Heuristic routing with bandwidth and energy constraints in sensor networks

Most of the routing algorithms devised for sensor networks considered either energy constraints or bandwidth constraints to maximize the network lifetime. In the real scenario, both energy and bandwidth are the scarcest resource for sensor networks. The energy constraints affect only sensor routing, whereas the link bandwidth affects both routing topology and data rate on each link. Therefore, a heuristic technique that combines both energy and bandwidth constraints for better routing in the wireless sensor networks is proposed. The link bandwidth is allocated based on the remaining energy making the routing solution feasible under bandwidth constraints. This scheme uses an energy efficient algorithm called nearest neighbor tree (NNT) for routing. The data gathered from the neighboring nodes are also aggregated based on averaging technique in order to reduce the number of data transmissions. Experimental results show that this technique yields good solutions to increase the sensor network lifetime. The proposed work is also tested for wildfire application.     

A new QoS aware and energy efficient opportunistic routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) providing are known to be critical design concerns in routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Recent studies, demonstrate that Opportunistic Routing (OR) can greatly improve the performance of WSNs by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. In this paper, we propose a new QoS aware and Energy efficient Opportunistic Routing protocol (QEOR) to efficiently routing data under QoS and energy constraints for WSNs. QEOR uses a new multi-metric QoS based candidate selection method in order to accurately select and prioritise the candidate forwarders. The selection is focused on a QoS function that takes into consideration the reliabilty of buffers and links, while the prioritisation is established according to transmission delays. To achieve an obvious improvement on the energy consumption, QEOR uses an energy efficient coordination method and an implicit ACKnowledgement scheme for collision and redundancy avoidance. Simulation results show that QEOR provides best performances as compared to other OR protocols.     

利用能效优化的WSN自组织位置感知协议

针对无线传感器网络存在能耗和投递率等约束问题,提出了一种利用能效优化的自组织位置感知协议(EESLP).首先,根据主干锚节点的位置感知将网络构建成树结构;然后,利用拓扑控制优化网络的拓扑结构来维持网络的连通性和覆盖范围;接着,在路径选择过程中加入节能机制,均衡网络负载;最后,利用自组织方式最小化消息传输和接收次数,降低消息复杂度,减少协议开销.仿真实验结果表明,该协议具有良好的能量效率,相比其他几种能量感知协议,该协议具有更高的包投递率和更低的能耗,有效延长了网络寿命.     

Novel fuzzy clustering scheme for 3D wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we consider the sensor-energy optimization in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which determines an optimal topology of sensors to prolong the network lifetime and reduce the energy expenditure. A new mathematical model for clustering in 3D WSN, considering energy consumption, constraints of communication and a 3D energy function, is presented. Using the Lagrange multiplier method, solutions of the model consisting of cluster centres and the membership matrix are computed and used in the new algorithm, called FCM-3 WSN. Experimental validation on real 3D datasets demonstrates that FCM-3 WSN outperforms the relevant methods, namely, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Centralized LEACH (LEACH-C), Single-hop Clustering and Energy-Efficient Protocol (SCEEP), Hybrid-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (H-LEACH), K-Means and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM).     

Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic.     

基于能量的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法*

无线传感器网络存在严重的能量约束问题,网络协议的首要设计目标就是要高效地使用传感器节点的能量,延长网络的存活时间。在分析经典的分簇路由协议LEACH的基础上,针对其不足提出了基于能量的改进算法和分簇规模约束机制平衡节点能量消耗。仿真实验表明,改进算法有效地延长了网络生存周期。     

无线传感器网络路由协议LEACH的研究与改进

无线传感器网络(WSN)数据传输离不开路由协议,路由协议是其组网的基础.由于WSN是一种资源受限网络,尤其是能量的受限,因此路由协议必须维持较小的路由信息并尽可能的减少能耗.文中从其体系结构、协议栈、网络层次等几个方面分析介绍了无线传感器网络,在对传感器网络路由协议作了充分了解的基础上深入研究了经典的聚类路由算法--LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy),提出了对它的改进方案并用OPNET对改进前后的算法进行了仿真比较.仿真结果证明了改进后算法的有效性,并且在能耗和网络生存时间上比LEACH有了提高.     

Distributed routing in wireless sensor networks using energy welfare metric

There are several requirements for a routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks. First, it should achieve both energy-efficiency and energy-balancing together, in order to prolong the lifetime of sensor networks. Second, the algorithm should follow a distributed control scheme so that it is applicable to large-scale networks. Third, it needs to be robust to diverse potential event generation patterns. The routing algorithm, MaxEW, designed in this study satisfies such requirements. It adopts the social welfare function from social sciences to compute energy welfare as a goodness measure for energy populations. When each sensor tries to maximize energy welfare of its local society, it collectively leads to globally efficient energy-balancing. This emergent property consequently supports preparedness and hence robustness to diverse event generation patterns. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed routing algorithm through extensive simulation-based experiments, by comparing with other existing algorithms as well as optimal routing solutions.     

A new Bollinger Band based energy efficient routing for clustered wireless sensor network

Designing of scalable routing protocol with prolonged network lifetime for a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a challenging task. WSN consists of large number of power, communication and computational constrained inexpensive nodes. It is difficult to replace or recharge battery of a WSN node when operated in a hostile environment. Cluster based routing is one of the techniques to provide prolonged network lifetime along with scalability. This paper proposes a technique for cluster formation derived from “Grid based method”. We have also proposed a new decentralized cluster head (CH) election method based on Bollinger Bands. Bollinger Bands are based on Upper Bollinger Band and Lower Bollinger Band, both of these bands are extremely reactive to any change in the inputs provided to them. We have used this property of Bollinger Bands to elect CH. Simulation result shows significant improvement in the network lifetime in comparison with other decentralized and ant based algorithms.     

能耗均衡的无线传感器网络两级路由协议*

传感器网络分簇路由协议研究的一个关键问题是如何最优化组簇,既能有效降低簇内节点能耗,又能均衡整个网络能耗。为此,提出一种能耗均衡的网络两级分层分簇路由协议。协议底层应用PSO算法实现网络节点最优化分簇;上层选择总簇头节点负责收集、融合簇头数据并发送至基站。仿真结果表明,本协议能有效降低节点死亡速度,延长网络生存周期。     

一种基于DPSO的无线传感器网络QoS路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中不同业务对服务质量(QoS)的不同需求,提出一种基于离散粒子群优化(DPSO)的无线传感器网络QoS路由(DPSO-QR)算法。算法将路由建立过程抽象为多目标优化过程,以节点间通信的传播损耗、时延、带宽、丢包率为优化目标,利用DPSO算法实现多目标优化,为拥有不同QoS需求的网络业务提供满足其特有需求的优化路由。仿真实验表明:与SAR,EQR算法相比,DPSO-QR算法降低了网络平均端到端时延,减小了丢包率,延长了网络寿命。     

无线传感器网络中的能效优化路由算法*

根据无线传感器网络节点能量消耗和网络生存周期的特点,通过建立动态规划能量优化模型,在路由总能耗满足能量阈值约束条件下,均衡消耗网络中各节点能量,在此基础上提出一种适合无线传感器网络的动态规划路由算法。仿真结果表明,提出的路由算法能充分地利用有限的能量资源,较大地延长网络生存周期并降低节点的平均能耗。     

一种节能的无线传感器网络QoS路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中不同业务对QoS的不同要求,提出了一种新的QoS路由算法—EBQoS算法。算法通过记录邻居节点到Sink节点的最小跳数信息建立到Sink节点的多条路径,并根据信息包的QoS要求和节点剩余能量选择合适的路径进行路由。通过仿真实验与顺序分配路由（SAR）算法的比较,结果表明该路由算法在提供差别服务和提高网络生存期方面具有明显的优势。     

节点位置固定的线性无线传感器网络节能路由

无线传感器网络节点一般采用电池供电,能量非常有限,因此提高网络能量效率、最大化网络生命周期成为亟待解决的重要问题。线性无线传感器网络在某些实际应用中,由于监测环境和对象的特殊性,监测点位置往往是事先确定的,并非随机分布,故现有的线性路由和变距离节点布置方案应用性受限。针对这一问题,提出了一种等距离分组多跳路由,建立了其能耗数学模型,得到了网络平均能耗与网络长度、节点数和分组数的数学关系,并给出了最小网络平均能耗下的分组数求解方法,最后用Matlab软件仿真分析。结果表明,与单跳、多跳、分簇多跳三种常见路由相比,等距离分组多跳路由由于没有簇头,因此具有最小的网络平均能耗和最大的网络生命周期。     

Clustering algorithms for maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting sensors

Motivated by recent developments in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we present several efficient clustering algorithms for maximizing the lifetime of WSNs, i.e., the duration till a certain percentage of the nodes die. Specifically, an optimization algorithm is proposed for maximizing the lifetime of a single-cluster network, followed by an extension to handle multi-cluster networks. Then we study the joint problem of prolonging network lifetime by introducing energy-harvesting (EH) nodes. An algorithm is proposed for maximizing the network lifetime where EH nodes serve as dedicated relay nodes for cluster heads (CHs). Theoretical analysis and extensive simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can achieve optimal or suboptimal solutions efficiently, and therefore help provide useful benchmarks for various centralized and distributed clustering scheme designs.     

一种无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与改进

无线传感器网络由许多具有低功率无线收发装置的传感器节点组成,能够有效地感知、采集和处理网络覆盖区域中的相关信息,并发送给远处的基站进一步处理。由于传感器节点能量有限,路由协议必须尽可能地减少能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。对经典的LEACH路由协议进行研究,并针对簇头节点和基站的通信方式提出改进,用M atlab平台下对LEACH算法和改进后的算法进行仿真分析,结果显示:改进后的算法在延长网络生命周期和减少能量消耗上比LEACH算法有了很大改善。     

A distributed energy-efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

Minimizing energy dissipation and maximizing network lifetime are among the central concerns when designing applications and protocols for sensor networks. Clustering has been proven to be energy-efficient in sensor networks since data routing and relaying are only operated by cluster heads. Besides, cluster heads can process, filter and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network load and alleviating the bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed clustering algorithm where cluster heads are elected following a three-way message exchange between each sensor and its neighbors. Sensor’s eligibility to be elected cluster head is based on its residual energy and its degree. Our protocol has a message exchange complexity of O(1) and a worst-case convergence time complexity of O(N). Simulations show that our algorithm outperforms EESH, one of the most recently published distributed clustering algorithms, in terms of network lifetime and ratio of elected cluster heads.     

基于蚁群优化的ZigBee传感器网络QoS路由算法

针对ZigBee无线多媒体传感器网络(WMSNs)资源受限的特点,提出一种改进的基于蚁群优化的QoS路由算法AZ-WMSN-QR.其核心思想是通过加权法将通信时延、时延抖动及能量均衡性等QoS指标组合成一个主目标,进而评估链路的QoS主目标值,寻找符合QoS需求的目标值最大的路径,实现服务质量最优.仿真显示,AZ-WMSN-QR算法在多约束QoS路由问题上能实现网络资源优化组合,与基本蚁群路由算法相比,不仅能够减少网络总能耗,还能有效延长网络寿命,更适用于基于ZigBee的WMSNs.     

基于无Hello消息的无线传感器网络路由技术的改进

重点分析了AODV协议的特征、路由建立、维护过程.针对无线传感器网络节点电量局限性问题,提出采用取消Hello消息的AODV协议.并基于OPNET平台仿真了无Hello消息的AODV协议的性能,改进的协议极大地减少了能量的消耗并且有效地延长了节点的生命周期,表明协议基本符合无线传感器网络的要求.     

AWARE: Activity aware maintenance of communication structures for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency and high data relevancy are crucial for wireless sensor network applications; challenges usually tackled by network clustering or event-driven techniques focused only on the performance of clusterheads or too restricted to specific applications. In contrast, this paper formalizes the combined NP-Complete problem of event-driven network clustering. We hereby propose AWARE, an innovative distributed activity-aware and energy-efficient technique for the maintenance of network’s communication structure. AWARE groups active nodes together, thus making clusterheads report efficiently with only relevant data. On top of several theoretical proves, extensive performance studies validate AWARE’s effectiveness and efficiency.