Improved Robust Techniques for Multiuser Detection in Non-Gaussian Channels

In many physical channels where multiuser detection techniques are to be applied, the ambient channel noise is known through experimental measurements to be decidedly non-Gaussian, due largely to impulsive phenomena. This is due to the impulsive nature of man-made electromagnetic interference and a great deal of natural noise. This paper presents a robust multiuser detector for combating multiple access interference and impulsive noise in code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems. A new M-estimator is proposed for "robustifying" the detector. The approach is corroborated with simulation results to evaluate the performance of the proposed robust multiuser detector compared with that of the linear decorrelating detector, and the Huber and the Hampel M-estimator based detectors. Simulation results show that the proposed detector with significant performance gain outperforms the linear decorrelating detector, and the Huber and the Hampel M-estimator based detectors. This paper also presents an improved robust blind multiuser detection technique based on a subspace approach, which requires only the signature waveform and the timing of the desired user to demodulate that user's signal. Finally, we show that the robust multiuser detection technique and its blind adaptive version can be applied to both synchronous and asynchronous CDMA channels.     

Robust multiuser detection in non-Gaussian channels

In many wireless systems where multiuser detection techniques may be applied, the ambient channel noise is known through experimental measurements to be decidedly non-Gaussian, due largely to impulsive phenomena. The performance of many multiuser detectors can degrade substantially in the presence of such impulsive ambient noise. We develop robust multiuser detection techniques for combating multiple-access interference and impulsive noise in CDMA communication systems. These techniques are based on the M-estimation method for robust regression. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed robust techniques offer significant performance gain over linear multiuser detectors in impulsive noise, with little attendant increase in computational complexity. We also develop a subspace-based technique for blind adaptive implementation of the robust multiuser detectors, which requires only the signature waveform and the timing of the desired user in order to demodulate that user's signal. The robust multiuser detection technique and its blind adaptive version can be applied to both synchronous and asynchronous CDMA channels     

Multiuser detection in flat fading non-Gaussian channels

This paper deals with the problem of multiuser detection in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) fading channels with impulsive noise. This issue arises in practical situations because in many realistic wireless channels, the ambient channel noise is impulsive, resulting from various natural and man-made impulsive sources. An M-estimator-based structure for noncoherent demodulation of differentially phase-shift keyed (DPSK) signals transmitted simultaneously via a CDMA flat-fading channel and embedded in impulsive noise, is proposed and analyzed. Analytical and numerical results show that, in highly impulsive noise, the performance gain afforded by the proposed multiuser detector can be substantial when compared to the linear decorrelating detector for DPSK, with little attendant increase in algorithmic complexity.     

Multiuser detection in impulsive channels

The present paper deals with the problem of data detection in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with non-Gaussian ambient noise. This issue arises in pratical situations because many physical channels in which multiple-access communications is applied are known to be decidedly non-Gaussian, due largely to impulsive phenomena. (Such channels include urban and indoor radio channels, and underwater acoustic-modem channels). The optimum multiuser detector for the additive noise channel model is derived, and several suboptimal multiuser detectors are proposed. Moreover, for performance comparison purposes the robust multiuser detector, recently proposed in the literature, is also considered.     

Successive interference cancelation for a CDMA system with diversity reception in non‐Gaussian noise

A large class of physical phenomenon observed in practical wireless systems exhibits non‐Gaussian behavior. The performance of many multiuser detectors can degrade substantially in the presence of such impulsive ambient noise. In this paper, multiuser detection of space coded MIMO and code division multiple access (CDMA) signals under impulsive noise with diversity reception are investigated. We analyze and derive the probability of bit error (P_b) performance of a successive interference cancelation (SIC) system under impulsive noise and maximal ratio combining. We use Middleton's class A model for the noise distribution. Furthermore, we employ post detection SIC as the robust multiuser detection technique for combating the impulsive noise at specific noise parameters in a CDMA setting. The performance of the system under power imbalance is also shown. Novel analytical derivations for both combining techniques are presented, and simulations were performed, which confirm the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RBF network assisted adaptive path selective decorrelating detector under impulsive noise for multipath fading CDMA systems

This paper proposes a novel radial basis function assisted adaptive path selective decorrelating detector for direct sequence code division multiple access systems with time-varying multipath fading channels under impulsive noise. The proposed detector combines adaptive path selective decorrelating detector (APSDD) with a radial basis function (RBF) network to eliminate the effect of impulsive noise. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed detector eliminates the effect of impulsive noise and improves the performance of APSDD under high impulsive noise.     

Nonparametric multiuser detection in non-Gaussian channels

Existing multiuser detection techniques in wireless systems are based on the assumption that some information on the parameters of the probability density function (pdf) of ambient noise is available. Such information may not be available in all cases, particularly for non-Gaussian and impulsive noises, or may change depending on circumstances. In this paper, we present a technique for multiuser detection that does not require any a priori knowledge about the noise parameters. This method is based on using pseudo norms for linear nonparametric regression. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed method offers an improved, or at least comparable, performance over existing robust techniques in the absence of any information on the nature of noise in the environment. The increased computational complexity is marginal compared to existing parametric detectors. In addition, the proposed nonparametric detector is portable in the sense that it does not need to be tuned for different noise models without any considerable degradation of performance. We also show that in non-Gaussian noise, the performance of blind adaptive nonparametric multiuser detectors is better than that of robust multiuser detectors.     

Adaptive path selective fuzzy decorrelating detector under impulsive noise for multipath fading CDMA systems

This letter proposes a novel adaptive path selective fuzzy decorrelating (APSFD) detector for direct-sequence code- division multiple-access (DS-CDMA), systems with time-varying multipath fading channels under impulsive noise. The proposed detector combines adaptive path selective decorrelating (APSD) detector with a fuzzy median filter which is based on fuzzy rank ordering of samples to eliminate the effect of impulsive noise. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed detector eliminates the effect of impulsive noise and improves the performance of APSD detector under high impulsive noise.     

Interference cancellation technique using channel parameterestimation in DS/CDMA system with M-ary orthogonal modulation

A channel estimation technique in the uplink of a noncoherent DS/CDMA system with M-ary orthogonal signalling over multipath fading channels is considered. This method is used for the multiuser interference cancellation with coherent detection. The performance of the proposed multiuser detector is compared with that of a conventional detector and a significant improvement of performance is shown     

一种新的盲空时多用户检测器

多用户检测是DS-CDMA系统中的一项关键技术,而阵列天线也是一项减轻多用户干扰的方法.许多现存的多用户检测器需要知道很多系统参数,并且其自适应实现需要发送训练序列.在多径衰落信道下,这些参数是很难获得的.本文提出了一种新的基于Kalman滤波的盲空时多用户检测器(BSTKAL),这种多用户检测器不需要发送训练序列.研究结果表明,检测器具有较强的抑制多址干扰和克服"远-近"效应的能力,并且能快速收敛.     

Blind turbo multiuser detection for long-code multipath CDMA

We consider the problem of demodulating and decoding multiuser information symbols in an uplink asynchronous coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system employing long (aperiodic) spreading sequences, in the presence of unknown multipath channels, out-cell multiple-access interference (OMAI), and narrow-band interference (NBI). A blind turbo multiuser receiver, consisting of a novel blind Bayesian multiuser detector and a bank of MAP decoders, is developed for such a system. The effect of OMAI and NBI is modeled as colored Gaussian noise with some unknown covariance matrix. The main contribution of this paper is to develop blind Bayesian multiuser detectors for long-code multipath CDMA systems under both white and colored Gaussian noise. Such detectors are based on the Bayesian inference of all unknown quantities. The Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure, is then used to calculate the Bayesian estimates of the unknowns. The blind Bayesian multiuser detector computes the a posteriori probabilities of the channel coded symbols, which are differentially encoded before being sent to the channel. Being soft-input soft-output in nature, the proposed blind Bayesian multiuser detectors and the MAP decoders can iteratively exchange the extrinsic information to successively refine the performance, leading to the so-called blind turbo multiuser receiver     

Adaptive Multiuser Detection Based on RBF Networks in Impulsive Noise CDMA Channels

With increasing need for capacity in mobilecellular communications, code division multiple accesshas been viewed as the technique to meet this goal.However, the conventional receiver suffers frommultiuser interference and the near-far effect. Toalleviate this problem, various multiuser receivers havebeen proposed. They have been shown to enhance theperformance of the conventional receiver with respect to capacity and interference rejection. Butthese receivers, intended for Gaussian noise channels,can fail in other environments such as impulsive noiseconditions. A possible solution is to exploit the advantages of neural networks. A neuralnetwork's ability to reject non-Gaussian noise can beutilized to implement multiuser receivers that rejectboth impulsive noise and multiuser interference.Following this logic, this paper considers nonadaptivemultiuser receiver and adaptive multiuser receiver basedon radial basis function neural networks. Simulations ofthese receivers show results that are superior to previously studied multiuser receivers, withrespect to practicality and performance.     

Robust Decorrelating Detector in Multi-Path Fading Under Impulsive Noise

In direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems, impulsive noise leads to increased bit error rates and hence limits the performance. The main novel contribution of this paper is the improvement achieved on the decorrelating detector by the addition of a nonlinear clipper in order to eliminate impulsive components. The system is studied under multi-path fading with impulsive noise. It is assumed that the user signals have unequal powers (near/far effect) which make it challenging to determine the threshold in the clipper structure. These cases are studied and it is shown that the proposed robust receiver reduces the impact of impulsive noise by eliminating extreme amplitudes.     

一种新的强鲁棒性的边缘检测方法

针对图像同时叠加脉冲噪声和高斯白噪声的非标准分布噪声的情况,本文提出一种新的基于统计向量和神经网络的强鲁棒性的边缘检测方法。首先选取窗口子区域内若干中间值像素点构造了由4个统计量组成的统计向量。然后计算训练图像的统计向量作为样本,对不加噪的训练图像的统计向量降维并作双阈值处理得到学习边缘图,对BP神经网络训练。最后将训练的BP神经网络直接用于边缘检测。新方法对脉冲噪声和高斯白噪声均具有较好的鲁棒性,BP神经网络的结构和训练都比较简单,而且不需要设定阈值检测边缘。     

Directly estimated adaptive detectors for code-division multiple-access signals

This paper presents adaptive multiuser detectors for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) signals in wireless communication systems. Directly estimated adaptive (DEA) detectors are developed by formulating CDMA detection as an inverse problem in the presence of channel-induced interference and noise. The detector parameters are computed by a fully sequential adaptive algorithm that requires no matrix inversion, and can be implemented online as the data arrive at the receiver. The proposed DEA detector is experimentally evaluated in terms of its robustness to noise, resistance to the near-far problem, and ability to handle multipath fading signals. This experimental study indicates that the proposed DEA detector requires shorter training sequences of bits to achieve the performance levels attained by existing adaptive implementations of the minimum mean-square error detector.     

Adaptive detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-accesssystem in multipath fading channels

In code-division multiple-access systems transmitting data over time-varying multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) arise. In this paper, we address interference suppression, multipath diversity and processing gain protection for multiuser detection with less noise enhancement by using a parallel cancelling scheme. The proposed detector consists of a RAKE filter, forward filter, and feedback filter with different functions for each filter. The RAKE filter increases the signal-to-noise ratio by taking the advantage of multipath and code diversities. The forward filter is proposed, in combination with the feedback filter, to remove the effects of MAI and ISI by parallel cancellation. In order to avoid performance deterioration due to unreliable initial estimation in the parallel cancellation, a cost function with proper weighting is introduced to improve the performance of the proposed detector. In the proposed design method, a recursive least square algorithm is employed to update the tap-coefficients of all filters for MAI and ISI cancellation. Finally, the performance of the proposed detector is analyzed and compared with other detectors     

A Study of the Technique of Linear Multiuser

The technique of linear multiuser detection in DS-CDMA systems is studied in this paper. The purpose is to find a receiver structure with good performance and moderate complexity, so that the receiver can efficiently suppress multiple-access interference(MAI) and multipath interference and has good near-far resistant ability, which may improve the system's capability while reducing the requirement for power control. The main work of the dissertation can be summarized as follows: the performance of MMSE multiuser detector in synchronous/asynchronous DS-CDMA systems over different channels is analyzed in chapter 2 of the dissertation. Using matrix method, we analyze the relation between performance measurement and spreading code correlation matrix, Signal-Interference-Ratio(SIR) and near-far factor, and prove that the performance of MMSE detector is better than that of the decorrelating detector. For fading channel, we analyze the performance of MMSE detector in DS-SS system firstly. Results show that the detector can efficiently suppress multipath interference. Extending to synchronous/asynchronous DS-CDMA systems over fading channels, we propose a simple linear detector structure that accomplishes despreading, detection and combining. Thus, the receiver is easy for implementation. Based on the proposed notion of combined spreading codes, we prove that the synchronous/asynchronous CDMA system is equivalent to the synchronous CDMA system over AWGN channel with double users. Therefore, the MMSE detector can efficiently suppress MAI and multipath interference in steady state, and has good near-far resistant ability. In chapter 3, we study the adaptive algorithm based on MMSE criterion. Firstly, the approach to the blind algorithm based on subspace is analyzed. We improve the algorithm in the part of channel estimation, which decreases the computational complexity while guaranteeing the performance. Meanwhile, we point out that CMOE-RLS algorithm is essentially an algorithm based on subspace approach. Also, it is shown from simulation that PASTd subspace tracking algorithm is not applicable for multiuser detection. Secondly, we propose an adaptive algorithm based on pilot channel, called PCA/PCRA. The algorithm does not require channel estimation, and has a rapid convergence rate. The steady state performance can be achieved by increasing the transmitting power in pilot channel. Computational complexity is only O(N2). Therefore, PCA/PCRA is suitable for the engineering application. The cost is that a pilot channel is needed for each user in the system. In chapter 4, constant algorithms for multiuser detection are studied. Firstly, we analyze the capture performance of CMA, and point out there exist many local stationary points. Initializations to guarantee CMA converges to the desired point are discussed. Results show that the convergence of CMA is decided by constant, step-size, spreading code correlation matrix and near-far factor. Secondly, we propose the constrained constant algorithm (C-CMA) for multiuser detection. It is shown that when the constant is greater than the triple power of the desired user, C-CMA globally converges to the desired point. Simulations illustrate that C-CMA has a rapid convergence rate and the steady state performance is good. However, great step-size can also reult in dispersion for the algorithm. Since C-CMA is a variable step-size CMOE-LMS algorithm, we propose a variable step-size constraint algorithm (VSCA). VSCA has the advantages of both CMOE-LMS and C-CMA such as robust, rapid convergence rate and good steady state performance. Thus, VSCA is suitable for engineering application. But the improper selection of step-size coefficients may degrade performance seriously. The computational complexity of the above constant algorithms is only O(N). In Section 5, the cyclostationarity of spreading signals is analyzed in the first part. We prove that spreading signals are ergodic cyclostationary signals with a cyclic period that is equal to the period of spreading code. Methods for processing cyclostationary signals are then given. It is shown that this method can mitigate the interference from a stationary noise for channel estimation. But the computational complexity for cyclostationary correlation is high, which prevents its application in implementation. In the second part, we discuss the application of oversampling technique in spreading communication systems. Although the oversampling can improve the performance of the linear multiuser detector, the improvement is trivial. On the contrary, oversampling increases the computational complexity of the weight vector greatly, which prevents its application in implementation. Additionally, we prove that FSE plus despreading or despreading pus FSE is equivalent to the linear detector with different lengths of delay line. However, the two kinds of structure have lower computational complexity.     

Space-Time-Block-Coded Transmissions for Downlink MC-CDMA Transmissions Over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Mitigation of multipath fading effects and suppression of multiuser interference (MUI) constitute major challenges in the design of the third generation wireless mobile systems. Space-time (ST) coding offers a attractive solution to cope with mutipath fading, but most existing ST coding schemes assume flat fading channels that may not be realistic for wide-band communications. Especially multiuser ST block-coded transmissions through multipath fading channels present unique challenge in suppressing not only MUI but also intersymbol/chip interference. In this paper, we design ST multiuser transceivers for MC-CDMA quasi-synchronous systems, capable to reliably transmit over frequency-selective multipath downlink channels. The proposed system is able to provide transmit diversity and to guarantee symbol recovery in multiuser environments, regardless of unknown multipath. Unlike existing approaches, the mobile does not need to know the channel of other users. In addition to decoding simplicity, computer simulations show the performance merits of the proposed transceiver.     

Blind RLS-Based Detection Using GSC with DF for STBC MC-CDMA Systems Under Mismatched Channel Estimation

Under Rayleigh fading channels, a common problem with blind multiuser space-time block coded (STBC) multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) detectors is that their performance is very sensitive to the signature waveform mismatch (SWM) induced by channel estimation distortion. This paper presents a robust detector using the generalized sidelobe canceller with a double-feedback filter that effectively mitigates the channel estimation distortion for the STBC MC-CDMA system during multipath fading. Numerical simulations show that the proposed detector substantially provides robustness against small-to-medium SWM scenarios for a downlink STBC MC-CDMA system.     

Multiuser channel estimation and tracking for long-code CDMA systems

Channel estimation techniques for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems need to combat multiple access interference (MAI) effectively. Most existing estimation techniques are designed for CDMA systems with short repetitive spreading codes. However, current and next-generation wireless systems use long spreading codes whose periods are much larger than the symbol duration. We derive the maximum-likelihood channel estimate for long-code CDMA systems over multipath channels using training sequences and approximate it using an iterative algorithm to reduce the computational complexity in each symbol duration. The iterative channel estimate is also shown to be asymptotically unbiased. The effectiveness of the iterative channel estimator is demonstrated in terms of squared error in estimation as well as the bit error rate performance of a multistage detector based on the channel estimates. The effect of error in decision feedback from the multistage detector (used in the absence of training sequences) is also shown to be negligible for reasonable feedback error rates using simulations. The proposed iterative channel estimation technique is also extended to track slowly varying multipath fading channels using decision feedback. Thus, an MAI-resistant multiuser channel estimation and tracking scheme with reasonable computational complexity is derived for long-code CDMA systems over multipath fading channels.