物理-热工耦合对超临界水堆系统特性的影响分析

物理-热工耦合是超临界水堆系统分析的关键问题之一。以日本超临界水冷热堆Super LWR的堆芯设计为例,借助Dragon编制中子截面数据库,建立双群中子扩散方程计算模块,联系同时建立的热工计算模块,得到超临界水堆的物理-热工耦合计算模型。通过对比稳态与瞬态工况下耦合前、后的热工工况,分析物理-热工耦合条件下的超临界水堆系统热工特性。结果表明：在稳态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致内、外组件堆芯功率峰值沿轴向发生明显偏移,使得部分节点的包壳温度升高,但包壳最高温度降低;在瞬态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致堆芯包壳最高温度的发生位置有所改变。发生给水加热丧失瞬态后,在某一时刻,外部组件的包壳最高温度将转而超过内部组件的包壳最高温度。可见,物理-热工耦合对包壳最高温度的大小和发生位置均可能产生明显影响。计算分析可为超临界水堆瞬态及安全分析提供相应理论参考。     

混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯热工-物理性能分析

针对一种新型的超临界水堆设计方案——混合能谱超临界水堆（SCWR-M）进行分析。混合能谱超临界水堆包括热谱区和快谱区两部分,分别布置在堆芯的外部与内部。它在继承了热谱与快谱超临界堆芯设计优点的同时,有效地克服了两者的不足。对于热谱区,冷却剂与慢化剂同向流动,大幅降低了燃料包壳的表面温度和组件的机械加工难度;对于快谱区,采用多层燃料组件和较大的栅距棒径比p/d,可得到较高的燃料转换比和较小的冷却剂负反应性系数。本工作采用自主开发的基于子通道分析和三维物理计算的耦合程序,对混合能谱超临界水堆的热工性能和中子物理性能（包括燃耗性能）进行研究。初步的耦合分析结果表明了混合能谱超临界水堆设计方案的可行性。     

SCWR堆芯和主要系统方案研究及初步分析

本文提出一种新的超临界水堆（SCWR）技术方案,包括双排棒正方形闭式燃料组件、压力容器式低泄漏堆芯、非能动安全系统、反应堆控制系统、滑压启动方案和蒸汽循环系统等。开展了堆芯物理热工耦合计算分析、子通道热工水力分析、典型事故分析、控制系统分析、系统稳定性分析、启动过程分析。计算结果表明,提出的SCWR方案满足设计准则要求,是一种合理可行的SCWR技术方案。     

超临界六角形双排燃料组件性能分析

利用物理-热工水力耦合计算程序系统(MCATHAS)分析2种六角形双排超临界燃料组件,充分考虑了超临界水冷堆(SCWR)中冷却剂、慢化剂轴向温度、密度的剧烈变化和功率分布的相互影响。计算结果表明,双排六角形组件具有均匀慢化和充分慢化性能,文中提出的D6-1型组件在仅采用一种燃料成分、不添加可燃毒物的情形下,其径向功率峰值因子低于1.10。另外,研究表明,由于组件间隙具有较大热周和较小流通面积,需要在实际工程应用中增加隔热涂层以降低组件外盒壁的导热率。     

基于燃料棒层面核热耦合的超临界水堆堆芯研究

针对超临界水堆堆芯内流体物性分布非均匀性显著、核热反馈强烈的特点,建立了适用于超临界水堆运行环境的、基于燃料棒层面的精细化堆芯中子学/热工水力耦合方法,开发了子通道程序NCEDSCWR、节块扩散计算程序MRAPS、多功能程序COUPLE,结合西屋公司组件能谱计算程序PARAGON,构建了堆芯中子学/热工耦合分析程序系统SCAP。以具有121盒燃料组件的超临界水堆堆芯进行模拟分析,研究了堆芯三维功率分布和流体物性分布的特点以及反应性参数与重要同位素密度等随燃耗的变化规律。结果表明,本文提出的精细化核热耦合方法和开发的程序系统可以应用于超临界水堆堆芯的研究与分析,相关研究结果对超临界水堆堆芯设计具有一定的指导意义。     

超临界水冷堆CSR1000反应性控制方法研究

超临界水冷堆完全依靠可燃毒物及控制棒进行反应性控制,因而可燃毒物布置方案及控制棒管理方案是其堆芯设计的关键。通过燃料组件反应性计算分析,本文选取Er2O3作为与UO2燃料混合的可燃毒物,以及与沸水堆类似的十字形控制棒,然后利用三维堆芯物理热工耦合计算方法,进行控制棒管理方案设计,建立满足总体及安全性设计要求的超临界水冷堆CSR1000平衡循环堆芯,并对堆芯关键设计参数进行评价。     

超临界水冷堆双排燃料组件子通道分析

研究基于Cobra-IV程序,开发了适用于超临界水冷堆燃料组件分析的子通道程序.针对超临界水冷堆慢谱双排组件,进行了稳态计算,获取了相关组件热工水力参数.在此基础上,针对单一通道进行了瞬态计算,分析了燃料棒线功率变化和冷却剂流量变化条件下,超临界水冷堆燃料组件的流动和传热的动态响应,为超临界水冷堆组件的优化设计提供了参考.     

超临界水冷混合堆快谱区组件物理——热工分析

提出了超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件设计方案.应用MCNP程序为该组件建立计算模型,并进行了相应的物理计算;同时运用子通道分析程序STAFAS对多层燃料组件子通道进行了初步的稳态热工分析.计算结果表明:超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件燃料转换比超过1.0,并且获得负的冷却剂空泡反应性系数;燃料包壳表面最高温度约为595℃,低于设计准则规定的上限值,同时组件各子通道出口冷却剂温度均匀性较好.通过对燃料棒径敏感性分析可知,较大棒径组件燃料转换比较大,但也会导致热通道包壳表面温度峰值升高.     

混合能谱超临界水堆快谱组件优化设计

本工作从热工水力和中子物理两方面对混合能谱超临界水堆混合谱堆芯的快谱区多层组件进行优化设计。对于轴向以再生区和裂变区交替布置的快谱组件,分别改变其轴向布置方式、燃料芯块直径、栅径比及外围燃料棒距组件盒最小距离,并分析它们对组件热工和物理性能的影响,从而得到较优的参数范围,尽可能提高混合谱超临界水堆的固有安全性和经济性。     

SCWR-FQT回路的热工物理耦合分析

中欧核能合作研究项目超临界水堆燃料验证实验(SCWR-FQT)的主要研究内容为在超临界水环境下对一个小型燃料组件进行堆内性能分析和验证。本文应用修过后的系统程序ATHLET-SC对该实验回路进行建模,同时结合堆芯中子物理的计算结果,对由于压力管进口管破裂形成的失水事故进行热工水力和中子物理的耦合分析,并讨论了物理耦合中停堆棒的负反应性、冷却剂温度系数等参数对结果的影响。计算结果表明,进行了中子物理耦合的结果得到的最高包壳温度比未进行中子耦合的结果要低15℃,同时停堆棒引入的负反应性是该事故过程中影响燃料棒最高包壳温度的一个主要因素。     

A comparison between a TESQ accelerator and a reactor as a neutron sources for BNCT

In this work, the performance of an accelerator-based neutron source design has been compared with that of a modern fluoride-filtered reactor-based epithermal beam having near-optimal quality for treatment of deep seated tumors in relation to its applicability for BNCT. The accelerator is a Tandem-Electrostatic-Quadrupole (TESQ) accelerator which is a design under development at the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) in Buenos Aires, Argentina based on the ⁷Li(p,n)⁷Be reaction, relatively close to its energy threshold. The reactor is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reactor upgraded with a Fission Converter Beam (MIT-FCB) and improved with an 8 mm thick ⁶Li filter. The comparison has been done by means of data reported on the MIT-FCB + ⁶Li filter performance and MCNP simulations on our TESQ design considering the neutron fluxes provided by the two sources and the doses delivered in a human phantom by both devices. The results show a deeper advantage depth (AD) for the TESQ which turns out to be a promising alternative to a reactor-based BNCT treatment.     

The effect of a changing fuel solution composition on a transient in a fissile solution

This paper presents an extension to a point kinetics model of fissile solution undergoing a transient through the development and addition of correlations which describe neutronics and thermal parameters and physical models. These correlations allow relevant parameters to be modelled as a function of time as the composition of the solution changes over time due to the addition of material and the evaporation of water from the surface of the solution. This allows the simulation of two scenarios. In the first scenario a critical system eventually becomes subcritical through under-moderation as its water content evaporates. In the second scenario an under-moderated system becomes critical as water is added before becoming subcritical as it becomes over-moderated. The models and correlations used in this paper are relatively idealised and are limited to a particular geometry and fissile solution composition. However, the results produced appear physically plausible and demonstrate that simulation of these processes are important to the long term development of transients in fissile solutions and provide a qualitative indication of the types of behaviour that may result in such situations.     

Effectiveness of a system of rod absorbers in a reactor fitted with a reflector

The conditions of criticality and the distributions of the neutron flux for a homogeneous thermal-neutron reactor with a system of absorbing rods are obtained in the two-group approximation. The rods extend through the entire depth of the reactor and are situated around the circumference of the active zone or radial reflector at a uniform distance from one another. The results of the calculation are presented.The author expresses his gratitude to Ya. V. Shevelev for discussing basic questions connected with this work, and also to N. N. Ponomarev-Stepnii and E. S. Glushkov for aid and critical remarks. Numerous and difficult calculations were performed by R. V. Kulev, to whom the author is very grateful.     

Signal Coupling from a Semiconductor Detector to a Cold Resistance Preamplifier Through a Cable or a Delay - Line Transformer

The behavior of a charge-sensitive preamplifier exhibiting a stabilized cold resistance at the input port is analyzed in view of its application as a low-noise termination for a cable or a delay-line transformer. Its use in conjuction with a remote semiconductor detector of large capacitance is discussed. Results obtained with different values of cable length, detector capacitance and shaping time constants are given. It is concluded that such a preamplifier can be successfully employed in several circumstances associated with silicon live targets in high-energy experiments.     

Thermal stresses in a cylindrical shell containing a circular hole or a rigid inclusion

The thermal stress problem of a circular discontinuity in a cylindrical shell has been solved by continuum approach. Two types of discontinuities are considered: (i) a circular hole and (ii) a circular regid inclusion. The effect of a uniform temperature or a linearly varying temperature across the thickness has been studied. The problem is converted into an equivalent boundary value problem and boundary conditions are specified around the discontinuity. The results are presented in a graphical form for ready use.