁹ and 7×10⁸ n cm⁻²S⁻¹, respectively, could be obtainable from thermal and thermalizing columns with the reactor operating at 100 kW. These neutron beams could be adopted for boron neutron capture therapy. Compared with these columns, horizontal beam port would deliver neutron fluxes of 10⁻² 10⁻³ lower intensity, but produced thermal and neutron beams would be adequate for different application of nondestructive inspection by neutron radiography.     

Plasma-assisted Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst for hydrogenation of CO2 to methane

As an important type of metal–organic framework (MOF), Zr-MOF shows excellent CO₂ adsorption performance. In this work, a Zr-MOF was synthesized by a solvothermal method and adopted to support Ru through simple incipient-wetness impregnation. Then the Ru/Zr-MOF was applied for CO₂ hydrogenation (V_H2 : V_CO2= 4:1) with the assistance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The hydrogenation of CO₂ results showed that methane was produced selectively under the synergistic effect between plasma and the Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst, and the selectivity and yield of methane reached 94.6% and 39.1%, respectively. The XRD and SEM analyses indicate that the basic crystalline phase structure and morphology of the Zr-MOF and Ru/Zr-MOF remained the same after DBD plasma treatment, suggesting that the catalysts are stable in plasma. The guest molecules in the pores of the Zr-MOF are removed and the Ru³⁺ ions are reduced to metallic Ru⁰ in the reduction atmosphere according to the BET and XPS results, which are responsible for the high performance of plasma with the Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst. In situ optical emission spectra of pure plasma, plasma with Zr-MOF, and plasma with Ru/Zr-MOF were measured, and the active species of C, H and CH for CO₂ hydrogenation were detected. The plasma-assisted Ru/Zr-MOF exhibited high catalytic activity and stability in CO₂ hydrogenation to methane, and it has great guiding significance for CO₂ hydrogenation by using plasma and MOF materials.