自转向酸稠化剂两性双子表面活性剂的合成及酸岩反应动力学研究

以乙二胺、溴代十四烷、氯乙酸钠和碘甲烷为原料,经烷基取代、羧基取代、季铵化三步反应合成了十四烷基羧基甜菜碱型双子表面活性剂SCB-14。烷基取代反应条件为:n(乙二胺):n(溴代十四烷)=1∶2,温度70℃,时间6 h,产率83%;羧基取代反应条件为:n(二元仲胺)∶n(氯乙酸钠)=1∶3.8,温度90℃,时间10 h,产率80%;季铵化反应条件为:n(二元叔胺)∶n(碘甲烷)=1∶8,温度35℃,时间8 h,产率73%。SCB-14的水溶液在25℃测得CMC为3.28×10-5mol/L,表面张力为29.46 m N/m。在温度80℃,剪切速率170 s-1,盐酸质量分数5%,SCB-14加量5%的条件下,SCB-14的残酸黏度达162 m Pa·s。利用旋转岩盘测定,SCB-14酸液体系和盐酸体系的酸岩反应动力学参数,证实SCB-14酸液体系具有增黏性能,降低了酸岩反应速率,有利于增长酸蚀作用距离。     

由茶皂素改性得到的季铵盐TSQA性能研究

以茶皂素为原料,与N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺反应,合成叔胺。再经3-氯-1,2-丙二醇季铵化,制备茶皂素季铵盐（TSQA）。在酰胺化反应中,n（茶皂素）∶n（N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺）=1∶2.5,在130℃反应10 h,转化率80.9%。在季铵化反应中,n（叔胺）∶n（3-氯-1,2-丙二醇）=1∶2～2.5,在80～90℃,反应5～7 h,转化率96.4%。测定了TSQA的表面张力及泡沫、润湿、乳化性能,其中,TSQA的CMC为0.311 9 g/L,γCMC为41.43 mN/m;同时测定了TSQA对大肠杆菌、酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用,其抑菌性能均优于茶皂素。     

烷基糖苷季铵盐的合成与表征

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基-N-十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC);对非离子烷基糖苷(APG)进行季铵化改性生成烷基糖苷季铵盐(APGQAS);通过正交实验确定了最佳合成工艺为:以异丙醇为溶剂,n(APG)∶n(CHPDDAC)=1.1∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为7 h.通过红外光谱、元素分析及核磁共振波谱确定其化学结构,测定产物的临界胶束浓度CMC为3.16×10-4mol/L,γCMC为21.51 mN/m,Krafft点为-3.57℃.     

自转向酸稠化剂两性双子表面活性剂的合成及酸岩反应动力学研究

以乙二胺、溴代十四烷、氯乙酸钠和碘甲烷为原料,经烷基取代、羧基取代、季铵化三步反应合成了十四烷基羧基甜菜碱型双子表面活性剂SCB-14。烷基取代反应条件为:n(乙二胺):n(溴代十四烷)=1∶2,温度70℃,时间6 h,产率83%;羧基取代反应条件为:n(二元仲胺)∶n(氯乙酸钠)=1∶3.8,温度90℃,时间10 h,产率80%;季铵化反应条件为:n(二元叔胺)∶n(碘甲烷)=1∶8,温度35℃,时间8 h,产率73%。SCB-14的水溶液在25℃测得CMC为3.28×10-5mol/L,表面张力为29.46 m N/m。在温度80℃,剪切速率170 s-1,盐酸质量分数5%,SCB-14加量5%的条件下,SCB-14的残酸黏度达162 m Pa·s。利用旋转岩盘测定,SCB-14酸液体系和盐酸体系的酸岩反应动力学参数,证实SCB-14酸液体系具有增黏性能,降低了酸岩反应速率,有利于增长酸蚀作用距离。     

酯基有机硅季铵盐柔软整理剂的合成与表征

以硬脂酸和N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)为原料进行酯化反应得到中间体硬脂酸甲基二乙醇胺酯,再与γ-氯丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷季铵化反应制备二烷基酯基甲基二甲氧基硅烷季铵盐。通过单因素和正交实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应物摩尔比及催化剂用量等对酯化反应的影响。酯化反应优化工艺条件:反应温度为180℃,反应时间为8 h,反应物摩尔比n(硬脂酸)∶n(MDEA)=1.6∶1.0,次磷酸催化剂质量分数为0.9%,转化率达98%;二甲基亚砜作为季铵化反应的溶剂。通过溴酚蓝显色反应以及红外光谱、1HNMR、ESI-MS分析中间体和产物的结构。测定了目标产物在298 K下的表面活性以及柔软性能,临界胶束质量浓度CMC为0.197 g/L,γCMC为24.25 mN/m,柔软性能优于同类市售产品。     

一种非对称双尾阳离子表面活性剂的合成及表面活性研究

以N,N-二甲基丙二胺、1-溴-十四烷、辛酸等为原料,通过酰化和季铵化反应合成了3个非对称双尾阳离子表面活性剂,用IR和1HNMR表征了中间体和目标产物。酰胺化反应的最佳条件为:投料比n(正辛酸)∶n(N,N-二甲基丙二胺)=1∶1.1,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为10 h。目标产物的最低表面张力(γCMC)均在20～30mN/m,临界胶束浓度(CMC)均在10-5～10-6 mol/L,γCMC和CMC均远低于结构类似单尾表面活性剂的γCMC和CMC。双尾阳离子表面活性剂的泡沫半衰期(T1/2)为22～31 min,泡沫稳定性强于单尾表面活性剂。     

芥酸酰胺丙基羟基磺基甜菜碱的合成及性能研究

以芥酸和N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺为原料经缩合反应生成芥酸酰胺丙基二甲基胺,再与亚硫酸氢钠和环氧氯丙烷反应生成的3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠进行季铵化反应,合成出芥酸酰胺丙基羟基磺基甜菜碱。研究了合成的优化工艺条件,用红外光谱法对产品进行表征,并对其性能进行了评价。结果表明,缩合反应的优化工艺条件为:n(芥酸)∶n(N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺)=1∶1.1,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为10 h,催化剂用量为1.5%,此条件下产率为82.7%;季铵化反应的优化工艺条件为:n(芥酸酰胺丙基二甲基胺)∶n(3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠)=1∶1.1,反应温度为85℃,反应时间为8 h,此条件下产率为88.1%。产物溶液的cmc为1.78×10-5mol·L-1,30℃时γcmc为40.1 mN·m-1,60℃时γcmc为30.6 mN·m-1;对Ca2+的容忍度达8 g·L-1;质量分数为2%时溶液表观黏度可达204 mPa·s。     

石油环烷酸单乙醇酰胺双酯磺酸钠的合成

以石油环烷酸为主要原料合成出石油环烷酸双酯磺酸钠的新型双子表面活性剂。通过正交实验确定了酯化的优化反应条件为:n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)∶n(石油环烷酸单乙醇胺)=1∶2.10,催化剂的加入量占总质量的百分数为:w(硼酸)=1.5%,在100℃条件下反应5 h。通过红外光谱和表面张力对产物进行了结构表征和性能测定,γCMC=39.8 mN/m,CMC=0.057 mmol/L。     

新型酯基咪唑类表面活性剂的合成与性能

以月桂酸、二溴新戊二醇和N-甲基咪唑为主要原料,经酯化、季铵化反应合成了一种新型双酯双咪唑类表面活性剂二溴-1,3-双(3-甲基咪唑)-2,2-双(十二酸酯甲基)-丙烷(EminC12)。实验得到酯化反应条件:n(月桂酸)∶n(二溴新戊二醇)=2.2∶1,反应温度为115℃,反应时间7 h,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,得到中间体1,3-二溴-2,2-双(十二酸酯甲基)-丙烷(DEC12),产率为87%;季铵化反应条件:反应温度150℃,反应时间5 h,目标产物产率可达80%;产物结构通过元素分析、IR、1HNMR得到证实。25℃时其水溶液的临界胶束浓度为0.3 mmol/L,表面张力为39 mN/m,具有较好的起泡性和稳泡性。     

含全氟壬烯基的阳离子氟表面活性剂的合成

以p-全氟壬烯氧基苯甲酸为原料,经酰氯化、酰胺化和季铵化三步反应,制备了N-[3-(p-全氟壬烯氧基苯甲酰氨基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基碘化铵(Ⅰ),用IR、1HNMR、19FNMR对其结构进行了表征,并测试了其水溶液的表面张力。p-C9F17OC6H4COOH(Ⅱ)与过量SOCl2在40℃反应3 h后,与N,N-二甲基丙二胺反应,n(Ⅱ)∶n(N,N-二甲基丙二胺)=1∶2,乙腈作溶剂,70℃反应1 h,N-[3-(p-全氟壬烯氧基苯甲酰氨基)丙基]-N,N-二甲基胺(Ⅲ)收率89.3%。Ⅰ的较佳合成工艺条件为:n(Ⅲ)∶n(碘甲烷)=1∶1.2,乙腈作溶剂,回流1.5 h,收率88.3%。Ⅰ的水溶液CMC为9.67×10-4mol/L,γ为20.4 mN/m。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.