煤与生物质液排渣混烧特性的数值模拟

提出将液排渣低尘燃烧和混烧技术相结合的思路,并在自行编制的包含颗粒沉积、附壁燃烧及渣层流动等子模型的燃烧计算程序中加入生物质的热解和燃烧动力学模型,采用数值模拟手段对煤和木粉的液排渣混烧特性进行理论分析.对150 kg/h燃料量的圆筒形燃烧器内燃烧特性的计算结果表明,添加25%(ω)木粉可以提高燃烧初始段的温度,有利于充分利用燃烧器的前部空间,可以加大燃烧初始阶段的反应速度,改善煤粉的着火性能,提高煤粉的空间燃尽及附壁燃尽效果,总体燃尽率提高5%,从而有利于颗粒在有限的空间内进行充分燃烧及原有煤粉燃烧装置的小型化改造或设计.理论分析研究证明,将混烧和液排渣低尘燃烧技术相结合,充分发挥两者的优势,用于工业窑炉洁净燃烧技术的开发是可行的.     

简化的Solomon热解模型和旋流煤粉燃烧NO生成的数值模拟

提出一种简化的Solomon热解模型, 用于模拟煤粉燃烧NO生成数值模拟中HCN的释放.用纯双流体模型、k-ε-k_p两相湍流模型、EBU-Arrhenius燃烧模型、六热流辐射模型、双方程热解模型、简化的Solomon热解模型以及NO生成湍流反应二阶矩代数模型对旋流煤粉燃烧器内两相流动、煤粉燃烧、HCN释放以及NO生成进行了数值模拟.模拟结果与文献中实验结果的对比表明,基于简化Solomon热解模型的HCN释放模型预报结果比基于双方程热解模型的HCN释放模型预报结果好.     

燃烧新技术应用

正一、成果简介在燃料气动雾化、两相掺混、油膜蒸发等研究设计上,先后研发出数十种具有自主知识产权的新型燃烧器。二、技术特点1、煤粉低尘洁净燃烧-液排渣燃烧器应用国际最新高效率低污染航空燃烧器TAPS技术-双环予混旋流燃烧技术。2、工业窑炉燃油喷枪的设计与技术     

600MW超临界对冲锅炉分级燃烧特性

为研究超临界燃煤锅炉的燃烧特性,针对600 MW对冲旋流燃烧锅炉,利用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)数值仿真软件研究了分级燃烧超临界锅炉内速度分布、颗粒轨迹分布、温度分布、组分分布特性及NO_x释放规律。采用标准k-ε模型和拉格朗日随机轨道模型模拟气相湍流流动和气固两相流动;对于固体燃料,借助离散相模型,同时采用非预混燃烧模型模拟煤粉在炉内的燃烧过程;对流项采用二阶迎风格式获得更加精确的物理解;考虑到锅炉炉膛温度高、辐射换热量大,采用P1辐射模型计算气-气和气-固之间的辐射换热量;对锅炉壁面附近区域的流动传热计算采用标准壁面函数法,节省内存和计算时间。结果表明:分级对冲燃烧锅炉截面速度呈对称分布,气流充满度好,燃烧稳定;旋流燃烧的方式使炉内出现回流区,加强了炉内气流与煤粉颗粒之间的扰动,强化了传热传质,同时延长了煤粉颗粒在炉内的停留时间;煤粉颗粒的直径影响着煤粉在炉内的燃烧过程,粒径越小,煤粉颗粒在炉内的停留时间越短,影响燃料的燃烧燃尽和锅炉效率,但粒径过大,煤粉颗粒在自身重力作用下落入冷灰斗,影响锅炉的正常安全运行,因此,合适的粒径对炉内燃烧过程十分重要;沿炉膛高度方向,炉内烟气平均温度先上升后下降,在燃尽区补充燃尽风使温度小幅降低,到达炉膛出口截面烟气平均温度约为1 100 K;炉内各组分分布规律为:X=11. 093 5 m截面,沿炉膛高度方向,O_2体积分数先上升后下降,CO_2体积分数逐渐升高,CO体积分数先上升后下降;分级燃烧使炉内NO_x生成量整体下降,炉膛出口NO_x浓度约为385. 14 mg/m~3。     

旋涡式低NOX煤粉燃烧器燃烧特性的数值模拟

在冷态实验和数值研究的基础上,采用STAR-CD软件对旋涡式低NOx煤粉燃烧器进行了热态模拟,分别得出了燃烧器内还原区和燃尽区的燃烧特性. 还原区流场呈涡旋状,颗粒处在高速旋转、燃烧、破碎的状态,其内严重缺氧,温度较低且分布均匀. 燃尽区内氧气浓度相对较高,温度较高,有利于颗粒的燃尽. 对于0.5 mm以下颗粒,本燃烧器能够稳定地燃烧,并得到较低的氮氧化物排放. 对燃烧器优化设计的计算结果表明,将一次风单管进风改为多口进风能够较好地将大颗粒压制在下部的旋流区内,在保证低氮氧化物排放的同时,有利于阻止颗粒逃逸、提高燃烧效率. 在优化的计算工况下,其NOx的排放量仅为118 mg/Nm3,远低于固态排渣炉650 mg/Nm3的国家排放标准.     

双锥燃烧器燃用污泥水煤浆的燃烧特性和数值模拟

为促进城市污泥的资源化利用,解决污泥物理处置中存在的二次污染问题,以及传统污泥干化焚烧中干燥成本高的问题,提出了将污泥浆与煤粉掺混制备污泥水煤浆,利用具有强化燃烧功能的中心逆喷双锥燃烧器燃烧的技术思路。通过热重分析试验对比了煤粉、水煤浆、污泥水煤浆的燃烧特性,并利用数值模拟研究污泥水煤浆在双锥燃烧器上的燃烧特性,通过降低二次风量、提高二次风旋流强度及二次风温度等强化燃烧的措施,研究污泥水煤浆在双锥燃烧器上应用的可行性。污泥水煤浆的基础燃烧特性试验结果表明,水煤浆中水分超过35%,除影响燃料热值外,水蒸发吸热是影响污泥水煤浆燃烧过程着火和燃尽的关键因素。由于水分的存在,水煤浆起始着火温度高于煤粉11. 3℃,燃尽温度低于煤粉13. 6℃,其最大吸热速率为0. 504 k W/kg,占水煤浆最大放热速率的56. 05%,总吸热量为1. 917 MJ/kg,占燃烧放热量的9. 94%;掺烧20%污泥时,污泥水煤浆起始着火温度高于水煤浆12. 3℃,燃尽温度低59. 1℃,水蒸发吸热量为0. 546 kW/kg,比水煤浆燃烧高8. 4%,总放热量为16. 88 MJ/kg,比水煤浆燃烧低12. 5%。通过采用双DPM的离散相数值模拟模型,充分考虑污泥水煤浆燃烧时水蒸发过程的影响,对污泥水煤浆燃烧的数值模拟更接近实际结果。14 MW双锥燃烧器的污泥水煤浆燃烧模拟结果表明,直接使用现有双锥燃烧器无法实现污泥水煤浆的稳定燃烧,仅可燃烧水含量为25%左右的污泥水煤浆。污泥水煤浆中水含量由0增至35%时,平均每提高1%水含量,燃烧器出口温度下降7. 95℃,燃烧器内平均温度下降7. 69℃;水含量为35%时,燃烧器内平均温度降低269℃,燃烧器出口平均温度降低278℃。污泥水煤浆在双锥燃烧器内的燃烧,可通过降低二次风量、增加二次风旋流强度、提高二次风温度等强化燃烧措施实现。二次风旋流强度由1变为2时,燃烧器出口平均温度提高20℃,二次风量减少为理论空气量的0. 6,燃烧出口平均温度提高203℃,综合使用降低二次风量、增加旋流强度和提高二次风温的措施后,燃烧器出口平均温度提高289℃,基本接近该燃烧器燃用煤粉时的燃烧条件,双锥燃烧器基本可达到稳定燃烧污泥水煤浆的目的。     

煤粉粒径对骨料烘干煤粉燃烧器排放特性的影响

构建骨料烘干煤粉燃烧器内煤粉燃烧行为的控制模型,以污染物含量为评价标准,研究了骨料烘干煤粉燃烧过程中煤粉粒径对排放特性的影响规律. 结果表明,随煤粉粒径增大,煤粉在燃烧器内燃烧不充分,CO排放量增加,CO2排放量逐渐减少,SO2排放量增加,NO排放量在煤粉粒径为100 um时最小.     

水煤浆在双锥逆喷燃烧器内燃烧过程的数值分析

为了研究煤粉和煤浆在双锥燃烧器内燃烧过程的区别,应用计算流体软件Fluent,对14 MW逆喷双锥燃烧器建立了燃烧过程的热态模型,分别进行煤粉和水煤浆的燃烧过程模拟研究。结果发现:水煤浆和煤粉的速度场基本类似;水煤浆中水分汽化增大了燃烧器的阻力,使离散相颗粒在燃烧器内的停留时间增加;由于水分高,水煤浆着火位置较煤粉延后110 mm;燃用水煤浆的燃烧器内平均温度和出口温度分别比燃用煤粉低162 K和199 K;水煤浆火炬的核心温度区比煤粉火炬提前438mm,且水煤浆火炬刚性更强,但衰减速度较快。水煤浆的燃烧特性处于逆喷双锥燃烧组织控制的有效范围,证明该燃烧组织原理是解决水煤浆燃烧温度与效率之间矛盾的有效方法之一。     

煤粉锅炉炉膛燃烧一维数学模型的研究

为了有效地进行直流煤粉多相流动与燃烧数值模拟,实现煤粉低NOx燃烧,本文在连续介质模型的框架中建立了综合考虑气—固两相流流动、燃烧与传热的直流煤粉燃烧一维数学模型。应用这一模型对一维煤粉炉炉膛内煤粉燃烧和气体燃烧的数值计算表明,该模型可快速有效地用于模拟直流煤粉多相流动与燃烧过程,给出炉内温度、NOx分布等主要参数。     

煤粉燃烧及SNCR脱硝反应过程数值模拟

使用Fluent6.3.26对一个简单的燃烧器内煤粉燃烧及非选择性催化还原(SNCR)脱销进行了模拟。应用标准k-ε双方程模型计算气体的湍流流动,采用组分运输模型、P-1辐射模型,得到燃烧器内部的速度、压力、和浓度场信息,模拟结果与实际得到较好的吻合。     

Characteristics of sodium compounds on NO reduction at high temperature in NOx control technologies

Characteristics of sodium compounds additives on NO reduction at high temperature were investigated in a tube stove and a drop tube furnace. Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate were chosen as Na additives to research the effect on NO reduction. It was found that sodium compounds could reduce NO emission and promoted NO reduction efficiency during pulverized coal combustion, coal reburning and urea-SNCR process. Adding sodium carbonate into crude coal gained 3.2%–34.8% of NO reduction efficiency on different combustion conditions during the coal combustion process. NO reduction efficiency was affected by sodium content and coal rank. Na additive performed NO reduction effect in whole Shenhua coal combustion process and in char rear combustion of Gelingping coal. Adding sodium hydroxide into the reburning coal increased NO reduction efficiency of the reburning technology. NO reduction efficiency was increased to 82.7% from 50.0% when the weight ratio sodium to the reburning coal was 3% and the ratio of the supplied air to the theoretical air of reburning fuel was 0.6. Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate performed the promotion of NO reduction efficiency in urea-SNCR. Sodium acetate promoted NO reduction efficiency best while sodium hydroxide promoted worst at 800 °C. Sodium additives as SNCR promoter performed much better at lower temperature than at higher temperature, and they promoted NO reduction weakly in urea-SNCR when the temperature was greater than 900 °C.     

NO emission on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed – An experimental study

High temperature air was adopted by combustion in high excess air ratio in a circulating fluidized bed. Experiments on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from the circulating fluidized bed were carried out in a down-fired combustor with the diameter of 220 mm and the height of 3000 mm. The NO emission decreases with increasing the residence time of pulverized coal in the reducing zone, and the NO emission increases with excess air ratio, furnace temperature, coal mean size and oxygen concentration in high temperature air. The results also revealed that the co-existing of air-staging combustion with high temperature air is very effective to reduce nitrogen oxide emission for pulverized coal combustion in the down-fired combustor.     

Combustion characteristics of a two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor

In order to investigate the combustion characteristics of a two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor, combustion experiments of low-grade anthracite coal were performed. Experimental parameters were the fluidizing air velocity, coal feed rates, bed temperature, stoichiometric air ratio, swirl nozzle diameter and rotational diameter. The experimental results showed that, due to the swirl flow, the elutriation rates of fines were lower than those of the single-stage fluidized bed combustor. The combustible contents of the ash in the outflow streams were also reduced. Therefore, the combustion efficiency of the two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor was 20% greater than that of the single-stage fluidized bed combustor under the same operating conditions.     

Enhancement of combustion efficiency with mixing ratio during fluidized bed combustion of anthracite and bituminous blended coal

In order to investigate the effect of mixing ratio of bituminous coal to blended coal on the enhancement of combustion efficiency, combustion experiments of blended coal with anthracite and bituminous are done in a laboratory scale fluidized bed combustor (10.8 cm ID and 170 cm height). The gross heating values of anthracite and bituminous coal used in this study are 2,810 cal/g and 6,572 cal/g, respectively. Experimental parameters are fuel feed rate, superficial gas velocity and mixing ratio of bituminous coal to blended coal. The combustion efficiency increases with the mixing ratio of bituminous coal due to the lower unburned carbon losses and higher burning velocity of bituminous coal. The rate of combustion in the combustor was increased with mixing ratio resulted from a higher burning velocity of bituminous coal. The measured combustion efficiency experimentally is about 3.5-12.4% higher than that of the calculated value based on the individual combustion of anthracite and bituminous coal under the same operating conditions. The optimum mixing ratio (MR) of bituminous coal determined is around 0.75 in this study. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Analysis of combustion efficiency in CFB coal combustors

Fluidized bed technology is well known for its high combustion efficiency and is widely used in coal combustion. In this study, the combustor efficiency has been defined and investigated for CFB coal combustor based on the losses using a dynamic 2D model. The model is shown to agree well with the published data. The effect of operating parameters such as excess air ratio, bed operational velocity, coal particle diameter and combustor load and the effect of design variables such as bed height and bed diameter on the mean bed temperature, the overall CO emission and the combustion efficiency are analyzed for the small-scale of CFBC in the presently developed model. As a result of this analysis, it is observed that the combustion efficiency decreases with increasing excess air value. The combustion efficiency increases with the bed operational velocity. Increasing coal particle size results in higher combustion efficiency values. The coal feed rate has negative effect on the combustion efficiency. The combustor efficiency considerably increases with increasing combustor height and diameter if other parameters are kept unchanged.     

Conversion of volatile-nitrogen and char-nitrogen to NO during combustion

The design of low emission combustion chambers using low NO_x strategies involving staged burning or stratified combustion requires a detailed understanding of the combustion processes of the fuel volatiles and char burning. In this paper some aspects of the combustion of coal-volatiles and char are considered. The extreme cases of volatile combustion, namely premixed and diffusive burning are examined in order to consider the range of NO_x reduction options available to the combustion chamber designer. A similar set of situations is examined for char burning and the release of the fuel-nitrogen to form NO.

The implications of the processes are considered in two practical applications, those of the high temperature combustion found in pulverised coal burning and in a lower temperature regime of the conditions under fluidised bed combustion. In the case of pulverised coal flame the degree of mixedness of the volatiles played a dominant part in determining the extent of NO formation whilst the role of char-nitrogen is only to form NO and NO reduction is limited because of the short residence time and low char concentrations at the end of the reaction zone. In a circulating fluidised bed combustor it was concluded that a different situation can arise. If the bed is sufficiently large enough to give a residence time of several seconds, then the NO initially formed in the fluidised bed is reduced by the carbon in the top of the bed and the riser under steady state conditions and its concentration at the exit can be estimated by equilibrium calculations.     

Emission of nitrogen oxides in a vortexing fluidized bed combustor

This study investigated experimentally the effects of fuel types and operating conditions on NO emission in a 0.45 m I.D. pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed combustor. Rice husk, soybean, high and low sulfur subbituminous coals, and bituminous coal were used as fuels. Silica sand was employed as the bed material. The effects of various operating conditions, such as bed temperature, excess air ratio, and stoichiometric air flow rate on NO emission were investigated. The dependence of the conversion of fuel-N on O/N and H/N weight ratios of the fuel was explored to understand the effect of fuel composition on NO emissions. The results show that the H/N ratio is a better indicator than the O/N ratio to represent the conversion of fuel-N to NO. Soybean was mixed with other fuels to study its characteristics for reducing NO emission. Taguchi method was applied to analyze the priority of operating conditions for dominating NO emission. It is found that the excess air is the most important factor to dominate NO emission.     

Experimental study of the reduction mechanisms of NO emission in decoupling combustion of coal

Decoupling combustion realized by dividing the coal combustion process into coal pyrolysis and the combustion of volatiles and char can reduce NO emission from coal fired stoves. In this study, decoupling combustion process in coal fired stoves was simulated experimentally with a specially designed dual-bed model reactor. The reactor can simulate various combustion sub-steps occurring in a real stove. The experimental results suggest that NO reduction by burning char may be the major contribution for NO reduction in decoupling combustion process. Compared with normal combustion, up to 40% NO emission can be reduced in decoupling combustion process.     

新型多重富集低NOx煤粉燃烧器的研究

对多重富集低 NOx 煤粉燃烧器的结构及特点进行了分析 ,初步阐述了这种燃烧器的低负荷稳燃和低 NOx 排放原理 ,并进行了一系列冷态模化实验 ,研究了燃烧器结构和气流等因素对这种燃烧器性能 ,即浓淡风比、阻力系数的影响 .实验结果表明 ,档块间开度对燃烧器阻力损失影响显著 ,开度增加可使燃烧器阻力损失降低 ,浓淡风比减小 ,但双档块开度过多 ,会使加粉时煤粉气流的浓淡分离效果变差 ;浓淡风比受燃烧器浓淡侧阻力平衡决定 ,为此 ,必须在浓侧设置阻力调节器 ,满足阻力特性和风量平衡的多重要求 ,根据实验结果得到了优化的燃烧器结构 .     

含油污泥在煤粉锅炉雾化喷燃的研究分析

为了高效低成本处理含油污泥,提出了含油污泥在煤粉锅炉雾化喷燃的工艺。重点介绍了采用雾化喷燃含油污泥的过程,揭示了含水率对于污泥特性影响,探讨了在不同含油污泥与煤混烧比条件下,锅炉效率和污染物排放的变化规律。结果发现污泥含水率越低,炉膛里面的能量损失越小。含水率为90%时,具有较优流动特性。掺烧污泥对燃煤锅炉效率影响较小,在最大污泥掺烧比条件下混合燃烧效率比煤粉单独燃烧时锅炉效率仅减小0.17%。掺烧处理每吨污泥耗煤0.14t。分析表明:处理某大型化工厂的3万t/a污泥的运行费用折合标准煤为4 248t。因此,污掺烧具有较好的环保经济效益。