莫来石纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的力学性能试验

为了探究莫来石纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的拉伸和层间剪切性能,开展了相关试验。首先,进行了复合材料在室温下的面内拉伸试验,获得了复合材料的室温面内拉伸模量;然后,采用引伸计方法和数字图像相关法分别对拉伸变形进行测量,并对2种方法进行了对比分析;最后,开展了不同温度下的层间剪切试验,研究了复合材料在不同温度下的层间剪切性能,并对其微观结构进行了分析。结果表明:复合材料的拉伸模量约为285.17 MPa;由引伸计方法测得的拉伸变形计算出的拉伸模量比数字图像相关法获得的拉伸模量高2.4%;在室温和高温下,试样呈现明显的层间剪切破坏;对复合材料的微观分析发现,SiO_2气凝胶基体主要分布在层间区域,增强纤维主要分布在铺层内。所得结论表明莫来石纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料拉伸和层间性能较差,当承受层间载荷时,SiO_2气凝胶基体起主要作用,且温度对复合材料的性能影响较大。     

陶瓷纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料面内拉伸非均匀全场应变测量与分析

通过设计圆弧边缘夹持方案和狗骨形拉伸试样,开展了陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料室温环境中的面内拉伸性能试验,采用数字图像相关方法对陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料表面的全场变形进行测量和分析,并结合获得的非均匀应变分布情况进一步讨论其力学行为特征和变形断裂机制。结果表明:纤维增强增韧机制使陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料的面内拉伸行为表现出一定的非线性及韧性特征;在一定载荷水平下,陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料表面应变分布呈显著的非均匀特征,与内部随机的纤维排布及各处传力情况不同相关,可选择较大计算区域进行平均化处理来减弱对测试中应变度量的影响;在加载和断裂过程中陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂气凝胶复合材料表面存在局部应变集中现象,并随着裂纹扩展而发生演变,面内拉伸载荷下的宏观断口呈锯齿状特征,主要由剪应力主导的基体断裂、法向针刺对纤维铺层的约束等原因所致。本文研究结果为隔热复合材料的强韧化性能提高指明了方向。      

纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料研究进展

纤维增强改性可以改善SiO_2气凝胶的力学性能,扩展SiO_2气凝胶应用领域。介绍了纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的制备方法,综述了纤维增强改性对SiO_2气凝胶复合材料力学性能、隔热性能影响的研究进展,展望了纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的应用前景。     

基于数字图像相关方法的气凝胶复合材料各向异性热变形测量

在热防护材料及结构高温力学性能研究中,测量其在热载荷与机械载荷作用下产生的变形是重要且基础的工作。基于数字图像相关方法,建立了可实现800℃变形测量的非接触式测量系统。针对陶瓷纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料,从面外和面内两个材料方向,以25℃为参考温度,试验测量了材料加热至300~800℃范围内不同温度时产生的热变形。研究结果表明,在此试验系统基础上的变形测量方法可用来测量此类热防护材料的高温变形。陶瓷纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的高温热变形具有明显的各向异性,面外方向上表现为"收缩",面内方向上表现为"膨胀"。SiO_2气凝胶基体中的颗粒团聚以及增强纤维在面内方向上的铺层分布是导致热变形各向异性的主要原因。     

漂珠/AZ91D镁合金复合材料的高温压缩变形行为

采用搅拌铸造法制备了漂珠(FAC)/AZ91D镁合金复合材料。研究了该复合材料的高温压缩变形行为,分析了压缩变形温度和应变率对FAC/AZ91D镁合金复合材料压缩变形行为的影响规律,并计算了其热变形激活能。结果表明:FAC/AZ91D镁合金复合材料的高温压缩真应力-真应变曲线分为4个阶段:弹性变形、加工硬化、峰值应力和稳态流变阶段。相同应变率下,FAC/AZ91D镁合金复合材料的峰值应力和稳态流变应力随压缩变形温度的升高而降低;相同压缩变形温度下,流变应力随应变率增大而升高。在相同应变率或相同压缩变形温度下,FAC/AZ91D镁合金复合材料的热变形激活能随压缩应变率或压缩变形温度的升高而增大,其热压缩行为可以用双曲正弦函数形式的Arrhenius关系来描述。压缩变形温度与应变率对FAC/AZ91D镁合金复合材料的高温压缩组织均有重要影响。提高压缩变形温度或增大应变率,均可加速动态再结晶的进程。     

2D-SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸加卸载行为

为了研究国产2D-SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤行为以及低周循环载荷作用下的力学性能,通过试验和建立加卸载细观力学模型,对其拉伸加卸载行为进行了探讨。建立了单向连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料加卸载细观力学模型,得到了初始加载、卸载和重新加载时的应力-应变关系;利用断裂统计方法得到了基体裂纹数随应力变化的关系和复合材料失效判断条件。经过应力转化,将该模型应用于国产二维编织SiC/SiC复合材料。对单向加载试件,采用正交试验方法和最小二乘法得到基体Weibull模量和界面剪切阻力,通过控制材料失效强度与试验结果一致,得到纤维Weibull模量。由上述参数确定的2D-SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸循环加卸载应力-应变曲线与实测曲线吻合很好。通过Matlab编程得到2D-SiC/SiC复合材料单向加载时基体开裂过程图。结果表明,2D-SiC/SiC复合材料失效时,基体裂纹分布相对比较均匀;基体裂纹数随应力单调增加,未出现持平段,表明材料失效时,基体裂纹还没有达到饱和。     

无机纤维增强SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料的研究进展

SiO_2气凝胶因其独特的纳米孔结构而具有低密度、低热导率等特点,具备成为高效隔热材料的潜力,然而SiO_2气凝胶的力学性能较差,极大地限制了其在隔热领域的应用。采用无机纤维作为增强体,制备的SiO_2气凝胶复合材料同时具有较好的力学和隔热性能,是目前国内外高性能隔热材料的研究热点之一。综述了无机纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备方法及其研究进展,并展望了其未来发展方向。     

莫来石纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备及性能研究

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶及超临界干燥技术制备了掺杂莫来石纤维的SiO2气凝胶复合材料,并对材料的热学性能和力学性能进行了测试,结果表明:SiO2气凝胶复合材料的热导率与其密度、温度和纤维添加量有关;添加莫来石纤维可以明显提高SiO2气凝胶的弹性模量和机械强度,改善材料的力学性能;莫来石纤维添加量控制在3%左右可以使SiO2气凝胶材料保持较低的热导率和较高的机械强度.     

三维针刺C/C复合材料面内压缩失效行为研究

通过研究三维针刺C/C复合材料面内压缩失效行为,发现应力-应变行为包括起始段的非线性滞弹性、线弹性、非线性损伤及应力下降失效4个阶段,循环加载-卸载实验表明线弹性阶段应力-应变行为的重复性好,而非线性损伤阶段则与加载历程有关。面内压缩失效主要是端部分层脱粘和分层劈裂,受纤维/基体界面结合强度影响较大。     

纸板厚度方向的力学模型建立

目的理论推导纸板在受到z向压缩和弯曲时的本构模型。方法对纸板进行z向压缩时,用Ramberg-Osgood方程描述加载过程的应力-应变关系。根据纸板的内部结构特点,用多孔弹性材料模型描述卸载过程的应力-应变关系。基于对纸板弯曲时变形过程的分析,利用复合材料层板模型和纤维网络模型描述弯曲时纸板层应力-应变关系。结果该模型能描述纸板在厚度方向上的力学特性,为建立完整的纸板本构建模提供参考,同时为有限元模拟纸板厚度方向变形提供依据。     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶复合材料力学性能试验

氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的热导率和密度,可作为很好的隔热材料,而脆弱的力学性能限制了其在隔热领域的应用。在不影响隔热效果的前提下,通过复合陶瓷纤维可增加氧化硅气凝胶的强度及韧性。试验探索了陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶在室温下的拉伸、压缩和剪切等基本力学性能,分别研究了300℃、600℃和900℃下复合材料纤维铺层面方向的压缩性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对高温试样微观结构进行了观察分析。结果表明：陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶的性能表现出方向性,弹性模量在铺层面内方向与厚度方向的数值最大相差约28倍,强度极限亦然;在室温条件下,复合材料的拉伸和压缩弹性模量不同,X 、Y 和 Z 方向拉伸模量与对应的压缩模量之比分别为1.60、1.83和0.56;高温下复合材料沿厚度方向收缩,收缩量随温度升高而增大,900℃下的最大收缩量可达10.8%;高温下复合材料铺层面内方向压缩性能随温度升高而增强。     

采用数字图像相关方法的莫来石纤维增强气凝胶复合材料力学试验

基于V型缺口试样双轨剪切法设计了面内剪切试验方案,开展了莫来石纤维增强气凝胶复合材料的室温面内剪切和弯曲性能试验,采用数字图像相关方法对试样表面的位移场和应变场进行测量,并分析了力学行为和破坏模式。结果表明:设计的试验方案可以在测试区域获得均匀的剪切应变场,适用于莫来石纤维增强气凝胶复合材料的面内剪切性能测试。试验获得的面内剪切模量和强度分别为248 MPa和0.95 MPa,弯曲模量和强度分别为294 MPa和2.08 MPa。面内剪切载荷下,试样的裂纹萌生于缺口尖端附近,并沿两缺口连线方向扩展。根据弯曲正应变场的分布特点,发现试样中性层与几何对称面不重合,验证了该材料拉压模量不同的性质。采用数字图像相关方法获得的中性层位置和理论计算值比较接近,相对误差在10%左右。     

High strain recovery with improved mechanical properties of gelatin–silica aerogel composites post-binding treatment

Silica aerogels are very light and highly porous materials that are intriguingly and complexly networked with large internal surface area, high hydrophobicity with extremely low density and thermal conductivity. These features make them ideal choice for applications as thermal and acoustics insulators or as optical, electrical, and energy storing devices. However, their exploitation for structural applications is primarily inhibited by their brittleness. The brittleness of the silica aerogels makes their processing and handling difficult. Volumetric shrinkage occurs, which becomes more apparent at elevated temperatures. While there are hybrid silica aerogels doped with materials such as polymer, ceramics, metals in the market, the improvements in the mechanical properties are compromised with tremendous increase in density and reduction in the insulation performance. Post-synthesis binding treatment of silica aerogels composites are not extensively explored due to the chemically inert trimethylsilyl (TMS) terminal groups on the surface of the hydrophobic silica aerogels. This paper discusses a unique fabrication method of developing a ductile silica aerogel composite solid via post-synthesis binding treatment. Gelatin–silica aerogel (GSA) and GSA–sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) composite blocks were produced by mixing hydrophobic aerogel granulates in a gelatin–SDS foamed solution by frothing method. The entire fabrication process and grounds for using a controlled % of gelatin as the main binder and SDS as an additive are explained. The compression testing of the blocks is presented. The associated strain recovery—an unusual phenomenon with brittle silica aerogels, observed upon unloading is highlighted and studied. The microstructure and surface characterization of these composites was examined via FESEM/EDX and XPS/ESCA, respectively. The dependency of process variables involved were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. Empirical models that relate the composition of gelatin, aerogel, and SDS to achieve the optimal strain recovery with the associated compressive modulus and strength and density are established. The transition from brittleness to ductility is measured in terms of compressive stress versus strain behavior for various mass fractions of gelatin and SDS. The test data presented indicate analogous behavior of these to creep-like behavior of a material typically identified as the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. The rationale and mechanisms behind such creep-like three stages are explained using schematic diagrams.     

纤维增强水泥基复合材料压剪破坏的细观实验研究

对聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维增强水泥砂浆复合材料和混凝土复合材料进行了MTS 准静态单轴压缩实验和压剪加载条件下的细观力学实验研究。比较两类纤维在这两种加载条件下的作用发现: 在单轴压缩条件下, 钢纤维作用显著, 聚丙烯纤维基本没有什么作用;在压剪加载条件下, 钢纤维在材料各个变形阶段均起明显作用, 聚丙烯纤维在加载过程中起到一定的作用, 但由于含量较少对材料的极限荷载基本没有贡献。在细观实验中, 观察到了钢纤维和碎石颗粒在材料破坏过程中脱粘与断裂的作用方式。但只是在水泥砂浆试件的局部观察到了孔洞崩塌现象, 对于其促成压缩带形成的机理尚须深入的工作。     

Mechanical behavior of CFRP confined low strength concretes subjected to simultaneous heating–cooling cycles and sustained loading

This study aims to present the mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) reinforced low strength cylindrical and prism concrete specimens under both heating?Ccooling cycles and sustained loading. Heating?Ccooling cycles range from ?10 to 50°C and the applied sustained load level is 40% of the ultimate strength of concrete. After 200 heating?Ccooling cycles and/or sustained load testing, specimens were tested to determine the mechanical behavior under uniaxial compression. The experimental test results show that heating?Ccooling cycles alone have insignificant effect on the mechanical properties of CFRP-wrapped specimens. However, as for simultaneous exposure of sustained loading and heating?Ccooling cycles the main difference is on the shape of the stress?Cstrain diagram, in which the bilinear response becomes clear. The other difference is on the ultimate strain, which decreases up to 29 and 15% for cylindrical and prismatic specimens, respectively.     

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon aerogel composites for thermal insulation prepared by soft reinforcement

To overcome the brittleness and the pyrolysis shrinkage of carbon aerogels, carbon fiber reinforced composites were prepared by copyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile fiber reinforced resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel composites (PAN/RFs). The PAN/RFs were obtained by impregnating the PAN fiber felt with RF sol and then supercritical drying. Upon carbonization the PAN fiber shrinks with the RF aerogel, thus reducing the shrinkage differences between the fiber and the aerogel, and results in crack-free carbon fiber reinforced carbon aerogel composites, with a thermal conductivity of 0.073 W/m K at 25 °C in air. Our new method may greatly expand the usage of carbon aerogels in general applications.