Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Turbulence Measurements by Cross Correlation

A novel method for the measurement of very low turbulence intensities in fluids, based on a dual heat-transfer transducer and a cross correlator, is described. The minimum measurable turbulence intensity is shown to vary with the square root of the minimum detectable cross-correlation coefficient ?. The effects of finite additive noise correlation and finite lateral separation between the transducer halves are studied. Details are given of an instrument measuring the normalized cross-correlation coefficient between two time-dependent signals in the frequency range 2 Hz-300 kHz with an accuracy of ±0.05? ±0.01. The described correlator is particularly suitable for measurements of quasi-stationary processes. A variation of 10 percent in the level of either input signal results in a correlation error of less than 0.6 percent.     

Calibration method of the specific characteristic of an electronic system of a rotating-analyzer ellipsometer

In photometric ellipsometry the optical signal is transformed into an electrical signal by a photodetector, and it passes an electronic system to reduce the noise and to amplify the signal. But inherently it will induce a phase shift and an amplitude attenuation of the output signal. Such a specific characteristic of an electronic system depends on the angular frequency of the signal and gives systematic errors to the results of the measurement of rotating-analyzer ellipsometry. We propose a modified method of measurement that enables us to calibrate the electronic system in the ellipsometric measurement configuration.     

一种水声声速的时频测量综合算法研究

针对飞行时间测量法中信号起振点难以检测而导致的测量误差问题,提出了一种基于时频的综合测量算法,以获得高精度超声波声速。首先运用信号时域互相关法,测量声波飞行的整周期时间;再利用信号频域信息中相位差,获得超声传播群延时信息;最终通过时域与频域综合信息获得高精度的飞行时间测量,从而提高声速的测量精度。声速测量平台采用“FPGA+微处理器”架构,对提出的方法进行验证,实测数据结果表明该声速时频测量算法有效,并具有较好的实用价值。     

Ultrasonic determination of the particle concentration in model suspensions and ice slurry

The development of ice slurry for refrigeration systems and the enhancement of its efficiency depend on an accurate control of the ice concentration. We present here an ultrasonic method capable to measure precisely the particle concentration in ice slurry. To calibrate the ultrasonic measurement, we first determine the sound velocity and attenuation in two model suspensions (glass beads/polyethylene glycol and polyethylene beads/vaseline oil) for different particle volume fractions. The experimental results show a good agreement with the predictions of the two-component models in the long-wavelength limit. Additionally, the sound attenuation reveals a clear signature of the aggregate formation in the nearly iso-dense suspension. We next conduct the measurement of the sound velocity in the polypropylene glycol ice slurry where the ice concentration changes with temperature. The ice concentrations extracted from our sound velocity measurements are well consistent with the values determined from the binary phase diagram.     

VHF/UHF range bioultrasonic spectroscopy system and method

A new system and method for characterizing biological tissues in vitro and liquids in the VHF and UHF ranges is described. Bulk acoustic properties such as the sound velocity, attenuation, acoustic impedance, and density are determined in reflection and transmission modes, with the biological tissue/liquid specimen sandwiched between the parallel surfaces of synthetic silica glass buffer rods having ZnO piezoelectric film transducers on their opposite ends. The method is an ultrasonic transmission line comparison method wherein the reference medium is distilled water, for which all acoustic properties are known. Measurement errors due to diffraction losses in the acoustic media and to mode conversion at the buffer/sample interfaces are corrected. Special techniques for achieving precise parallelism between the two rod surfaces, for movement to adjust the gap distance, and for signal processing are employed in order to obtain high measurement accuracy. Attenuation and reflection coefficients are determined using the gated pulse echo method. The sound velocity is determined with the gated pulse interference method by sweeping the ultrasonic frequency, or by changing the gap distance. Results of measurements on castor oil, cottonseed oil, silicone oil, and bovine liver, in the frequency range from 10 to 500 MHz, are presented and compared with results of earlier reports     

一种中频双级电子式电流互感器误差特性的研究

研究了一种基于低功率铁心线圈的中频双级电子式电流互感器.通过对中频双级电子式电流互感器等效电路的分析,得到了电流误差和相位误差的表达式.为验证双级电子式电流互感器的中频传感性能,构建了基于差值法的中频双级电子式电流互感器校验系统,该系统采用32位DSP浮点芯片TMS320F28335进行数据采集控制和运算处理.实验结果表明,该双级电子式电流互感器在50～1 000Hz频率范围内的误差准确度可达0.05级.     

Ultrasonic measurements as a probe of3He/4He phase separation in aerogels

We have used ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements to study the phase separation of³He/⁴He mixtures confined in a silica aerogel with a porosity of 87%. We used both shear and longitudinal sound and varied the frequency between 4 and 20 MHz. The superfluid transition is accompanied by a velocity increase due to decoupling and by a critical attenuation peak which increases with frequency. At the phase separation there are changes in the velocity and attenuation, and hysteresis on thermal cycling. We show some recent results and discuss how they relate to the phase diagram inferred from torsional oscillator and heat capacity measurements on helium mixtures in aerogels.     

Improved ultrasonic spectroscopy methods for characterization of dispersive materials

Transmission ultrasonic spectroscopy method has been successfully implemented for the characterization of piezoceramics at high frequencies. There are, however, still some intrinsic error sources that limit the accuracy of the method. In this paper, two improved ultrasonic spectroscopy methods are presented, which can reduce the number of pre-required parameters and reduce another error source. The two improved methods were used to measure the frequency dispersion of phase velocity and attenuation of doped piezoceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A); results were compared with those obtained from the conventional method. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed     

Sound velocity and sound attenuation measurements by dynamic light scattering

Dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy) has been applied to the determination of sound velocity and sound attenuation from the Brillouin component of the frequency spectrum scattered from a fluid sample transversed by a laser beam. In this paper the time-resolved determination of the Brillouin component is described. The measurement of the linewidth allows an accurate determination of the sound attenuation, while the central frequency is connected to the adiabatic sound velocity. Sound attenuation and sound velocity measurements are presented for the new refrigerant pentafluorethane (R125). The accuracy and possible systematic errors of this technique are discussed and compared to those obtained from other spectroscopic and acoustic techniques.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado. U.S.A.     

超声波测振信号的能量算子解调方法

连续超声波束遇到振动物体表面会产生多普勒效应,反射超声波信号是受振动信号调制的非线性调相信号。对反射波信号求导获得调幅调频信号,再采用能量算子对称差分法,求取该调幅调频信号的瞬时幅值及瞬时频率。鉴于超声波反射回波信号存在幅值衰减现象,而超声波频率不易受外界干扰,故通过调幅调频信号的瞬时频率提取被测物体的振动速度,并由振动速度求导得到振动加速度。同时,从幅值及频率两个方面探讨振动测量范围。仿真及实验结果表明:基于能量算子的超声波测振信号解调方法能有效地提取振动信号,与传统的相位解调方法相比,具有更大的测量范围。     

Evaluation of the spectral fit algorithm as functions of frequency range and deltakaeff.

Considerable effort has been directed at quantifying the properties of the tissue microstructure (i.e., scatterer correlation length) to diagnose disease and monitor treatment. In vivo assessments have had limited success due to frequency-dependent attenuation along the propagation path (i.e., total attenuation) masking the frequency dependence of the scattering from the tissue microstructure. Previously, both total attenuation and scatterer correlation length, given by the effective radius, were solved simultaneously by a two-parameter minimization of the mean squared error between a reference spectrum, modified by the attenuation and scatterer effective radius, and the backscattered waveforms using an algorithm termed the spectral fit algorithm. Herein, the impact of frequency range (largest frequency minus smallest frequency) and deltakaeff (largest kaeff value minus smallest kaeff value; k is wave number and aeff is scatterer effective radius) used by the spectral fit algorithm on estimating the scatterer effective radius, and total attenuation was assessed by computer simulations while excluding frequencies of the backscattered power spectrum dominated by electronic noise. The simulations varied the effective radius of the scatterers (5 microm to 150 microm), the attenuation of the region (0 to 1 dB/cm-MHz), the bandwidth of the source, and the amount of electronic noise added to the radio frequency (rf) waveforms. The center frequency of the source was maintained at 8 MHz. Comparable accuracy and precision of the scatterer effective radius were obtained for all the simulations whenever the same deltakaeff was used to obtain the estimates. A deltakaeff of 1 gave an accuracy and precision of approximately 15% +/- 35%, and a width of 1.5 gave an accuracy and precision of approximately 5% +/- 15% consistently for all of the simulations. Similarly, the accuracy and precision of the total attenuation estimate were improved by increasing the frequency range used by the spectral fit algorithm.     

Development of the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization system

A line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization (LFB-UMC) system has been developed to evaluate large diameter crystals and wafers currently used in electronic devices. The system enables highly accurate detection of slight changes in the physical and chemical properties in and among specimens. Material characterization proceeds by measuring the propagation characteristics, viz., phase velocity and attenuation, of Rayleigh-type leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) excited on the water-loaded specimen surface. The measurement accuracy depends mainly upon the translation accuracy of the mechanical stages used in the system and the stability of the temperature environment. New precision mechanical translation stages have been developed, and the mechanical system, including the ultrasonic device and the specimen, has been installed in a temperature-controlled chamber to reduce thermal convection and conduction at the specimen. A method for precisely measuring temperature and longitudinal velocity in the water couplant has been developed, and a measurement procedure for precisely measuring the LSAW velocities has been completed, achieving greater relative accuracy to better than ±0.002% at any single chosen point and ±0.004% for two-dimensional measurements over a scanning area of a 200-mm diameter silicon single-crystal substrate. The system was developed to address various problems arising in science and industry associated with the development of materials and device fabrication processes     

Experimental study of construction mechanism of V(z) curves obtained by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy

The propagation characteristics, viz., phase velocity and attenuation, of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs), excited on the water/sample boundary are obtained through analyzing the V(z) curves measured by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy. However, different values of these characteristics are obtained, depending upon different ultrasonic devices and operating frequencies employed. The construction mechanism of V(z) curves was investigated experimentally by measuring the amplitude and phase for Teflon to provide an understanding of the device performance for velocity measurements. A V(z) curve measured for Teflon, on which no leaky waves are excited when water is the coupling medium, can be used for the characteristic device response, depending only upon the device parameters and the operating frequencies. From the investigation of the ultrasonic device and the frequency dependences of the characteristic device responses, the phase gradient was found to be directly related to values of measured LSAW velocities. From this result, apparent frequency dependences in LSAW velocity measurements are explained quantitatively for a specimen of gadolinium gallium garnet.     

基于双声道的低压超声气体流量计数据融合方法

针对双声道的超声流量测量计测量低压中小管径流量时,超声波信号在低压气体中衰减大、信噪比低,导致某一声道的测量数据产生较大误差或错误,从而降低超声气体流量计测量的准确性和稳定性的问题,提出了一种时差法的双声道超声流量计数据融合方法。该方法首先对单一声道的时差数据进行粗大误差剔除和流量计算后,然后对数据进行预估处理获得流量状态,最后采用改进的卡尔曼融合方法计算管道内的平均流量,从而实现双声道气体超声流量计的数据融合和故障的判断。实验证明该方法的测量相对误差和重复性分别为-0.58%和0.21%。     

Measurement of acoustic reflection coefficients by an ultrasonicmicrospectrometer

An ultrasonic microspectrometer (UMSM) was developed in order to evaluate the elastic properties of a solid specimen at a small spot on its surface. In this system, spherical-planar-pair (SPP) lenses were used, by which the acoustic reflection coefficient of a liquid/solid interface was measured as a function of the incident angle in the frequency range from 20 to 140 MHz. Using a specimen of fused quartz whose material constants were well known, the measurement accuracy was examined. The phase velocity of a leaky Rayleigh wave was obtained from the phase change of the reflection coefficient with 0.4% accuracy in this frequency range. For a specimen of steel with a large acoustic attenuation, bulk attenuation factors and their frequency dependence were successfully estimated by computer-fitting of the reflection coefficient. As an example of anisotropic materials, the reflection coefficient of X-cut quartz was also measured. Measured phase of the reflection coefficient was in good agreement with numerical calculation     

Broadband Laser-Ultrasonic Spectroscopy for Quantitative Characterization of Porosity Effect on Acoustic Attenuation and Phase Velocity in CFRP Laminates

This work aims at applying the method of broadband laser-ultrasonic spectroscopy for quantitative evaluation of the effect of isolated dispersed voids and additional extended interply delaminations on the acoustic attenuation and on the phase velocity in CFRP laminates. This method is based on the laser thermoelastic generation of broadband reference pulses of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in the specially designed source of ultrasound. The high-sensitivity piezoelectric transducer is used to detect these pulses propagating normal to the fiber plies in composite specimens. The laminate specimens investigated have different total porosity levels up to 10.5 % determined by the X-ray computer tomography. The resonance peak of the attenuation coefficient and the corresponding jump of the phase velocity are observed governed by the periodic layered structure of the specimens. The absolute maximum and the frequency bandwidth of the resonance attenuation peak depend on the total porosity level formed by the predominant type of imperfections, either of isolated spheroidal voids entrapped in epoxy layers or of extended interply delaminations. With an increase of the specimen’s total porosity dispersion of the phase velocity becomes noticeable in the low-frequency band before the resonance jump. The derived empirical relations between the total porosity level and the parameters of the frequency dependencies of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and of the phase velocity can be used for rapid quantitative characterization of the structure of CFRP laminates subject to different fabrication conditions.     

基于小波变换的高精度测距系统设计及DSP实现

目的为了解决传统物流行业机器人避障系统中存在的测距精度低、抗干扰性差等问题。方法提出一种基于DSP的温补与小波阈值滤噪的高精度超声测距系统,包括DSP最小系统、超声波传感器、LCD显示模块、温度补偿电路和报警电路等。超声波测距系统通过实时采集环境温度来修正声速值,采用小波阈值变换算法对回波信号进行处理,以提升回波信号的信噪比和起始点锐度。结果应用CCS4.2软件与DSP芯片进行调试、实验,实验表明在距离0～1200 mm内,系统的测量误差为±4 mm。结论采用小波阈值变换算法和温补电路,提高了传统物流机器人避障系统的测距精度。     

Convergence criteria for scattering models of ultrasonic wave propagation in suspensions of particles

Scattering models used to simulate the attenuation and phase velocity of an ultrasonic wave propagating through a suspension of particles involve the summation of an infinite series of partial waves. The accuracy of computation is influenced by the number of terms included in the harmonic series, and the number of terms required depends upon the scatterer size compared with wavelength. It is shown that the errors in modelled attenuation and phase velocity resulting from premature truncation can be significant when modelling higher values of particle diameter-frequency product. A useful and simple heuristic is presented, in which the number of terms in the summation of the infinite series needed for satisfactory convergence to a final value is a function of the particle diameter-frequency product and of the compressive wave velocity in the continuous phase     

Scattering effects at near-wall flow measurements using Doppler global velocimetry

Doppler global velocimetry (DGV) is considered to be a useful optical measurement tool for acquiring flow velocity fields. Often near-wall measurements are required, which is still challenging due to errors resulting from background scattering and multiple-particle scattering. Since the magnitudes of both errors are unknown so far, they are investigated by scattering simulations and experiments. Multiple-particle scattering mainly causes a stochastic error, which can be reduced by averaging. Contrary to this, background scattering results in a relative systematic error, which is directly proportional to the ratio of the background scattered light power to the total scattered light power. After applying a correction method and optimizing the measurement arrangement, a subsonic flat plate boundary layer was successfully measured achieving a minimum wall distance of 100 μm with a maximum relative error of 6%. The investigations reveal the current capabilities and perspectives of DGV for near-wall measurements.     

烟气超声流量计时间测量准确度校准方法研究

大口径气体超声波流量计广泛应用于烟道排放监测和工业控制等领域。超声波流量计的传播时间测量准确度校准是非实流校准的重要环节,通过建立超声波流量计时间测量准确度校准装置,实现对大口径气体超声流量计传播时间的非实流校准。该文首先提出3种不同的超声流量计传播时间校准方法,分析不同方法的影响因素,其次通过改变探头间距离,对不同探头间距时超声波流量计传播时间的测量误差进行校准。试验结果表明:超声波流量计传播时间的测量误差随距离变化,并确定利用标准声速对超声波流量计传播时间进行修正的方法更为准确,测量结果不确定度为0.2%。