金属氢化物技术用于燃料电池氢源系统——氢燃料箱，氢贮输和加氢站

概述了氢燃料电池电动车车栽储氢技术的发展现状和存在问题。介绍了有关金属氢化物氢源系统储氢合金及氢燃料箱的研究进展。对城市中采用金属氢化物技术装置储运氢气和作为加氢站核心设备的方案进行了分析和讨论。     

氢敏变色材料

在众多的氢气泄漏检测方法中,光学色敏示氢检漏法显示出其本质安全的特点.简要介绍了主要类型的氢气检测方法及示氢敏感元件的工作原理,并对可逆氢敏变色材料的发展、应用作了展望.     

氢液化装置在线分析系统研究

氢液化装置在线分析系统的可靠性是保证氢液化装置的连续安全运行和液氢产品质量的关键。结合氢气／液氢生产经验,得出氢气中微量杂质含量的最佳在线分析方法,并提出在线质量监控模型,在实时、可靠、稳定的基础上,更大程度提倡自动化操作。     

氢敏材料与器件的研究进展

氢气的检测具有重要的学术意义和广阔的应用前景.氢敏传感器发展的关键在于高品质氢敏材料的研制.本文根据氢敏材料工作原理的不同,分别介绍了电化学型、半导体型、热导型和光学型四类氢敏传感器及相应氢敏材料的国内外研究最新进展,着重描述了各类氢敏材料的作用机制和改性途径,并展望了氢敏材料及氢敏传感器的发展方向.     

直拉硅单晶中氢行为的研究进展

总结了氢对直拉硅(CZ)单晶中缺陷影响的研究进展,主要介绍了氢促进氧扩散、热施主和氧沉淀生成,以及高温氢气退火促进直拉硅片空洞型缺陷消除的机理,其中氢促进硅中氧的扩散被认为是氢对直拉硅中的缺陷产生影响的主要原因.     

PEMFC电化学氢泵活化方法及其强化机制

质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC)通常需活化才能发挥其最佳性能。与传统的活化方法相比，电化学氢泵可以节约时间和氢气成本。电化学氢泵是一种使氢气在阳极氧化成质子，然后质子在外加电场作用下迁移到阴极并且被还原成氢气的方法。借助极化曲线测试、交流阻抗测试和循环伏安测试等方法研究电化学氢泵活化后PEMFC的发电性能、内部阻抗和催化剂电化学活性比表面积(electrochemical specific area, ECSA)的变化，进而分析其活化机理。此外，研究不同电流密度、进气湿度和活化温度对氢泵活化效果的影响。结果表明：氢泵活化后，燃料电池发电性能显著提升，Tafel斜率降低，电荷传输阻抗和质量传输阻抗降低，欧姆阻抗基本不变，ECSA增加，因此氢泵活化机制与催化剂活性物种数量、催化层微观结构有关。在电流密度200 mA·cm^-2下氢泵活化的效果强于100 mA·cm^-2。在进气湿度为150%RH下氢泵活化的效果强于100%RH和200%RH。另外，活化温度对氢泵活化效果的影响不大...     

氢燃料电池汽车用氢气中痕量硫化物的分析进展

氢燃料电池汽车(FCV)用氢气中的痕量硫化物会导致催化剂中毒,使电池的性能显著下降。各标准组织均对氢燃料电池用氢气中的硫含量做了严格的限值,要求硫化物的含量(以H₂S或S₁计)低于0.004μmol/mol,这对硫化物的分析提出了很高的要求。本文介绍了气体分析领域中各种痕量硫分析的方法和原理,比较了它们的优缺点,并对它们在FCV用氢中痕量硫分析的应用进行了探讨。     

欧盟大力研发氢燃料电池

欧盟今夏决定斥资5亿欧元用于研发氢燃料电池,目标是尽快使第一批氢燃料电池投入工业化生产,并且从2015年开始实现普及,此举有望使氢燃料电池成为一种可能的替代能源。     

日本推动研发燃料电池船舶,拟全面构建氢能源社会

<正>在日本环境省支持下,多家日企开始共同研发利用氢能源驱动的燃料电池船舶,其中户田建设负责船舶整体研发管理,雅马哈发动机负责提供船身,Flatfield负责燃料电池相关零件的开发和采购,岩谷产业负责提供储氢相关技术。该船设计排水量约为10t,将充填相当于燃料电池车(FCV)2倍的氢气,续     

氢敏材料及氢气传感器的研究进展

对氢气进行快速、准确、原位测量,具有重要的学术意义和广阔的应用前景.氢气传感器发高品质氢敏材料的研制,氢敏材料的敏感响应性、重现性等决定着氢气传感器的工作性能.综述了近年来研究较多的半导体型、热电型、光学型、电化学型4类氢气传感器及相应氢敏材料的研究进展,并展望了氢敏材料及氢气传感器的发展方向.     

燃料电池汽车用加氢站有关问题探讨

作为地面加注系统的加氢站对于燃料电池汽车的发展有着积极的推动作用。简述了国内外加氢站的发展现状,针对我国加氢站建设中的关键问题和车载储罐的研制进行分析,对我国加氢站的自主研发和氢能利用有一定的参考价值。     

氢能的一种利用方法

绿色可再生能源是世界环境与经济发展的重要课题，以氢为燃料的燃料电池受到包括我国在内的世界各国重视。考虑到氢气储存、运输的困难，本文考察和分析了甲醇在氢能应用中的作用，提出我国应积极发展风能、太阳能发电－电解水制氢－用氢气与二氧化碳合成甲醇－甲醇燃料电池能源链。     

钯膜制备及渗氢性能研究

随着膜分离技术的不断发展,渗氢用钯基膜由于具有优异的透氢速率、透氢选择性及良好的化学和热稳定性,已被广泛应用于氢提纯分离领域。介绍了钯透氢膜的种类、透氢机理和制备方法,总结了钯膜从最初的纯钯膜、钯合金膜到钯复合膜的发展历程和氢渗透性能研究,并重点介绍了以铌钯复合膜为代表的新型Pd/bcc型复合膜氢渗透性能的研究进展。     

Improving the Hydrogen Reaction Kinetics of Complex Hydrides

Alanates, borohydrides, and amides are complex hydrides with high concentration hydrogen that have been actively investigated for materials‐based hydrogen storage on‐board polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicle applications. The major challenge is to release hydrogen at fuel cell working temperature range at fast enough rate without simultaneous desorption of fuel cell poisoning impurities. We review recent progress in hydrogen reaction mechanism and schemes for complex hydride hydrogen storage.     

Nanopore-Supported Metal Nanocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Generation from Liquid-Phase Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials

Hydrogen has emerged as an environmentally attractive fuel and a promising energy carrier for future applications to meet the ever-increasing energy challenges. The safe and efficient storage and release of hydrogen remain a bottleneck for realizing the upcoming hydrogen economy. Hydrogen storage based on liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage materials is one of the most promising hydrogen storage techniques, which offers considerable potential for large-scale practical applications for its excellent safety, great convenience, and high efficiency. Recently, nanopore-supported metal nanocatalysts have stood out remarkably in boosting the field of liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage. Herein, the latest research progress in catalytic hydrogen production is summarized, from liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage materials, such as formic acid, ammonia borane, hydrous hydrazine, and sodium borohydride, by using metal nanocatalysts confined within diverse nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks, porous carbons, zeolites, mesoporous silica, and porous organic polymers. The state-of-the-art synthetic strategies and advanced characterizations for these nanocatalysts, as well as their catalytic performances in hydrogen generation, are presented. The limitation of each hydrogen storage system and future challenges and opportunities on this subject are also discussed. References in related fields are provided, and more developments and applications to achieve hydrogen energy will be inspired.     

Carbon‐Rich Nanomaterials: Fascinating Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysts

Hydrogen energy is commonly considered as a clean and sustainable alternative to the traditional fossil fuels. Toward universal utilization of hydrogen energy, developing high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and sustainable energy conversion technologies, especially water‐splitting electrolyzers and fuel cells, is of paramount significance. In order to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the water‐splitting electrolyzers and fuel cells, earth‐abundant and stable electrocatalysts are essential for accelerating the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen reactions. In the past decade, carbon‐rich nanomaterials have emerged as a promising class of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysts. Here, the development and electrocatalytic activity of various carbon‐rich materials, including metal‐free carbon, conjugated porous polymers, graphdiyne, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), atomic‐metal‐doped carbon, as well as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are demonstrated. In particular, the correlations between their porous nanostructures/electronic structures of active centers and electrocatalytic performances are emphatically discussed. Therefore, this review article guides the rational design and synthesis of high‐performance, metal‐free, and noble‐metal‐free carbon‐rich electrocatalysts and eventually advances the rapid development of water‐splitting electrolyzers and fuel cells toward practical applications.     

镁基合金吸放氢动力学研究进展

主要介绍了几种常见镁系储氢合金以及其储放氢动力学行为,对吸放氢动力学模型及机理研究进行了总结;对比分析了常见动力学模型之间的区别以及特点;并对镁基储氢合金在动力学实验和模型研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了分析与展望。     

The promise of fuel cell-based automobiles

Fuel cell-based automobiles have gained attention in the last few years due to growing public concern about urban air pollution and consequent environmental problems. From an analysis of the power and energy requirements of a modern car, it is estimated that a base sustainable power ofca. 50 kW supplemented with short bursts up to 80 kW will suffice in most driving requirements. The energy demand depends greatly on driving characteristics but under normal usage is expected to be 200 Wh/km. The advantages and disadvantages of candidate fuel-cell systems and various fuels are considered together with the issue of whether the fuel should be converted directly in the fuel cell or should be reformed to hydrogen onboard the vehicle. For fuel cell vehicles to compete successfully with conventional internal-combustion engine vehicles, it appears that direct conversion fuel cells using probably hydrogen, but possibly methanol, are the only realistic contenders for road transportation applications. Among the available fuel cell technologies, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells directly fueled with hydrogen appear to be the best option for powering fuel cell vehicles as there is every prospect that these will exceed the performance of the internal-combustion engine vehicles but for their first cost. A target cost of $ 50/kW would be mandatory to make polymer-electrolyte fuel cells competitive with the internal combustion engines and can only be achieved with design changes that would substantially reduce the quantity of materials used. At present, prominent car manufacturers are deploying important research and development efforts to develop fuel cell vehicles and are projecting to start production by 2005.     

Magneto-Optical Imaging of Superconductors for Liquid Hydrogen Applications

Restricted deposits of fossil fuels and ecological problems created by their extensive use require a transition to renewable energy resources and clean fuel free from emissions of CO₂. This fuel is likely to be liquid hydrogen. An important feature of liquid hydrogen is that it allows wide use of superconductivity. Superconductors provide compactness, high efficiency, savings in energy and a range of new applications not possible with other materials. The benefits of superconductivity justify use of low temperatures and facilitate development of fossil-free energy economy. The widespread use of superconductors requires a simple and reliable technique to monitor their properties. Magneto-optical imaging (MOI) is currently the only direct technique allowing visualization of the superconducting properties of materials. We report the application of this technique to key superconducting materials suitable for the hydrogen economy: MgB₂ and high temperature superconductors (HTS) in bulk and thin-film form. The study shows that the MOI technique is well suited to the study of these materials. It demonstrates the advantage of HTS at liquid hydrogen temperatures and emphasizes the benefits of MgB₂, in particular.     

电动汽车和相关电源材料的现状与前景

论述了电动汽车（EV）、电动汽车用镍氢电池、锂离子电池、质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）及相关材料的研发现状、产业化前景，指出以电动汽车代替燃油内燃机汽车，以氢能代替碳基燃料，是当前运输业的主要发展方向。