预氧化—混凝—复合滤料组合工艺处理含剑水蚤水源水试验研究

经检测,大伙房水库水源水在8～18℃温度范围时含有剑水蚤。本试验采用预氧化—混凝—复合滤料组合工艺达到完全去除剑水蚤的目的,并分别对预氧化、混凝、复合滤料过滤三个水处理工艺单元以及预氧化—混凝—复合滤料组合工艺对剑水蚤的去除效果进行了探究。在PAC投加量为10mg/L、ClO_2投加量为0.2mg/L、采用ΣL/d=1078的无烟煤—石英砂复合滤料的试验条件下,平均出水浊度为0.5NTU,剑水蚤去除率达到100%。在持续4个月的试验过程中,取得了良好的处理效果。试验证明含剑水蚤水源水适合采用预氧化—混凝—复合滤料组合工艺进行降浊除蚤处理。     

羟基磷灰石去除煤矿矿井水氟化物工艺研究及参数优化

针对煤矿矿井水中氟含量超标的问题,采用3种粒径的羟基磷灰石开展连续除氟实验,探讨了羟基磷灰石投加量、进水流量、进水pH、吸附时间及再生次数对矿井水除氟效果的影响。结果发现,羟基磷灰石可用于矿井水深度除氟,其除氟过程为一级反应过程,粒径3μm~5μm的羟基磷灰石除氟效果最好,当羟基磷灰石投加量为100 g、进水流量为0.8 L/h、进水pH=7.53、吸附时间≤60 h时,矿井水出水氟质量浓度能降至≤1 mg/L。     

制备条件对掺镁羟基磷灰石结构及除氟性能的影响

为了提高羟基磷灰石(HAP)滤料的除氟能力,以磷酸、四水硝酸钙和六水硝酸镁为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备一种Mg掺杂羟基磷灰石(Mg-HAP)除氟滤料,研究了制备条件对滤料除氟性能的影响,探究了Mg-HAP滤料的结构与除氟性能之间的关系。结果表明:掺镁量和陈化时间主要影响晶体结构;钙、镁与磷的摩尔比和反应温度主要影响Mg-HAP的纯度;在滤料晶体结构相对保持完整时,滤料的羟基含量越多,滤料的除氟容量越高。在n(Mg)/n(Ca+Mg)为0.10,n(Ca+Mg)/n(P)为1.50,反应温度30℃,搅拌1 h,90℃陈化60 min的优化制备工艺条件下,制备的Mg-HAP滤料样品,Mg在HAP的内部分布均匀;Mg取代羟基磷灰石晶格中的少部分Ca,导致晶面结构发生畸变,晶格缺陷增加,表面吸附能力增强;同时滤料的羟基含量提高,滤料的除氟容量提高。与HAP相比,Mg-HAP除氟容量提高了近4倍。     

反渗透除氟除氨氮技术在饮用水中的应用

反渗透工艺可有选择地将氟离子、氨氮与水分离。水质监测表明,宁夏B市A水厂出水氟化物和氨氮浓度超标,针对现有工艺状况及水质特征,A厂采用了反渗透除氟除氨氮技术进行水质提标改造。为了节省投资及运行成本,采用原水+反渗透膜处理水勾兑方案,近远期勾兑比例分别为3.5∶1和10∶3。主体工艺为多介质过滤器+反渗透装置。长期运行的结果表明,反渗透工艺对氟化物与氨氮的去除效率分别为97%和88%。A厂改造后的出水氟化物浓度、氨氮浓度及其他指标均满足饮用水卫生标准要求,运行成本仅增加0.31元/m³。此工程为国内首次较大规模采用反渗透除氟除氨氮的供水厂,对于以地下水为水源且氟化物、氨氮等特征因子超标的原有水厂提标改扩建、新建水厂除氟、除氨氮具有推广及示范意义。     

连续微滤分离膜和硫酸铝混凝除氟的研究

天津经济技术开发区污水处理厂二级出水的氟离子质量浓度为1.8-3mg／L,研究去除二级出水中氟离子对超标的地下水或其他高氟水的开发、利用具有重要意义,作者主要研究了硫酸铝混凝除氟工艺,并提出和探讨连续微滤膜分离技术(CMF)和铝盐混凝组合除氟的新工艺。CMF系统出水中氟离子质量浓度小于1mg／L,系统出水的SDI值小于3,悬浮物质量浓度低于5mg／L,浊度低于0．5NTU,实验结果令人满意。     

煤-砂双层滤料滤池运行参数优化试验

强化过滤在饮用水常规处理技术中发挥着重要作用。通过对比国内外煤一砂双层滤料滤池设计参数,设计不同配置滤层的试验滤柱进行优化无烟煤一石英砂双层滤料滤池运行参数研究,可为双层滤料滤池设计运行提供一定的技术支持。试验结果表明,上层无烟煤层厚为600 mm、有效粒径为1.0 mm、K_(80)=1.4,下层石英砂层厚为300 mm、有效粒径为0.5 mm、K_(80)≤2.0的配置下滤柱具有较好的过滤性能。当滤速为12 m/h时,滤池出水浊度控制在0.1 NTU以下,2~5μm颗粒数在3 000/mL以下,过滤周期长达26 h,且可以防止浊度和颗粒数穿透滤池。     

污水厂生化尾水深度化学除磷效果优化及其对颗粒态磷粒径分布的影响

后置化学除磷工艺是实现城市污水处理厂出水总磷(TP)达到地表水IV类标准的经济有效方法。选择合适的除磷剂和助凝剂,以及优化运行参数是保证深度除磷的重要因素。选取聚合氯化铝(PAC),聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚合硅酸铝铁(PSAF)作为除磷剂,磁粉和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为助凝剂,利用实际污水处理厂二沉池出水,在不同组合方式和投加量条件下,分析出水中溶解态TP(DTP)和颗粒态TP(PTP)浓度特征,采用正交试验优化深度化学除磷工艺。结果表明,单独采用除磷剂时,PFS对TP去除效果优于PSAF和PAC,投加量为40 mg/L时即可满足出水TP含量小于0.3 mg/L的要求。以PSAF为除磷剂时,PAM和磁粉为助凝剂可以促进除磷剂PSAF对TP的去除效果,减少除磷剂的使用。通过对化学除磷工艺出水的颗粒物粒径分析,发现微粒径的PTP是高标准出水中TP的主要存在形态,优化后置化学除磷条件形成较大TP颗粒粒径,以促进微粒径PTP的重力分离或采用过滤截留分离含磷微絮体是实现深度除磷的技术关键。     

高级氧化法深度处理含氟废水的工艺研究

以电子产品洗涤过程中产生的含氟废水为研究对象,针对有机氟化物难降解、生化性差等特点,采用Fenton氧化-钙盐-树脂的耦合工艺处理有机氟废水。Fenton氧化方法可对废水中的有机氟化物进行深度氧化处理,将废水中的有机氟分解为无机氟,氧化后的废水通过"钙盐+树脂"的工艺深度去除废水中的无机氟离子。研究结果表明:Fenton氧化过程中控制pH为4、H_2O_2浓度为12 g/L、Fe~(2+)浓度为12 mmol/L时,氟离子去除效率最高;深度除氟工艺中,钙盐工艺能够将废水中的氟离子浓度降低至12 mg/L,树脂工艺可以进一步将氟离子浓度降低至小于1 mg/L。     

油田压裂返排液回注利用工艺研究

鄂尔多斯某油井压裂返排液通过氧化-絮凝-脱钙镁沉淀、二级精细过滤、化学剂耦合离子交换脱硼组合单元去除固悬、钙镁、残余硼,氧化絮凝沉淀过程优化工艺条件：H₂O₂用量0.1%,Na₂CO₃加量1 410 mg/L,调节pH至10,PAC加量500 mg/L,PVA加量300 mg/L,PAM加量7.5 mg/L,沉淀30 min;过滤后进行树脂除硼,除硼过程优化工艺条件：调节pH值为9,过滤体积为800 mL,在25℃、150 r/min转速下振荡20 min。处理结果满足压裂返排液重新配液的要求。     

水淬渣处理电厂生活污水的试验研究

通过石英砂和水淬渣单层滤料的对比试验,了解水淬渣的过滤性能.并采用水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料不加药直接过滤技术对电厂生活污水二级出水进行深度处理.试验结果表明:在去除浊度方面,水淬渣和石英砂的过滤性能相差不大;在去除COD方面,水淬渣的过滤性能优于石英砂.滤速为7.5 m/h时,水淬渣-石英砂滤料的平均出水浊度＜3 NTU、COD＜15 mg/L,满足回用标准,出水水质稳定.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.