Effect of extra virgin olive oil substitution for fat on quality of pork patty

BACKGROUND: Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is well known for its beneficial effects on human health. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EVOO substitution for backfat on qualities of pork patty to avoid high consumption of animal‐originated fat, because it is closely related to development of cardiovascular disease and obesity. RESULT: Water‐holding capacity was higher in control (lean pork + 10% backfat) and T3 (lean pork + 5% backfat + 5% EVOO + 0.5% isolated soy protein + 0.5% carrageenan + 0.5% maltodextrin) than T1 (lean pork + 5% backfat + 5% EVOO + 0.5% isolated soy protein) and T2 (lean pork + 5% backfat + 5% EVOO + 0.5% isolated soy protein + 0.5% carrageenan). Hardness was higher in EVOO substitution for backfat patty samples than control. In sensory evaluation, the control was significantly higher in overall acceptability compared with EVOO substitution for backfat pork patty samples. CONCLUSION: The physical properties of pork patty made by EVOO substitution for backfat were stable as a commercial pork patty (control). However, sensory evaluation scores were higher in control compared to EVOO‐substituted pork patty samples. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimizing the replacement of pork fat with fractionated barley flour paste in reduced-fat sausage

Reduced-fat sausages were prepared by replacing pork back fat with barley flours of different particle sizes. Three barley flour fractions with different particle size were obtained by passing the ground barley material through a sieve. Fraction 1 and 2 had a higher water absorption index than other fraction and showed higher peak and final viscosities due to higher β-glucan content. Therefore, fraction 1 and 2 were used as a fat replacer in preparation of reduced-fat sausages. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the formulation of reduced-fat sausage and the effects of fat content and barley flour paste concentration on the textural properties were analyzed simultaneously. Using a regression model, the optimum formulation of reduced-fat sausage was calculated. For fraction 1, calculated levels of fat content and paste concentration were 7.6 and 3.9%, and for fraction 2, levels were 6.7 and 6.9%, respectively.     

Color changes in irradiated cooked pork sausage with different fat sources and packaging during storage

Pork sausages were prepared with lean pork meat, fat from different sources [backfat (BF), corn oil (CO) or flaxseed oil (FO); 10% of lean meat], NaCl (2%), and ice water (10%). The emulsified meat batters were stuffed into casings (3 cm in diameter) and cooked to an internal temperature of 72°C. Cooked sausages were sliced and vacuum- or aerobic-packaged individually. Sausages were irradiated at a 0, 2.5, or 4.5 kGy dose and stored in a 4°C refrigerator for 8 days. Aerobic-packaged, irradiated cooked sausages prepared with BF and FO showed higher Hunter L-values than nonirradiated controls at day 0, but the difference disappeared at day 8. Irradiation increased the Hunter a-value in vacuum-packaged cooked pork sausages regardless of the fat source used, and the increase of the Hunter a-value was dose-dependent. In contrast, the Hunter a-value decreased by irradiation in aerobic-packaged cooked pork sausages prepared with BF or FO. The Hunter a-value of cooked pork sausage with aerobic packaging was significantly reduced at day 8. Hunter b-values increased at Day 8 in irradiated cooked pork sausages except for the sausage prepared with CO at 2.5 kGy. Cooked pork sausages prepared with CO were lighter, and sausage prepared with FO was redder and more yellow (p<0.05) in vacuum packaging.     

Effect of pork fat addition on the volatile compounds of foal dry-cured sausage

The effect of fat content on volatile compounds from foal dry-cured sausage was studied. Three batches (10 units per batch) of dry fermented sausages with different pork back fat content (5%, 10% and 20%) were manufactured; low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF), respectively. A total of 45 volatile compounds were extracted by purge-and-trap and identified by GC-MS in the headspace of the batches. The mixture comprised 11 terpenes, 15 esters, 14 hydrocarbons and 2 alcohols. Spices were responsible for the generation of 14 volatile compounds comprising terpenes and hydrocarbons. After 49 days of ripening volatile compounds from spices represented 52.9, 38.9 and 31.2% of the total area for samples from LF, MF and HF batches, respectively, while lipid autooxidation was responsible for the generation of 8 volatile compounds. The PCA offered a good separation of the mean samples according to their fat content.     

Partial substitution of pork backfat with extra-virgin olive oil in 'salami' products: effects on chemical, physical and sensorial quality

The effects on chemical, physical and sensory quality of the partial substitution of pork backfat with extra-virgin olive oil were studied in 'salami' products. Four 'salami' formulations, with 15% total fat, were prepared, in which 0, 33.5, 50 and 66.5% of pork backfat was substituted with extra-virgin olive oil. The partial pork backfat substitution with extra-virgin olive oil did not substantially affect the chemical, physical and sensorial characteristics of products, with the exception of water activity and texture. With regard to both oxidation and loss of organoleptic quality, the addition of extra-virgin olive oil, rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acids, did not decrease the shelf-life. The difference between samples with and without extra-virgin olive oil was a piquant note detected in the oil-added 'salami'. The formulation with 5% olive oil, corresponding to 33.3% substitution of pork backfat with olive oil, was judged best of all formulations. The results show that it is possible to produce this type of product, of good taste, similar to the traditional one, but with healthier features.     

Effect of substituting pork backfat with rind on quality characteristics of pork sausage

A study was conducted in which pork backfat in pork sausage was replaced with rind at 0, 33, 66 and 100% levels. The high moisture and high protein content of rind consequently influenced the moisture and protein content of the final products. The fat level decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. The lowest fat content of 7.99% was recorded on batch 4 sausage with 100% rind replacement level. Replacement of pork backfat with rind decreased refrigeration and cooking weight losses. The values obtained for sensory properties decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. Up to 66% pork backfat can be replaced with rind in pork sausage without adverse effect on processing yield.     

山楂猪肉腊肠的研制

以山楂和猪肉为主料,以酱油、白糖、白酒等为辅料,对山楂猪肉腊肠的配方进行研究。通过单因素试验及正交试验研究山楂、酱油、白酒、白糖添加量对猪肉腊肠品质的影响。结果表明,山楂添加于肉中可制作出新型猪肉腊肠;猪肉的肥瘦比为2：8,最适添加量分别为山楂3％、酱油3％、白酒3％、白糖6％。     

鹅肉猪肉发酵香肠的研制

以鹅肉和猪肉为主要原料制作发酵香肠,采用响应面分析试验和产品感官品质评定的方法,确定了鹅肉猪肉发酵香肠的最佳配方,得到的鹅肉猪肉发酵香肠质量完全符合理化卫生检测的要求。     

Production of set yoghurt analogue through replacement of milk fat with canola and sesame oil

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fat level and composition on chemical, textural, microbial and sensory properties of set yoghurt analogue. The best fat level for production of yoghurt analogue was found to be 2% (w/v). Studies on the effect of fat composition (canola‐to‐sesame oil ratios of 2.0/0, 1.3/0.7, 0.7/1.3, 2.0/0) indicated the superior performance of pure sesame oil. Increasing the canola‐to‐sesame oil ratio generally resulted in an inferior product. Replacement of milk fat by vegetable oils yielded yoghurts with a lower saturated fatty acid content and less firmness.     

Stabilization of canola oil with flavonoids

The antioxidant activity of a number of flavonoids in refined-bleached (RB) canola (double-zero rapeseed) oil is compared with that of commonly used synthetic antioxidants, namely, butylated hydroxyanisole, BHA, and butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT. The study was carried out over a thirteen-day period at 65°C and progression of oxidation was followed by monitoring weight gain and peroxide and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. Among the flavonoids tested, myricetin, (−)epicatechin, naringin, rutin, morin, and quercetin were superior to BHA and BHT in inhibiting oil oxidation. The addition of myricetin, the most active flavonoid tested, delayed the induction period of lipid oxidation by up to fifteen days and also inhibited the formation of oxidation products by 69% during this period. Natural flavonoids may therefore have potential application for the stabilization of canola oil.     

不同玉米油凝胶作为火腿肠中脂肪替代品

在火腿肠中分别以不同油凝胶部分替代动物脂肪,对其质构、保水性、流变特性、色泽、pH、乳化稳定性以及感官品质进行测定,评价油凝胶对火腿肠品质的影响,以得到更适合添加在火腿肠中的油凝胶。结果表明:在50%的脂肪替代量下,火腿肠硬度值显著下降,其中乙基纤维素油凝胶处理组具有最高的硬度值,但与对照组相比,其硬度下降49.60%;单甘酯油凝胶处理组保水性最弱,除单甘酯、单甘酯/β-谷甾醇油凝胶处理组外,其他油凝胶处理组保水性与对照组无显著差异;单甘酯/β-谷甾醇油凝胶处理组降低了样品的黄度值,其他油凝胶处理组提高了火腿肠的亮度值及黄度值,降低了红度值及pH;动态流变过程中,部分油凝胶处理组减小了肉糜加热过程中的储能模量,到最终加热温度时,单甘酯、β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素、单甘酯+β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素油凝胶处理组具有与对照组相似的储能模量;蜂蜡油凝胶处理组乳化稳定性最差,总汁液损失率为428%,水分损失率为3.51%;感官评价方面,蜂蜡、乙基纤维素、β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素、单甘酯＋β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素油凝胶处理组具有总体相对较高的感官得分。在实验条件下,β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素、单甘酯＋β-谷甾醇/γ-谷维素油凝胶更适合作为火腿肠中脂肪替代品。     

Quality properties of pork sausage prepared with water-soluble chitosan oligomer

Emulsion type sausage was prepared with the addition of a chitosan oligomer (molecular weight 5000, 0.2%) and compared to a control. Sausages were aerobic- or vacuum-packaged and stored in a 4°C refrigerator for 3 weeks. Difference of microbial growth between the sample with added chitosan oligomer or control was not observed (P>0.05). Lipid oxidation was lower in the sausage with chitosan oligomer at 3 weeks in aerobic packaging (P<0.05) than in the control sausage. The surface color of the sausage with chitosan oligomer had higher Hunter color L*- and b*-value. Hunter color a*-values were lower in the chitosan oligomer-added sausage and the a*-value increased during storage regardless of packaging (P<0.05). Sensory panels did not detect any difference in color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance, and mechanical texture analysis also showed no difference. Therefore, the quality of the sausage with added chitosan oligomer (0.2%) was acceptable.     

Lipid oxidation, color changes and volatiles production in irradiated pork sausage with different fat content and packaging during storage

Effects of irradiation on lipid oxidation, color and volatiles production in pork sausages with different fat content and packaging were determined. Sausages (with 4.7, 10.5 and 15.8% fat content) were sliced and vacuum-packaged either in oxygen-permeable or impermeable bags, irradiated (0 or 4.5 kGy) and stored at 4°C for 7 days. Lipid oxidation, color and volatiles productions were analyzed at 0, 3 and 7 days of storage. TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values of cooked pork sausages increased with the increase of fat content regardless of storage, irradiation or packaging types. Irradiated samples had higher TBARS than nonirradiated at 0 day but the difference disappeared during storage in both packaging types. Lightness of sausages (Hunter L-value) increased with the increase of fat content and storage time but was not affected by irradiation. In aerobic packaging, irradiation reduced Hunter a-values of pork sausages at 0 day but irradiation effect on a-value disappeared during storage. In vacuum packaging, however, irradiated samples had higher Hunter a-values than nonirradiated samples. Irradiation increased 1-heptene and total volatiles, but the amount of 1-heptene was not associated well with TBARS values of pork sausages. In both irradiated and nonirradiated pork sausages, aerobic packaging produced more volatiles than vacuum packaging during storage. It was concluded that irradiation and fat content had significant effects on lipid oxidation, color and volatiles production of cooked pork sausages during storage but that oxygen availability had a stronger effect than irradiation and fat content.     

新型胡萝卜猪肉灌肠的研制

以胡萝卜为蔬菜原料添加于猪肉中制作灌肠,主要研究了胡萝卜添加量、瘦肥肉比例和淀粉添加量对猪肉灌肠品质的影响.试验结果表明,胡萝卜添加于肉中可制作新型猪肉灌肠,胡萝卜的最适添加量为5%,瘦肥肉比例为7:3,淀粉的最适添加量为6%.     

营养保健型木瓜发酵香肠的研制

将适量的木瓜添加到发酵香肠中,制成具有独特风味和营养保健功能的木瓜发酵香肠.利用正交试验与感官评定确定最佳配比,结果表明:木瓜20%,猪瘦肉肥膘比7:3,食盐2.5%,葡萄糖0.5%时发酵香肠质量较好.     

An effective lacticin biopreservative in fresh pork sausage

Lacticin 3147 is a novel heat-stable bacteriocin, produced by Lactococcus lactis DPC 3147, that exhibits a broad-range inhibition spectrum similar to nisin. In this study, the effect of lacticin 3147 and nisin on the shelf life of fresh pork sausage and their ability to control pathogens (Clostridium perfringens DSM 756, Salmonella Kentucky AT1) and nonpathogenic Listeria innocua DPC 1770 was investigated. The following preservative regimens were evaluated, both in broth and sausage systems: (i) 450 ppm of sodium metabisulphite; (ii) 500 IU g(-1) or ml(-1) of nisin, (iii) 2500 arbitary units (AU) g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147; (iv) 2% sodium lactate and 500 IU of nisin; (v) 2% sodium citrate and 500 IU g(-1) or ml(-1) of nisin; (vi) 2% sodium lactate and 2500 AU g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147, (vii) 2% sodium citrate and 2500 AU g(-1) or ml(-1) of lacticin 3147, (viii) 2% sodium lactate, and (ix) 2% sodium citrate. There was no significant difference in the activity of nisin and lacticin 3147 against any of the target strains used, both bacteriocins performing significantly better than sodium metabisulfite against gram-positive strains in broth systems. Trends indicate that the combination of organic acids with either bacteriocin enhanced its activity against Salmonella Kentucky and L. innocua and was particularly effective in the inhibition of C. perfringens in fresh pork sausage. In addition, lacticin 3147 combined with either sodium citrate or sodium lactate maintained significantly lower (P < 0.05) total aerobic plate counts for the duration of the trials and may function as an alternative to sodium metabisulfite in the preservation of fresh pork sausage.     

Lipase-catalysed interesterification between canola oil and fully hydrogenated canola oil in contact with supercritical carbon dioxide

The processing parameters in enzymatic reactions using CO₂-expanded (CX) lipids have strong effects on the physical properties of liquid phase, degree of interesterification, and physicochemical properties of the final reaction products. CX-canola oil and fully hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO) were interesterified using Lipozyme TL IM in a high pressure stirred batch reactor. The effects of immobilised enzyme load, pressure, substrate ratio and reaction time on the formation of mixed triacylglycerols (TG) from trisaturated and triunsaturated TG were investigated. The optimal immobilised enzyme load, pressure, substrate ratio and time for the degree of interesterification to reach the highest equilibrium state were 6% (w/v) of initial substrates, 10 MPa, blend with 30% (w/w) of FHCO and 2 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the initial blend and interesterified products with different FHCO ratios obtained at optimal reaction conditions were determined in terms of TG composition, thermal behaviour and solid fat content (SFC). The amounts of saturated and triunsaturated TG decreased while the amounts of mixed TG increased as a result of interesterification. Thus, the interesterified product had a lower melting point, and broader melting and plasticity ranges compared to the initial blends. These findings are important for better understanding of CX-lipid reactions and for optimal formulation of base-stocks of margarine and confectionary fats to meet industry demands.     

Effect of hot-boned pork on the keeping quality of fresh pork sausage

The first experiment evaluated the effect of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) addition to hot-boned meat, in different proportions, upon the keeping quality of fresh pork sausage patties. Dry ice had some negative effects at levels of 20% to 40%, such as hardening and colour fading of samples, although it increased water-holding capacity of the sausage. In the second experiment three proportions of hot-boned meat and chilled meat were evaluated as a means to extend the retail storage time of fresh pork sausage links. Hot-boned pork was treated by three methods: freezing the meat before grinding, salting and freezing, and salting plus dry ice addition. The results favoured the use of 50% hot-boned meat and 50% chilled meat, for which the lowest hardness and oxidation values were obtained. Microbial counts and hue values showed no significant variation among the three treatments. Salting and freezing hot-boned meat before grinding was the method which produced the best overall quality.