一种基于自适应回归核函数的污水处理能耗模型

针对污水处理过程能耗模型难以建立的问题,提出了一种基于自适应回归核函数的建模方法。通过分析污水处理过程的运行特点,构建能耗与运行过程变量之间的关系,得到一种基于过程变量的能耗模型表达;同时利用梯度下降算法对能耗模型参数进行自适应调整,提高模型精度。最后,将设计的能耗模型应用于污水处理过程基准仿真平台BSM1和实际污水处理厂,实验结果表明该模型能够根据污水处理过程变量实时获得污水处理过程的能耗,具有较好的自适应特性和较高的精度。     

污水处理工程的能耗来源及节能优化方案分析

污水处理工程既存在直接能耗,又存在间接能耗,且不同能耗来源下耗损的能量不同。首先分析了污水处理工程中的具体能耗来源,再以此为基础,进一步分析了适用于污水处理工程的节能优化方案,如引入高效处理技术、优化污水处理系统、选购高效能的设备装置、建立污水污泥回用机制。     

污水处理厂节能降耗措施分析

随着工业社会的发展,工业用水需求逐步提高,节约用水已成为当下社会主题,而对于水资源的再次利用,则是节约用水环节的重中之重。放眼全国,各大城市的污水处理工作随着环保工作的进行逐渐提上日程。由于技术上的问题,在污水处理进程中也时刻伴随着大量的能耗,如何降低污水在处理过程中产生的能耗也成为当今社会的主要问题。鉴于此,以污水处理厂能耗分析为主,结合当下污水处理技术进行节能降耗措施的多方面阐述。     

福州市城市污水处理厂清洁生产潜力研究

随着污水处理规模的扩大,污水处理厂自身的污染物处置和能耗问题日益突出。本文通过分析福州市城市污水处理企业的清洁生产潜力及存在环节,探讨福州市城市污水处理企业推行清洁生产的途径和措施,以实现节能减排的目标。     

基于多目标粒子群算法的污水处理智能优化控制

为了满足污水处理过程出水水质排放达标的同时降低运行能耗,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群的污水处理多目标智能优化控制方法。首先,通过分析污水处理运行数据,建立了基于自适应回归核函数的污水处理能耗和出水水质模型;其次,设计出一种污水处理多目标优化方法,利用多目标粒子群优化算法同时对污水处理自适应能耗和出水水质模型进行优化,获得溶解氧和硝态氮浓度的优化设定值;最后,利用PID控制器对溶解氧和硝态氮浓度优化设定值进行跟踪控制,实现了污水处理过程的多目标优化控制。基于污水处理基准仿真平台BSM1的实验结果显示,该多目标优化控制方法不但能够保证出水水质达标,而且能有效降低污水处理过程的能耗。     

基于多策略自适应差分进化算法的污水处理过程多目标优化控制

针对污水处理过程中的能耗过高和出水水质不达标等问题,提出一种基于多策略自适应差分进化算法的污水处理过程多目标优化控制方法。首先,在常规跟踪控制结构的基础上,增加对第3、4单元溶解氧浓度的跟踪控制,扩大了能耗和出水水质的优化调节范围。然后,设计一种多策略自适应差分进化算法（MSADE）,该算法采用多策略融合变异和排序优选方法,选取合适的变异策略和较优的随机个体引导种群变异,并根据进化过程信息自适应地更新交叉率,以提升算法的收敛性和pareto解的多样性。最后,将MSADE算法与PID控制器相结合,并构建以能耗和出水水质为优化目标的多目标优化问题,实现对溶解氧和硝态氮浓度设定值的动态寻优和跟踪控制。基于国际基准仿真平台BSM1进行验证,结果表明所提的多目标优化控制方法能有效降低污水处理过程的能耗并提升出水水质。     

污水处理厂能耗评估与优化现状

污水处理是能耗密集型技术,为了能对污水处理过程进行合理的能耗评估和降低污水处理能耗,各国研究学者在此方面都做了大量的研究工作。文章从污水处理厂能耗现状入手,对能耗评估指标、能耗基准线的划定方法、能源效率提高办法、能源监管等几个方面进行了综述。通过分析发现,污水处理厂的能源效率通过评估和管理是可以大幅度提升的,将来还有很多值得研究的空间。     

基于多目标粒子群算法的污水处理智能优化控制

为了满足污水处理过程出水水质排放达标的同时降低运行能耗,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群的污水处理多目标智能优化控制方法。首先,通过分析污水处理运行数据,建立了基于自适应回归核函数的污水处理能耗和出水水质模型;其次,设计出一种污水处理多目标优化方法,利用多目标粒子群优化算法同时对污水处理自适应能耗和出水水质模型进行优化,获得溶解氧和硝态氮浓度的优化设定值;最后,利用PID控制器对溶解氧和硝态氮浓度优化设定值进行跟踪控制,实现了污水处理过程的多目标优化控制。基于污水处理基准仿真平台BSM1的实验结果显示,该多目标优化控制方法不但能够保证出水水质达标,而且能有效降低污水处理过程的能耗。     

基于均匀分布NSGAII算法的污水处理多目标优化控制

针对污水处理过程控制中能耗过大、出水水质超标严重等问题，提出了一种基于均匀分布的NSGAII(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II based on uniform distribution, UDNSGAII)多目标优化智能控制系统。首先，该方法以污水处理能耗和出水水质作为优化目标，建立多目标优化模型。其次，为了获得溶解氧和硝态氮的优化设定值，提高Pareto解的性能，该算法将种群映射到目标函数对应的超平面, 并在该平面上进行聚类以增加解的多样性。此外，加入分布性判断模块和分布性加强模块提高解的分布性。最后，采用比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)控制器对溶解氧和硝态氮的优化设定值进行底层跟踪控制。为了验证该算法的有效性，采用国际基准的污水处理仿真平台(benchmark simulation model No.1, BSM1)来进行实验。结果显示，所提出的UDNSGAII多目标优化控制方法能够在满足出水水质达标的同时，有效地降低污水处理过程能耗。     

冷冻浓缩污水处理的能耗分析

冷冻浓缩作为一种环保和节能的污水处理方式,一方面可缓解缺水地区对水资源的需求,另一方面能耗低可节省大量能量。冷冻浓缩污水处理法是一种兼具节能和环保的污水处理方式。应用冷冻浓缩方法与真空蒸发污水处理方法,研究污水处理过程的运行能耗情况,通过理论计算冷冻浓缩法和真空蒸发法在污水处理过程中的能耗并分析其节能潜力。在本文的设计条件下,理论计算结果表明仅考虑污水处理能耗时,冷冻浓缩法比蒸发法节能30.35%;当采取预冷后,冷冻浓缩法比蒸发法节能45.7%;当结合预冷和冰蓄冷后,冷冻浓缩法处理污水比蒸发法节能62.5%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.