18Cr9Ni3CuNbN奥氏体耐热钢中富Cu相的早期析出行为

应用三维原子探针技术研究了600℃超超临界电站锅炉过热器/再热器用18Cr9Ni3CuNbN奥氏体耐热钢中强化相富Cu相的早期析出行为,并绘制出富Cu相在18Cr-9Ni型奥氏体耐热钢中的C曲线。结果表明:在高温时效过程中富Cu相无论在650℃还是在700℃均能较快地析出,其形成过程都是在短时间内先形成富Cu偏聚区,随着时效时间的延长Cu原子继续扩散到富Cu偏聚区,其它原子如Fe,Cr,Ni等则被排出富Cu偏聚区而扩散到奥氏体基体中,最终形成富Cu相。     

三维原子探针表征10Ni3MnCuAl钢时效过程中析出相NiAl和Cu的变化规律

本研究使用三维原子探针表征了10Ni3Mn Cu Al钢在540℃时效过程中析出相随时间的变化规律,使用透射电镜分析了Ni Al析出相的晶体结构及其在基体上的分布状态。结果表明:10Ni3Mn Cu Al钢在540℃时效过程中,Ni Al析出相由时效2 h后的近球状转变为时效100 h后的长条状,平均粒子半径由1. 13 nm长大到2. 13 nm,数量密度由1. 70×10~(22)m~(-3)降低到3. 40×10~(21)m~(-3); Cu析出相由时效2 h后的球状转变为时效100 h后的长条状,平均粒子半径由1. 04 nm长大到2. 08 nm,数量密度由6. 04×10~(21)m~(-3)降低到2. 00×10~(21)m~(-3)。两种析出相由相邻位置转变为以Cu为核心,Ni Al为外壳的壳状结构。B2结构的Ni Al相对基体的强化作用大于Cu相对基体的强化作用,Ni Al相弥散分布在马氏体板条上,并在基体的[200]方向存在超结构反射斑点。     

利用APT研究RPV模拟钢中相界面原子偏聚特征

提高了Cu含量的核反应堆压力容器(RPV)模拟钢经调质处理(880℃保温0.5h,水淬;660℃保温10h)以及400℃时效1000h后,采用原子探针层析技术(APT)研究了碳化物/α-Fe基体,富Cu相/α-Fe基体以及富Cu相/碳化物界面处溶质或杂质原子的偏聚特征。结果表明:在碳化物/α-Fe基体界面处P原子偏聚最明显;在富Cu相/α-Fe基体界面处Ni原子偏聚最明显,Mn原子也有微弱的偏聚;在富Cu相/碳化物界面处未发现溶质或杂质原子的偏聚现象。不同相界处原子偏聚不仅与界面本身微观结构有关,也与相界附近化学特性有关。     

GH742合金中γ''''相粗化动力学研究

采用场发射扫描电镜观察和定量金相分析等方法,研究了GH742合金在900,950,1050℃时效时,基体中γ'相的粗化规律.结果表明:合金在一定温度时效时,基体中初期析出的高密度细小γ'相随时效时间延长逐渐长大为低密度粗大γ'相,即发生Ostwald熟化;在1050℃时效2880min后γ'相形貌出现方化并沿一定方向排列;合金在时效过程中γ'相长大规律符合传统的LSW理论,并且随时效温度增高,γ'相粗化速率增加;用作图法得出了GH742合金中γ'相粗化激活能为(289.53±1.48)kJ/mol,这同Al,Ti等元素在Ni中的扩散激活能相当,说明GH742合金中γ'相的长大粗化主要由Al,Ti等元素在Ni基体中的扩散所控制.     

微量Mg元素添加对Cu-Cr合金析出行为及性能的影响

通过熔炼铸造工艺制备了Cu-Cr和Cu-Cr-Mg合金,评价了Mg元素对Cu-Cr合金硬度、导电和抗软化性能的影响,研究了Mg元素对Cu-Cr合金析出相的细化作用,探讨了Mg元素的迁移行为。结果表明,相比于Cu-Cr二元合金,时效态Cu-Cr-Mg合金具有更高的硬度和软化温度,且保持较高的导电性能。两种合金的主要时效强化相均为纳米Cr析出相,Mg元素的加入抑制了纳米沉淀相的长大和结构转变,峰时效态Cu-Cr-Mg合金的析出相与基体可能仍保持共格界面关系,过时效态合金中出现与Heulser相结构相同的析出相,且峰时效态Cu-Cr-Mg合金经过高温保温处理后,其强化相的尺寸明显小于Cu-Cr合金析出相。EDS的结果表明,在时效初期Mg和Cr共存于析出相内部,而在时效后期析出相内部只有Cr元素存在,Mg元素发生迁移,同时理论估算结果显示,Mg元素可明显降低Cu(fcc)/Cr(bcc)之间的界面能,导致其偏聚于基体/析出相界面处,这可能是Mg元素能够细化析出相和提高合金性能的主要原因。     

铸态Cu20Ni35Mn合金的直接时效强化研究

制备成分为Cu20Ni35Mn的合金试样,对铸态锰白铜合金直接进行时效处理,研究了不同的时效工艺对锰白铜合金的强化效果,分析了时效强化机理.实验结果表明,锰白铜合金在铸态下可以直接进行时效处理,最佳时效工艺为:时效温度400～470℃,时效时间为60～72h,硬度可达到HV400以上.并发现MnNi相的析出是合金时效强化的主要原因.     

高体积分数SiCp/7075Al复合材料的时效析出行为

高体积分数SiC颗粒增强7系铝基复合材料(SiCp/7XXXAl)具有高比强度比刚度等特点,因此适宜作为结构件在航空航天、汽车等领域应用。本文采用压力浸渗法制备了45vol.%的SiCp/7075Al复合材料,并对复合材料和基体合金的时效行为进行了系统的研究。DSC分析结果发现复合材料的η′相和η相的放热峰分别比基体7075合金降低了4.4℃和0.5℃。复合材料与7075铝合金达到峰时效的时间均为9h,峰时效时复合材料与基体7075铝合金的硬度分别提高了38.7%(从213.4到296HB)和107.6%(从98.2到203.9HB)。颗粒的加入使得基体中的位错密度显著增加,这有利于析出相的形核。但另一方面,合金元素在界面的偏聚会抑制析出相的析出。因此,SiCp/7075Al复合材料的析出行为是两方面共同作用的结果。     

超高强β钛合金等温相转变特性及力学性能

近β钛合金的等温相转变具有多样性和复杂性的特点,对温度敏感性强,直接影响其时效后的力学性能.本工作所用合金为自主研发的Ti-Al-V-Mo-Cr-Zr-Fe-Nb超高强β钛合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度计等分析表征手段对等温处理后合金的微观组织演变及力学性能进行系统研究.结果表明,合金300℃时效时只析出等温ω相,等温ω相随时效时间的延长发生长大.合金400℃时效时先析出等温ω相,随着时效时间的延长,α相依附于ω/β界面处形核.合金500℃时效时无ω相析出,针状α相直接从β基体中析出,呈"V"字形均匀分布在β基体中.400℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1716.1 MPa,伸长率为2％.500℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1439.8 MPa,伸长率为9.84％,具有良好的强塑性匹配.     

GH742合金中γ′相粗化动力学研究

采用场发射扫描电镜观察和定量金相分析等方法，研究了GH742合金在900，950，1050℃时效时，基体中γ′相的粗化规律。结果表明：合金在一定温度时效时，基体中初期析出的高密度细小γ′相随时效时间延长逐渐长大为低密度粗大γ′相，即发生Ostwald熟化；在1050℃时效2880min后γ′相形貌出现方化并沿一定方向排列；合金在时效过程中γ′相长大规律符合传统的LSW理论，并且随时效温度增高，γ′相粗化速率增加；用作图法得出了GH742合金中γ′相粗化激活能为（289．53±1．48）kJ／mol，这同Al，Ti等元素在Ni中的扩散激活能相当，说明GH742合金中γ′相的长大粗化主要由Al，Ti等元素在Ni基体中的扩散所控制。     

热轧态LT24铝合金溶质原子的偏聚规律

采用原子探针层析技术(APT)等测试手段分析了LT24铝合金热轧后合金元素的偏聚规律。结果表明:热轧态铝合金晶粒内部有成分为Al0.5Mg(Si0.7Cu0.3)的析出相,析出相与基体之间的界面处没有元素偏聚。溶质原子Mg、Si、Cu在晶界处偏聚,在晶界处的偏聚规律与晶粒内部的相反,Cu的偏聚倾向远大于Si和Mg,晶界处Cu的含量达到基体Cu含量的45倍左右。基于实验结果,讨论了合金元素偏聚的规律及其对材料性能的影响。     

On the elemental effect of AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy system

The AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy system was synthesized using a well-developed arc melting and casting method. Their elemental effect on microstructures and hardness was investigated with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers hardness testing. The alloys exhibit quite simple FCC and BCC solid solution phases. Co, Cu and Ni elements enhance the formation of the FCC phase while Al and Cr enhance that of the BCC phase in the alloy system. BCC phases form a spinodal structure during cooling. Copper tends to segregate at the interdendrite region and forms a Cu-rich FCC phase. Low copper content renders the interdendrite as a thin film and the as-cast structure like recrystallized grain structure. The formation of BCC phases significantly increases the hardness level of the alloy system. The strengthening mechanism is discussed.     

GH742中γ′相和γ基体成分随时效时间和温度的变化规律研究

利用透射电镜能谱法(TEM-EDX)研究了GH742合金中γ′和γ基体两相成分随温度和时效时间的变化规律.结果表明:合金在1050℃时效时,γ′相和γ基体的成分在时效初期变化较大,当时效时间超过1440min后,γ′相和γ基体的成份基本稳定.合金在750～1100℃时效时,γ′相和γ基体的成分均随着温度的升高而发生变化,其中γ基体的成分随温度变化较明显.合金中各元素在γ′和γ两相中的偏析率Cγ′/ Cγ变化规律研究表明:Ti,Al,Nb,Ni等γ′形成元素的偏析率均随着时效温度的升高而降低,而Cr,Co,Mo等γ形成元素的偏析率均随着时效温度的升高而增大.     

Yield Strength Enhancement Without Ductility Loss Through Controlling the Intercritical Annealing Time in Medium-Mn Steels

Herein, the effect of shortening the intercritical annealing (IA) time in a two-step process “intercritical annealing and tempering (IAT)” on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of medium-manganese steel (MMnS) made of Fe–0.05C–7Mn–1.5Cu–1.5Ni–1.5Al–1.5Si–0.5Mo (wt%) and containing copper-rich (CRP) and Ni(Al/Mn) precipitates is investigated. The atom probe tomography (APT), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and the synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SYXRD) are used to study precipitation, phase microstructure evolution, the austenite stability, and deformation mechanisms. Shortening the IA step, which is carried out at 700 °C, from 2 min (IAT-2) to 1 min (IAT-1), results in a yield strength (YS) increment of around 218 MPa with less than 1% loss of ductility. While the enhanced yield strength in IAT-1 is attributed to the four times higher precipitates’ number density (n), the insignificant loss of ductility is attributed to the enhanced austenite stability factor from 4.5 to 9.2 in IAT-2 and IAT-1, respectively. The simultaneous increase in YS without ductility loss reflects that controlling the IA time is a promising strategy to overcome the yield strength and ductility trade-off without the need for higher additions of costly alloying elements such as Ni, Al, Mn, and Cu.     

A hidden precipitation scenario of the θ'-phase in Al-Cu alloys

Al-Cu binary alloys are important and interesting industry materials.Up to date,the formation mecha-nisms of the key strengthening precipitates,named θ'-phase,in the alloys are still controversial.Here,we report that for non-deformed bulk Al-Cu alloys the θ'-phase actually has its own direct precursors that can form only at elevated aging temperature(＞ca.200℃).These high-temperature precursors have the same plate-like morphology as the θ'-phase precipitates but rather different structures.Atomic-resolution imaging reveals that they have a tetragonal structure with a = 0.405 nm and c = 1.213 nm,and an average composition of Al5-xCui+x(0≤x＜1),being fully coherent with the Al-lattice.This precur-sor phase may initiate with a composition of Al5Cu and evolve locally towards Al4Cu2 in composition,eventually leading to a consequent structural transformation into the θ'-phase(Al4Cu2=Al2Cu).There are evidences that because of their genetic links in structure,such a high-temperature precursor may transform to the θ'-phase without having to change their morphology and interface structure.Our study reveals a well-defined and previously hidden precipitation scenario for the θ'-phase to form in Al-Cu alloys at an elevated aging temperature.     

Cu clusters evolvement in Fe-1.18% Cu binary alloy

Microstructure evolution of Fe-1.18%Cu binary alloy during solution and aging at 550°C was investigated under a high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). In addition, the aging strengthening mechanism was investigated based on the precipitation strengthening theory. Results show that there were lots of Cu atom clusters in the ferrite matrix during solid solution and initial aging stage, and Cu-rich metastable Fe-Cu particles precipitate subsequently at the aging hardness peak. It is found that there were high-density dislocations and stacking fault substructure in the Cu clusters that forms the obstacle of the dislocation motion, which should be the dominant reason of strengthening in the Fe-Cu alloy.     

Influence of nickel on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-manganese steels

To combine the advantage of density reduction and excellent performance, nanometer-sized B2 particles were introduced into the δ ferrite matrix of high-aluminium low-density steel by the addition of nickel (Fe–0.2C–11Mn–6Al–4/8Ni). Compared to Fe–0.2C–11Mn–6Al (0Ni) steel, the hardness and tensile strength of 4Ni and 8Ni steels are significantly improved. The improvement of tensile strength in 4Ni and 8Ni steels was primarily contributed by the precipitation strengthening or solution strengthening of B2 particles in δ ferrite. At the higher annealing temperature, the original dislocation density in δ ferrite is lower. However, dislocation multiplication during tensile deformation was more significant in the sample annealed at higher temperature, which was responsible for a higher work hardening rate.     

Cu clusters evolvement in Fe-1.18%Cu binary alloy

Microstructure evolution of Fe-1.18%Cu binary alloy during solution and aging at 550°C was investigated under a high-resolution electron microscope (HREM). In addition, the aging strengthening mechanism was investigated based on the precipitation strengthening theory. Results show that there were lots of Cu atom clusters in the ferrite matrix during solid solution and initial aging stage, and Cu-rich metastable Fe-Cu particles precipitate subsequently at the aging hardness peak. It is found that there were high-density dislocations and stacking fault substructure in the Cu clusters that forms the obstacle of the dislocation motion, which should be the dominant reason of strengthening in the Fe-Cu alloy.     

23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢σ相析出行为EI北大核心CSCD

采用经验公式、热力学计算方法、Gleeble热/力模拟实验技术,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜分析,研究了23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相的析出行为。结果表明,23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相可在960~1030℃析出,高于1050℃溶解。σ相析出具有异常快速的动力学特征,在经过1030℃保温1 min固溶处理后,σ相可直接从奥氏体晶界快速析出,析出先于碳氮化物相。σ相析出动力学行为及相对碳氮化物的析出次序和传统奥氏体不锈钢显著不同。铬、锰、钼元素含量较高且钼元素在晶界处偏聚提高了σ相平衡析出温度,是加速σ相析出的主要原因。     

Age-hardening behaviour and microstructure of a silver alloy with high Cu content for dental application

Age-hardening behaviour and the related microstructural changes of a silver alloy with relatively high Cu content were elucidated by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The microstructure of the solution-treated specimen was composed of the Ag-rich matrix, the Cu-rich particle-like structures containing Pd, and the lamellar structure of both phases. By the age-hardening heat-treatment, the Cu element began to precipitate from the Ag-rich matrix by the solubility limit, and the very fine Cu-rich precipitates became coarsened by further aging. The silver alloy with relatively high Cu content showed apparent age-hardenability. The hardness of the solution-treated specimen began to increase and reached a maximum value with increasing aging time, and then the hardness decreased gradually after maintaining the maximum value for short periods of time. The early stage of precipitation of the Cu-rich phase from the Ag-rich matrix seemed to have caused the increase in hardness. The decrease in hardness was attributed to the coarsening of the Cu-rich precipitates in the later stage of the age-hardening process.