浅议粗梳毛纺加工要细作

粗梳毛纺加工系统在整个毛纺工业中占有十分重要的位置，粗纺厂应该以粗、次原料为主，适当考虑使用化纤，生产加工各种优质的粗纺织物。而在实际生产中，有的粗纺厂与精纺厂争先选用细支羊毛原料，也有的由于生产技术及管理水平较低而造成产品质量较差，本文强调粗梳毛纺加工要细作，并全面详细地叙述了“细作”的具体措施和方法。     

气流纺在粗梳毛纺上的应用

气流纺在粗梳毛纺上的应用一、前言：气流纺纱是自由端纺纱方法之一，也是目前各种新型纺纱中较为成熟，并已大量推广的一种新技术。它主要有如下三大优点：１．适纺原料广（尤其适合短纤维）：气流纺因其成纱原理与环锭纺不同，纤维长度不受牵伸机构两钳口握持距限制，它...     

利用粗梳毛纺设备生产亚麻凉席的实践

偿试在粗梳毛纺设备上进行亚麻凉席的生产,并取得了良好的效果。     

粗梳毛纺彩虹纱产品的开发

为了满足消费者个性化需求,利用粗梳毛纺散纤维染色后再进行纺纱的工艺特性,按纱线设计的颜色循环顺序采用单色称量喂入梳毛机,直接生产出带彩段的粗纱,再以2条粗纱同时喂入走锭细纱机进行牵伸加捻,开发出了具有独特外观效果和个性化的彩虹纱线产品.纺出的彩虹纱线上分布有长度、间隔、色彩变化的彩段,反映在织物上各色相连、相互渗透、依次变化,透射出虚拟渐变的“彩虹”外观.粗梳毛纺彩虹纱产品的成功开发,拓展了毛纺企业开发生产花式纱线的空间,提高了毛纱的附加值,具有较好的市场前景.     

再生原料在粗梳毛纺的应用

毛纺废料经开破布机加工后的再生纤维的纺纱工艺试验。     

Calving difficulty influences rumination time and inflammatory profile in Holstein dairy cows

Difficult calving may adversely affect dairy cow health and performance. Maternal:fetal disproportion is a major cause of dystocia. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the effects of dam:calf body weight ratio (D:C) on calving difficulty, rumination time, lying time, and inflammatory profile in 25 Holstein dairy cows. Using automatic monitoring systems, we monitored behavior and production in 9 primiparous and 16 pluriparous cows between dry-off and 30 d in milk. During the same period, we collected blood samples to monitor metabolism and inflammatory profile of these cows. Calvings were video recorded to assess calving difficulty and observe the duration of the expulsive stage. After parturition, the cows were separated into 3 classes according to their D:C: easy (E; D:C >17), medium (M; 14 < D:C <17), and difficult (D; D:C <14). The cows in class D showed relatively longer labor durations (108 min vs. 54 and 51 min for classes D, M, and E, respectively) and higher calving assistance rates (50% vs. 0 and 11% of calvings for classes D, M, and E, respectively) than those in the other 2 classes. Compared with the cows in classes M and E, those in class D exhibited shorter rumination times on the day of calving (176 min/d vs. 288 and 354 min/d for classes D, M, and E, respectively) and during the first week of lactation (312 min/d vs. 339 and 434 min/d for classes D, M, and E, respectively) and maintained lower rumination values until 30 DIM (399 min/d vs. 451 and 499 min/d for classes D, M, and E, respectively). Primiparous class D cows had shorter resting times during the first week after calving compared with those in class M (8 vs. 11 h/d for classes D and M, respectively). Interclass differences were found in terms of the levels of inflammation markers such as acute-phase proteins (ceruloplasmin, albumin, retinol, and paraoxonase). Moreover, cows in class D had lower plasma levels of fructosamine and creatinine after calving. Low D:C reduced postcalving rumination time and increased inflammation grade, suggesting a lower welfare of these animals at the onset of lactation. The D:C might serve as a useful index for the identification of cows at relatively higher risk of metabolic and inflammatory disease, thus helping farmers and veterinarians improve the welfare and health of these cows.     

面粉加工企业如何通过市场准入制度审查

阐述了实施我国食品质量安全市场准入制度的必要性及小麦粉加工企业取得《食品生产许可证》的重要性、迫切性和程序。根据现场审查体会,提出目前我国小麦粉生产企业普遍存在的问题及小麦粉加工企业如何顺利通过生产必备条件现场审查的建议。     

食醋生产企业如何迎接市场准入制度审查

阐述了实施我国食品质量安全市场准入制度的必要性及食醋工业取得《食品生产许可证》的重要性、迫切性和程序。根据现场审查体会，提出目前我国食醋生产企业普遍存在的问题及食醋加工企业如何顺利通过生产必备条件现场审查的建议。     

毛纱热熔上浆及发展前景

随着精纺毛织品向轻薄化方向发展,毛纱上浆也成了业界普遍关注的问题。在概述了国内外热熔浆料发展的基础上,分析了毛纱热熔上浆的发展前景。     

Study on the transferability of the time temperature superposition principle to emulsions

The instability of emulsions is basically clarified by a phase separation. The separated phase can either cream or sediment. Destabilization is mostly compounded by coalescence and gives a first indication through extension of droplets. In the cosmetics industry as well as many other branches of industry such as the food industry and paint and coatings industry, product stability is one of the most important quality criteria. Many stability tests have already been performed with the widest variety of methods from different fields of technology. In research and development it is especially important to obtain quick results on the stability of a formulation. Such results represent a tool that can help developers find an optimal formulation in a short time. In addition, they can shorten development times, leading to quicker introduction of a product in the market. Moreover, they can help to reduce storage stability tests to minimum, making less climatized rooms, space and work required to predict shelf-lives. The cycle test is an example of such a method developed in the field of rheology [1]. In this test the sample is subjected to continuously changing temperatures and its behavior observed. However, other methods can also conceivably used to predict stabilities. The aim of this work is to find a new model to predict the long-term stability. This model should be based on empirical data and it should determine the applicability of the time temperature superposition (TTS) principle to emulsions.     

运用时间序列模型预测和控制纺纱张力

运用时间序列理论，建立数学模型，即AR模型。对纺纱张力进行最佳预测和控制。以期达到实时控制纺纱张力的目的，从而减法断头，提高劳动生产率。     

Changes in the quality parameters of clonal black tea due to fermentation time

Flavour index and Group II volatile flavour compounds of clonal black tea progressively decreased while Group I compounds increased during fermentation process. However, theaflavins in made black tea and tasters' evaluation of such tea changed in a quadratic manner with fermentation time. The rate of production of the individual theaflavins varied within a clone and between different clones as fermentation progressed. The results explain the errors obtained when only one quality parameter is used to estimate optimum fermentation time in black tea manufacture.     

Technical note: the use of a physical activity monitor to estimate the eating time of cows in pasture

Accurate eating time can be used as an index of forage dry matter intake in grazing cows. To develop a method for easily estimating the eating time of dairy cows in a pasture, 8 lactating Holstein cows were fitted with collars equipped with commercial uniaxial accelerometers; namely, the Kenz Lifecorder EX (LCEX; Suzuken Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan), and were allowed to graze in a pasture for 4, 8, or 20 h daily for 7 d. The LCEX device recorded the intensity of the physical activity categorized into 1 of 11 activity levels ranging among 0 (no movement), 0.5 (subtle) and from 1 to 9 (1, light; 9, vigorous intensity) every 4 s during the experimental period. The activities of the animals were also video-recorded for 11 h and were manually classified into 7 categories (eating, searching, ruminating, standing resting, lying resting, drinking, and walking) at 4-s intervals. According to the count distribution of the activity levels for the categorized activities, 94.4% of the counts involving eating activity ranged from activity level 1 to 7. On the other hand, most of the counts were activity level 0 or 0.5 when ruminating and resting activities were observed. No records of activity level 8 or 9 were found in any activities. When activity level 1 was used as a threshold for discriminating eating from the other activities, the lowest misclassification rate of 5.5% was observed. With a threshold of activity level 1, the eating times in pasture for cows grazing for 4, 8, and 20 h/d were 142.8, 290.6, and 438.4 min/d, respectively, and the proportions of the time spent in pasture that were made up of eating time were 0.66, 0.67, and 0.38, respectively [the proportion during daytime (8 h of the 20-h grazing treatment) was 0.63 and that at nighttime (12 h of the 20-h grazing treatment) was 0.23]. The use of the LCEX device allows for easy measurement of eating time and facilitates the determination of the pattern of eating activity in pasture for grazing cows.     

Determining optimum ripening time of fruits by applying survival analysis statistics to consumer data

When a consumer chooses a fruit like a tomato he or she can find it under-ripe, ok or over-ripe; leading to two events of interest: the transition of under-ripe to ok, and the transition of ok to over-ripe. The objective of the present work was to develop a methodology using survival analysis statistics to allow prediction of the optimum ripeness time based on acceptance or rejection data obtained from consumers. Concepts and calculations were applied to a data set obtained from 60 consumers who were asked to assess the appearance and the flavor of tomatoes picked at eight different ripening stages and answer whether they found the samples under-ripe, ok or over-ripe. The tomato at a time = 0 was completely green except for signs of initial redness at the tomato base, the tomato at a time = 7 days was completely red and with wrinkles on the outer surface. From the censored data set parametric models were obtained which allowed optimum ripeness time estimations and segmentation of consumers in groups according to whether they preferred more under-ripe or more over-ripe tomatoes. The optimum ripening times were 3.4 ± 0.7 days for appearance and 3.3 ± 0.8 days for flavor. These times were similar, but as ripening progressed tomato appearance was more important than flavor in the rejection of the fruit.     

Consistency over time of animal-based welfare indicators as a further step for developing a welfare assessment monitoring scheme: The case of the Animal Welfare Indicators protocol for dairy goats

Consistency over time (COT) of animal-based indicators is key to a reliable and feasible welfare protocol, indicating that results are representative over long-term situations. High levels of consistency ensure fairness for the farmer and credibility of the system. In addition, indicator COT reduces recording costs, as having indicators that do not change over a long period of time will require less farm visits to achieve reliable estimates. To date, COT of animal-based indicators included in the welfare assessment of dairy goats has never been tested. Therefore, our aim was to investigate COT of animal-based indicators included in the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) welfare assessment prototype protocol for dairy goats. To meet this goal, a study was designed where an average of 3 mo elapsed between 2 sets of visits to the same 20 dairy goat farms (10 in Portugal and 10 in Italy), with no major changes in management routines or housing conditions occurring during this period. Initially, we performed a Wilcoxon signed rank test to investigate whether the results obtained during the 2 visits were significantly different. After this preliminary screening, the indicators presenting nonsignificant differences between visits were submitted to a second step analysis, where discriminative and evaluative analyses were conducted to reach a final indicator lineup. The discriminative approach helped distinguishing among farms, whereas the agreement analysis showed us the range of differences between repeated assessments. Some particular conclusions could be drawn from this combined analysis, helping to the development of the final AWIN welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats and as a further step to develop a welfare assessment monitoring scheme for this and other species. In this sense, the AWIN welfare assessment protocol allows for the quick differentiation between farms based on the identification of persistent welfare problems, by recording highly consistent and feasible indicators. In a second step, a more comprehensive protocol, consisting of indicators more likely to be subject to variations along time, was applied. Repeated assessments and long-term studies of indicator consistency are needed to help determine the frequency of visits required to obtain a consistent and feasible welfare assessment scheme. This paper adds to the literature by providing guidance on the variability of animal-based indicators over time.