太阳能热发电系列文章(1)聚光类太阳能热发电概述

能源短缺、资源枯竭、环境污染等问题已严重影响人们的生活和制约社会的发展,各国竞相开展水能、风能、地热能、生物质能、潮汐能、太阳能等清洁和可再生能源的应用研究。美国、德国、以色列、澳大利亚及日本等国家在太阳能应用技术研究方面起步较早,也是当今太     

太阳能热发电系列文章(2)塔式与槽式太阳能热发电

塔式太阳能热发电塔式太阳能热发电系统也称集中型太阳能热发电系统。塔式太阳能热发电系统的基本形式是利用独立跟踪太阳的定日镜群,将阳光聚集到固定在塔顶部的接收器上,用以产生高温,加热工质产生过热蒸汽或高温气体,驱动汽轮机发电机组或燃气轮机发电机组发电,从而将太阳能转换为电能。     

聚光太阳能发电的进展

上世纪80年代，美国产业界利用能源部的先进技术，建造了354MW的商业联网太阳能热电站。持续执行合作研发计划，已使太阳能热电成为世界上成本最低的太阳能发电方式。乐观的预计，10年内，太阳能热发电就能和传统发电竞争了。     

Simultaneous desalination and power generation using solar energy

Using solar energy to produce fresh water and electricity simultaneously is a prospective way to solve the problems combining fresh water shortage, energy crisis and farm land degradation in Northern Victoria. This paper records the process of calculating the performance of the nozzle applying homogenous equilibrium model, designing and testing the prototype of such system using three different types of the nozzles in static and rotary systems. The research on the project is divided into two steps: first is about static system in which the spray nozzle is proved to be the best in both production of fresh water and power generation; while on the second stage, the convergent–divergent (C–D) nozzles are the best in rotary system. Some data were analyzed theoretically based on the test and the results found that the percentage of fresh water measured by experiment is consistent with the calculation using homogenous equilibrium expansion model (HEM), however, there is big difference in power generation between theory and experiments. Based on our experimental figures and analysis, the reasons for low power generation are found and a new model is proposed. According to the new model, a different reaction turbine using curve length C–D nozzles is designed to overcome the problems which were encountered in the previous prototype. After analyzing the efficiency of the cycle by T–s diagram, the evacuated tube solar collector integrated heat pipe is suggested to be applied on this system.     

Calcium looping in solar power generation plants

The use of a calcium looping based process as a thermal storage and transportation system for concentrated solar power plants is proposed in this work. This system exploits the reversible calcination–carbonation reaction of limestone and lime. Concentrated solar heat is used to calcine CaCO₃, which is then released as required by carbonating the resulting CaO. The CaO/CaCO₃ system has a high energy density and its high temperature operation allows the use of a gas turbine for power production. This paper presents a first order evaluation of the potential of this application of calcium looping, with particular consideration given to carbonation activity of the sorbent. A model including a solar calciner and a pressurised fluidised bed carbonator feeding a gas turbine in an open Brayton cycle has been developed. Results from the model indicate that electric efficiencies of 40–50% could be achieved with sorbent carbonation activities between 15% and 40%. Higher sorbent activity levels do not affect efficiency but would lead to lower capital costs. According to the model, CaO activity levels above 17% lead to significant reductions in the required storage volume over existing systems, such as molten salts. In principle, high efficiency and smaller footprint solar thermal power plants are possible with calcium looping. Such plants would have no process use of water and could be used as baseload, variable demand load or microgrid systems.     

太阳能热动力空间发电系统的研究

以空间站电源为研究背景，对近年来国际上太阳能空间利用的研究做了回顾，重点讨论了太阳能热动力系统发电的原理和特点。太阳能热动力系统由聚能器，带相变蓄热的吸热器，电力转换设备，散热设备以及控制和电力调节设备等组成，其发电原理是闭式Brayton循环。在日照期，通过一个反射聚能器把入射太阳辐射聚集在一个空腔式吸热器内作为热源，沿吸热器圆周分布的换热管外的封壳内含有相变盐，吸收太阳能后熔化，利用其融解热加热惰性气体工质进行闭式Brayton循环(CBC)发电，同时储存能量，保证飞行器在阴影期的能量连续供应。CBC太阳能热动力系统已经达到了实用阶段，热机循环效率超过27％，系统总的电转换效率超过17％。与光伏电池系统相比，该系统有较高的能量转换效率、较长的寿命和较低的长期运行维护费用，是未来大功率空间站电源的发展方向。     

Technical and economical evaluation of solar thermal power generation

This article presents a feasibilty on a solar power system based on the Stirling dish (SD) technology, reviews and compares the available Stirling engines in the perspective of a solar Stirling system.The system is evaluated, as a parameter to alleviate the energy system of the Cretan island while taking care of the CO₂ emissions. In the results a sensitivity analysis was implemented, as well as a comparison with conventional power systems.In the long-term, solar thermal power stations based on a SD can become a competitive option on the electricity market, if a concerted programme capable of building the forces of industry, finance, insurance and other decision makers will support the market extension for this promising technology.     

Design and analysis of solar thermoelectric power generation system

This article reports on the design and performance analysis of a solar thermoelectric power generation plant (STEPG). The system considers both truncated compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) with a flat receiver and conventional flat-plate collectors, thermoelectric (TE) cooling and power generator modules and appropriate connecting pipes and control devices. The design tool uses TRNSYS IIsibat-15 program with a new component we developed for the TE modules. The main input data of the system are the specifications of TE module, the maximum hot side temperature of TE modules, and the desired power output. Examples of the design using truncated CPC and flat-plate collectors are reported and discussed for various slope angle and half-acceptance angle of CPC. To minimize system cost, seasonal adjustment of the slope angle between 0° and 30° was considered, which could give relatively high power output under Bangkok ambient condition. Two small-scale STEPGs were built. One of them uses electrical heater, whereas the other used a CPC with locally made aluminum foil reflector. Measured data showed reasonable agreement with the model outputs. TE cooling modules were found to be more appropriate. Therefore, the TRNSYS software and the developed TE component offer an extremely powerful tool for the design and performance analysis of STEPG plant.     

太阳能热发电系列文章(3)碟式太阳能热发电

2005年8月10日,美国SES公司(Stirling Energy Systems)与SCE公司(Southern California Edison)签订了一份为期20年的购买电力合同,由SES公司在美国洛杉矶东北莫哈韦沙漠地区采用碟式斯     

A high-efficiency triple cycle for solar power generation

The last three decades have witnessed a trend in solar thermal electricity generation of increasing the concentration of sunlight, the operating temperature, and subsequently the efficiency of conversion from sunlight to electricity. The current state of the art concept is a solar-driven combined cycle, with sunlight concentration ratio of a few thousands, temperatures of about 1000–1300°C, and overall annual average conversion efficiency of about 20%. A possible next step in this trend is presented: a solar triple cycle, with a high-temperature MHD generator and two additional cycles in series. This triple cycle is powered by solar heat at temperatures around 2000°C and solar concentration of about 10,000. The overall peak conversion efficiency of the solar triple cycle is shown to be significantly higher than the solar combined cycle scheme. The sensitivity of this result to several system parameters and the technological feasibility of the solar triple cycle are also discussed.     

太阳能雾化闪蒸DSG热发电的试验研究

一引言在槽式太阳能热发电系统中,采用DSG(direct steam generation)即直接蒸汽发电技术,可替代昂贵的传热流体导热油,显著降低制造成本,提高光热转换效率,但压力波动等技术障碍阻碍了DSG技术的应用。至今在太阳能热发电领域,还没有采用DSG技术的抛物槽式电站。目前,太阳能热发电期待突破的科技前沿主要是降低成本、替代合成导热油和热交换器、提高热力学效率三项课题。一些科研人员正以DSG技术为突破口,提高太阳能热发电的竞争力,从而实现太阳能热发     

斯特林热机在太阳能发电中的应用

<正>一前言随着国家对可再生能源开发的日益重视,太阳能发电得到了快速发展。目前,大多数太阳能发电站采用光伏发电,然而,利用太阳能驱动斯特林热机进行发电的技术也在一些地区得到了应用,并表现出了迅猛发展的势头。     

Economic analysis of power generation from floating solar chimney power plant

Solar chimney thermal power technology that has a long life span is a promising large-scale solar power generating technology. This paper performs economic analysis of power generation from floating solar chimney power plant (FSCPP) by analyzing cash flows during the whole service period of a 100 MW plant. Cash flows are influenced by many factors including investment, operation and maintenance cost, life span, payback period, inflation rate, minimum attractive rate of return, non-returnable subsidy rate, interest rate of loans, sale price of electricity, income tax rate and whether additional revenue generated by carbon credits is included or not. Financial incentives and additional revenue generated by carbon credits can accelerate the development of the FSCPP. Sensitivity analysis to examine the effects of the factors on cash flows of a 100 MW FSCPP is performed in detail. The results show that the minimum price for obtaining minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of 8% reaches 0.83 yuan (kWh)^?1 under financial incentives including loans at a low interest rate of 2% and free income tax. Comparisons of economics of the FSCPP and reinforced concrete solar chimney power plant or solar photovoltaic plant are also performed by analyzing their cash flows. It is concluded that FSCPP is in reality more economical than reinforced concrete solar chimney power plant (RCSCPP) or solar photovoltaic plant (SPVP) with the same power capacity.     

Evaluation of solar aided thermal power generation with various power plants

Solar aided power generation (SAPG) is an efficient way to make use of low or medium temperature solar heat for power generation purposes. The so‐called SAPG is actually ‘piggy back’ solar energy on the conventional fuel fired power plant. Therefore, its solar‐to‐electricity efficiency depends on the power plant it is associated with. In the paper, the developed SAPG model has been used to study the energy and economic benefits of the SAPG with 200 and 300 MW typical, 600 MW subcritical, 600 MW supercritical, and 600 and 1000 MW ultra‐supercritical fuel power units separately. The solar heat in the temperature range from 260 to 90°C is integrated with above‐mentioned power units to replace the extraction steam (to preheat the feedwater) in power boosting and fuel‐saving operating modes. The results indicate that the benefits of SAPG are different for different steam extracted positions and different power plants. Generally, the larger the power plant, the higher the solar benefit if the same level solar is integrated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid power generation system of solar energy and fuel cells

This paper introduces the methods of integration of solar energy and low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells. On the one hand, we design the system that integrates the solar photovoltaic cells and fuel cells. On the other hand, solar energy is concentrated to heat up the fuel cell and supply the working temperature at hundreds Celsius degrees by Fresnel lens. Then the fuel conversion efficiency is increased because of gain from the solar energy. Moreover, integration of solar thermal energy power system with the fuel is a good method for resolving the instability of solar energy. CHP (combined heat and power) is another aspect to enhance the design hybrid system overall efficiency. Finally, we present a novel device but built on different scientific principle. It can convert solar energy and chemical energy of fuel to electric energy simultaneously within the same device to integrated solar cell and fuel cell from the device level. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳能热发电系列文章(12)聚光类太阳能热发电中的热管式真空集热管

介绍了热管技术和热管式真空集热管;设计了几种热管式真空集热管;阐述了热管式真空集热管在槽式和碟式太阳能热发电系统中的应用。     

隧道式烟囱太阳热风发电系统

太阳热风发电系统的基本原理如图1所示，由3个主要部件构成：底部为太阳能空气加热器（集热棚），中间为太阳能烟囱，烟囱底部布置风力发电机组。太阳辐射加热玻璃屋顶下温室内的空气，致使热空气源源不断流向位于温室中央的太阳能烟囱；烟囱两端空气的温差和压差导致空气沿太阳能烟囱上升产生动能，在烟囱内安装风力透平发电机，产生电能，风最后从烟囱顶部排入大气。其能量流向为太阳光能先变成空气的热能，再转变为风的动能，再转变为风力透平的动能，最后得到电能。     

南方区域太阳能发电项目投资风险评价

人类正面临化石能源日趋耗竭和生态环境不断恶化的双重制约。开发利用可再生能源既能保证能源供给安全,还能减少温室气体排放,保护人类的生态环境。基于实物期权理论,建立了太阳能发电项目投资决策模型和风险评估框架,以某太阳能并网示范工程为例,从电价和CDM机制交易价格不确定性出发,进行了投资决策仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该评估模型能为投资者选择投资点提供参考,提高了决策过程的科学性,还可作为政策制定者量化投资政策的分析工具。     

Performance of low temperature solar rankine power generation system

The overall performance of a solar thermal electrical power generation system is governed by the performance of the energy collection system and the power conversion unit. Any system operating under given meteorological and solar radiation conditions has a unique energy collection temperature for which the electrical output of the system will be a maximum. An engineering analysis of the system was carried out to obtain general correlations which can be used for determining such an optimum temperature. Factual experience on the design and operation of a Rankine system, using flat plate collectors and the climatological data, was used to obtain numerical estimates for the net energy conversion capability of such systems operating in Kuwait.     

Techno-economic evaluation of concentrating solar power generation in India

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) of the recently announced National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) by the Government of India aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes specific goals to (a) create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022; (b) create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability, particularly solar thermal for indigenous production and market leadership; (c) promote programmes for off grid applications, reaching 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000 MW by 2022, (d) achieve 15 million m² solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20 million by 2022, and (e) deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022. The installed capacity of grid interactive solar power projects were 6 MW until October 2009 that is far below from their respective potential.