钛合金铸件精密成形理论与技术研究进展

由于航空、航天用零部件对材料比强度有很高的要求,因此钛合金作为一种高比强合金在航空、航天领域的应用越来越多,而且这类零部件常采用薄壁复杂结构。若采用水冷坩埚方式熔炼钛合金,会导致钛合金熔体流动性差,因此,离心铸造方法已成为钛合金薄壁复杂铸件精密成形的主要方法。介绍了离心场下钛合金铸件精密铸造成形理论及技术的发展过程,在此基础上总结了离心场下钛合金熔体的充型、凝固行为及铸件缺陷形成规律,提出了立式离心铸造技术改进方案,并对未来离心场下成型理论与技术的发展提出了展望。     

基于数值模拟的K418B高温合金精密铸件组织与性能研究

目的 探究高温合金调压铸造的充型凝固过程,研究调压铸造工艺对铸件组织缺陷和力学性能的影响规律,并验证数值模拟对实际生产指导的可靠性。方法 以某精密构件为研究对象,借助ProCAST数值模拟软件模拟了铸件的调压铸造充型凝固过程并对组织缺陷的形成进行了预测。对成形铸件的特征关键部位进行了取样,通过金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对铸态试样的微观组织进行了观察,借助准静态万能拉伸试验机测试了特征试样的室温和高温(750 ℃)拉伸性能,并对断口形貌进行了观察和分析。结果 数值模拟结果表明,金属液充型平稳,凝固过程基本符合自上而下的顺序凝固,铸件缺陷较少,缩孔体积分数仅为0.22%。实验结果表明,铸件的铸态组织为典型的树枝晶组织,晶粒尺寸细小均匀;二次枝晶间距较小,组织致密,缩松缩孔缺陷较少,这与数值模拟的结果吻合较好;铸件的平均抗拉强度超过900 MPa,最大伸长率为15%,该铸件具备较好的综合力学性能。结论 通过数值模拟方法指导铸造生产具有一定的可靠性,同时,通过调压铸造工艺可以生产出具有较好组织和力学性能的高温合金薄壁铸件。     

铝合金汽车转向节精密铸造工艺研究

目的 对某铝合金汽车转向节的精密铸造工艺进行设计与优化研究,以得到合格的铝合金汽车转向节的精密铸造工艺方案。方法 结合铝合金转向节铸件的结构特征、铸件材料特性和铸造经验,在转向节铸件主体部和鹅颈部各开设一个内浇口,设计了铝合金转向节初始浇注方案;通过在初始工艺方案中铸件缺陷较严重的区域设置补缩冒口、在铸件顶部增设排气道等措施给出了铝合金汽车转向节的优化浇注方案,基于ProCAST软件建立了铝合金转向节精密铸造2种浇注方案的有限元模型,对铝合金转向节精密铸造的充型过程、凝固过程及缩孔缩松特性进行了数值模拟与分析。结果 铝合金转向节铸件初始浇注方案的充型过程相对稳定流畅,铸件在凝固过程中有孤立液相区的形成,完全凝固后铸件中间部位存在大面积缩松缩孔缺陷;优化浇注方案能够控制金属液的流动、充型顺序及凝固特性,铸件的整个凝固过程基本呈中间对称分布,最后凝固区域位于补缩冒口内部,最大缩孔缩松率控制在2%以下。结论 优化浇注方案的设计合理且有效,能够有效地消除铝合金转向节铸件的缺陷。     

ProCAST软件在熔模铸造工艺优化中的应用

为解决企业生产中某精铸件存在的缺陷问题,利用数值模拟软件ProCAST对其充型过程和凝固过程进行模拟,并预测缩孔和缩松的存在情况.根据数值模拟的结果对该铸件工艺方案进行相应的改进,显著降低了缩孔和缩松缺陷,并提高了产品的合格率.应用表明:铸造模拟软件能够准确地预测充型凝固过程中可能产生的缺陷,从而辅助工艺人员进行工艺优化.     

铝(镁)合金消失模铸造近净成形技术研究进展

阐述了铝(镁)合金消失模铸造技术的研究现状,着重介绍了铝(镁)合金消失模铸造在金属液充型、振动凝固、压力凝固以及消失模壳型铸造等技术方面的最新研究进展。研究表明,铝(镁)合金在消失模铸造过程中,需重点解决针孔、缩松等缺陷,提高液态合金的充型能力和铸件的力学性能;通过采用振动凝固和压力凝固的手段,可以提高金属液充型能力、细化组织、提高组织致密性,明显提高铸件力学性能。真空低压消失模壳型铸造技术,可以解决普通消失模铸造易于出现的孔洞和夹杂等缺陷以及浇不足和浇注温度高等问题,是一种生产复杂薄壁高质量铝、镁合金精密铸件的新方法。     

上倾倒框铸铝件铸造工艺设计及模拟优化

目的 消除ZL114A铝合金上倾倒框铸件的铸造缺陷,获得优质铸件,对该铸件的铸造工艺进行优化设计。方法 使用Unigraphics NX软件进行三维建模,利用ADSTEFAN软件对铸造过程进行模拟。对模拟的充型过程、凝固过程及相关缺陷进行分析。结果 将铸件倒放不利于实现铸件顺序凝固,4个顶冒口的补缩效果不理想,故调整了浇注系统的位置及比例、冒口的位置及大小。最终选取了正放底注式的浇注系统,双侧冒口与单个顶冒口的补缩系统,可获得理想的充型及凝固顺序,有望基本消除铸造缺陷。结论 所采用的计算机模拟方法可以为铸造工艺设计及优化提供指导,为尽可能减少铸造缺陷,保证铸件质量和工艺性奠定了良好的技术基础。     

TiAl合金精密铸造计算机数值模拟的研究现状与展望

TiAl合金具有低密度、高比强度,以及良好的抗蠕变、抗氧化性等性能,精密铸造工艺可以较好地实现TiAl合金零件尤其是复杂结构零件的成型。利用计算机数值模拟手段优化精密铸造工艺,可提高铸件品质,降低成本及缩短产品试制周期。对TiAl铸件的充型和凝固过程以及其应力和微观组织的计算机数值模拟的研究现状进行了综述和展望。     

某种钛合金精密成形铸件铸造变形的数值模拟

目的 基于ProCAST,建立钛合金铸件铸造变形的模拟预测方法。方法 以某板状钛合金铸件为例,模拟了充型凝固、型壳内冷却和脱壳后冷却3个过程,并分别对各过程进行了相应假设和参数设置。为验证模拟结果,根据模拟模型设计了浇注验证实验。结果 铸件中间部位向外侧凸起,加强筋部位向内侧凹陷,和实验结果基本一致,变形量预测吻合度在60%~72%之间。结论 通过合理设置模拟流程和材料参数模型,数值模拟可以预测钛合金铸件的变形规律,并为变形量预测提供重要参考。     

铝合金壳体件压铸工艺的数值模拟

基于UG平台设计了铝合金壳体压铸件的浇注系统和排溢系统,并运用铸造模拟软件Anycasting进行了数值模拟。通过分析铸件的充型及凝固过程,判断设计的合理性。模拟结果表明,在压射速度为2m/s,浇注温度为670℃,模具预热温度为180℃的条件下,铸件充型平稳,无明显缺陷。     

低压铸造技术:发展历程、研究现状和未来趋势

低压铸造成型技术是现代大型薄壁复杂构件整体精密制造的重要研究方向之一。介绍了低压铸造技术的发展历程,概述了目前低压铸造技术的研究进展,重点对低压铸造充型过程和铸件合金材料的研究现状进行了综述和分析,探讨了充型过程和铸件合金材料研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后需要重点研究的方向。     

Study on Numerical Simulation of Mold Filling and Solidification Processes under Pressure Conditions

The mold filling and solidification simulation for the high pressure die casting (HPDC) and low pressure die casting (LPDC) processes were studied.A mathematical model considering the turbulent flow and heat transfer phenomenon during the HPDC process has been established and paralled computation technique was used for the mold filling simulation of the process.The laminar flow characteristics of the LPDC process were studied and a simplified model for the mold filling process of wheel castings has been developed.For the solidification simulation under pressure conditions,the cyclic characteristics and the complicated boundary conditions were considered and techniques to improve the computational efficiency are discussed.A new criterion for predicting shrinkage porosity of Al alloy under low pressure condition has been developed in the solidification simulation process.     

Computer model of unidirectional solidification of single crystals of high temperature alloys

Abstract

I t has been common practice to use mould withdrawal unidirectional solidification to produce single crystal castings. To grow single crystals successfully, it is important to control several solidification parameters, such as the morphology of the solidification front (solid/liquid interface), thermal gradient, and growth rate during solidification. It is the aim of this study to develop a solidification model that can predict such solidification parameters for various design and operating conditions. The solidification phenomena in the process modelled are basically controlled by two heat transfer mechanisms: conduction and radiation. A set of heat transfer equations and boundary conditions were employed to describe mathematically the heat transfer phenomena. Then the finite difference method was used numerically to solve these equations for specified boundary conditions to obtain the temperature distribution and temperature variation in the casting. The solidification parameters can subsequently be deduced from these temperature data. Several thin plate castings were tested using the model developed. The following design and operating conditions were evaluated: susceptor temperature (power input), withdrawal speed, changes of cross-sectional area in the casting, and geometrical arrangement of the casting tree.

MST/1422     

ZG20SiMn铸钢摇臂壳体铸造过程数值仿真及工艺优化

摇臂壳体是采煤机的重要组成部件,具有多级壁厚、变截面等异形特征。为提高采煤机摇臂壳体铸造质量,解决因铸造工艺不成熟导致的缩松、缩孔等缺陷问题。以MG325型采煤机摇臂壳体为研究对象,设计顶注式和底注式两种铸造工艺方案,采用ProCAST软件探究不同浇注工艺方案下摇臂壳体铸件充型及凝固过程,分析铸件温度场、凝固场及缩松、缩孔铸造缺陷位置。基于Niyama判据和应力场分布对底注式铸造工艺方案进行优化。结果表明:优化后摇臂壳体铸件在凝固冷却过程中保持温度梯度递增,促进铸件实现顺序凝固,铸件缺陷率明显降低且充型效果更佳,缩孔体积仅占摇臂壳体体积的0.004 9%,电机孔薄壁端面应力优化量为38.47%,输出端孔处应力优化量达到91.08%。本文研究成果为采煤机摇臂壳体的铸造工艺提供了理论基础和数据支撑。     

Turbulent Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Calculation in Mold Filling and Solidification Processes of Castings

Based on the time-averaging equations and a modified engineering turbulence model, the mold filling and solidification processes of castings are approximately described. The algorithm for the control equations is briefly introduced, and some problems and improvement methods for the traditional method are also presented. Both calculation and tests proved that. comparing with the laminar fluid flow and heat transfer, the simulation results by using the turbulence model are closer to the real mold filling and solidification processes of castings.     

Modelling of Mould Filling and Solidification of Castings

An experimental casting for validation has been designed. The casting is composed of two 50×600×2.5 (width×length×thick) thin-wall pieces. One downsprue is located in the middle. A pouring cup with a stopper is used. This design allows to using two different types of moulds simultaneously. An Al-10%Si alloy has been poured at different temperatures. Two effects have been studied: one is the pouring temperature and the other is the moulding method (namely by machine or manually). The filling length is proportional to the pouring temperature. The influence of different moulding methods on mould filling is more complicated. The filling length in the manual-made mould is 1.5 times as long as the one in the machine-made mould due to the different thermal conductivities. Vents have little influence. A finite volume based computer code which can simulate fluid flow during mould filling coupled with heat transfer as well as solidification has been developed in WTCM Foundry Center.. The code can predict cold shut during mould filling and shrinkage defects during solidification. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.In the second part of the paper, an example is given which illustrates how to use computer simulation to aid designing the casting system. The final computational result is compared with the industrial casting. The process of designing castings by using simulation is completely different from the traditional way. The computer aided casting design offers the possibility to obtain a sound casting from the first time.     

Numerical Simulation of Solidification Process on Single Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy Investment Castings

Bridgman directional solidification of investment castings is a key technology for the production of reliable and highly efficient gas turbine blades. In this paper, a mathematical model for three-dimensional （3D） simulation of solidification process of single crystal investment castings was developed based on basic heat transfer equations. Complex heat radiation among the multiple blade castings and the furnace wall was considered in the model. Temperature distribution and temperature gradient in superalloy investment castings of single blade and multiple ones were investigated, respectively. The calculated cooling curves were compared with the experimental results and agreed well with the latter. It is indicated that the unsymmetrical temperature distribution and curved liquid-solid interface caused by the circle distribution of multiple turbine blades are probably main reasons why the stray grain and other casting defects occur in the turbine blade.     

Solidification in castings by finite element method

Abstract

A self-contained CAD (computer aided design) system capable of analyzing foundry casting processes in sand and gravity dies is being developed at the University College of Swansea. The work involves preprocessing, postprocessing, and a finite element code with some novel numerical techniques. The solidification of castings is a heat transfer problem involving phase change, which may occur in a narrow range of temperatures. To simulate the phenomena accurately, very fine meshes must be used and the solution of such a system becomes very expensive. In the Swansea system, an adaptive remeshing technique is introduced, which tracks the moving front of the phase change zone. At every time step, a scan is made to determine the points at which phase change is occurring, so that the remeshing may be done to produce a refined mesh at such points. The computing process is then continued. Examples have illustrated that the method is efficient and accurate. In addition, an interfacial heat transfer model is introduced to improve the simulation of the casting process. Advective heat transfer in the liquid is also modelled.

MST/1041     

Determination and verification of the gap dependent heat transfer coefficient during permanent mold casting of A356 aluminum alloy

In complex castings, the heat transfer across the casting / mold interface depends on the local gap size and contact pressure. Thus, an experimental setup is constructed to measure and evaluate the air‐gap dependent heat transfer coefficient during solidification of an A356 permanent mold casting. In order to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient, the temperature gradient and air gap development is measured at the casting / mold interface. This allows the interface temperatures and the time‐dependent heat flux across the gap to be calculated as a function of the measured gap size. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient and gap size are correlated to the interface temperature of the casting. The experimental setup and the evaluation procedure provide consistent and reproducible results. The heat transfer coefficient thus evaluated is employed to simulate the experimental setup. The temperatures measured are well reproduced. The results of the present work are compared to simulations using two heat transfer coefficient functions found in literature. This comparison shows a substantial improvement over the state of the art. This improvement is due to the exact knowledge of gap formation and the corresponding values of the heat transfer coefficient.