溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化钛及其光催化性能研究

二氧化钛因具有优秀的抗化学和光腐蚀性能、高稳定性、价格低廉等特点被国际上普遍认为是最理想的光催化材料之一。但由于其存在禁带间隙较宽,光生载流子的的复合率高等缺陷导致其对光能利用率低。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法,以Ti(OC4H9)4为主要反应原料,NH4Cl、Fe Cl3、H3BO3作为掺杂剂,合成了Fe3+掺杂、B3+单掺杂; N、Cl、C共掺的改性Ti O2。通过样品表征,发现Fe3+改性催化剂在60min内对甲基橙解率高达87.5%,而B3+改性的Ti O2催化剂在60 min内对甲基橙解率只有80%。NH4Cl以浓HNO3为水解抑制剂制备的改性Ti O2催化剂要优于以浓HCl为水解抑制剂,其在60 min内对甲基橙降解率达到81.2%。     

纳米光催化剂TiO_2/Fe_3O_4的制备及表征

采用两步法制备磁性负载纳米光催化剂TiO2/Fe3O4。首先用液相共沉淀法制备磁性纳米Fe3O4颗粒;然后用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸四正丁酯为先驱体,通过水解缩聚在Fe3O4纳米颗粒表面包覆TiO2层,得到易于磁分离回收的复合纳米光催化剂TiO2/Fe3O4,粒径大约为30 nm。利用TEM、XRD、FT-IR、VSM对Fe3O4和TiO2/Fe3O4的结构和性能进行了表征,结果表明,制备的Fe3O4为面心立方晶体(FCC)结构,具有超顺磁性;TiO2为锐钛矿相,包覆在Fe3O4的表面,形成了核-壳式结构的TiO2/Fe3O4复合光催化剂。     

CoFe2O4磁核硅胶纳米复合材料在化学分离/分析中的应用

Co Fe2O4磁核纳米复合材料的功能化制备是以钴铁氧纳米粒子作磁核,硅胶负载包裹制备得到磁硅胶纳米粒子,并进一步在此基础上功能化得到目标纳米复合材料。制备的钴铁氧磁核纳米复合材料在分析化学中的应用是近年来的研究热点之一。Co Fe2O4-Si O2纳米粒子的功能化主要包括氨基、巯基、酸基、甲基、金属氧化物、石墨烯、环糊精等。此外,也有少量报导包括多巴胺、抗体、血红蛋白等生物功能化负载Co Fe2O4-Si O2等。本文报导了最新Co Fe2O4磁硅胶纳米复合材料的功能化材料在化学分离/分析中的应用情况。     

纳米多孔Fe_2O_3–Fe_3O_4/Ni复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能

通过在NH4F+H2O的乙二醇溶液中阳极氧化铁箔,制备了纳米多孔结构的铁氧化物(Fe2O3–Fe3O4),然后在纳米多孔中电沉积镍,再经过400°C退火0.5 h,获得了镍与纳米多孔氧化铁的复合材料(Fe2O3–Fe3O4/Ni)。考察了电流密度和时间对镍沉积的影响。用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪表征了复合材料的表面形貌、元素组成和物相,测试了其电化学性能并与未经电沉积镍的纳米多孔氧化铁(Fe2O3–Fe3O4)比较。结果表明,氧化铁由Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成。镀镍的最佳电流密度为2.0 m A/dm2,时间30 s。该纳米多孔Fe2O3–Fe3O4/Ni复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料表现出更好的电化学性能──经过50次充放电循环后的放电比容量仍有438.3 m A·h/g,而Fe2O3–Fe3O4电极的放电比容量仅为110.6 m A·h/g。Fe2O3–Fe3O4/Ni电极的循环稳定性和倍率性能优异。     

负载钯的磁性复合纳米颗粒的制备及其催化性能研究

本文首先合成SiO2包覆的磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒(Fe3O4@SiO2),再通过硅烷偶联剂得到氨基修饰的纳米颗粒(Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2),该纳米颗粒再与Na2[Pd Cl4]反应将Pd负载在磁性纳米颗粒上,最后通过Na BH4还原得到了磁性纳米复合物Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-Pd。利用红外、TEM和XRD技术对产物进行了表征。用UV-Vis对其催化4-硝基苯酚还原反应的性能进行了研究。结果表明,该纳米颗粒具有很好的催化性及重复利用性。     

埃洛石管内负载纳米四氧化三铁复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

以柠檬酸铁为铁源,采用真空浸渍法和高温热分解法,在天然埃洛石纳米管(Hal)内成功负载了Fe3O4纳米粒子复合材料(A-Hal/Fe3O4),验证产物对染料分子的吸附性能提升效果。通过X射线衍射仪、Fourier转换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱仪、透射电子显微镜以及振动样品磁强计对A-Hal/Fe3O4复合磁性材料的组成、结构、形貌、磁性进行表征,通过紫外-可见光谱检测了A-Hal/Fe3O4复合材料吸附亚甲基蓝的性能。结果表明:Fe3O4纳米颗粒已成功负载在HNTs管内,但有少量的Fe3O4表面被氧化成磁赤铁矿(γ-Fe2O3),造成样品呈黄色;制备的A-Hal/Fe3O4复合磁性材料对5 mg/L的亚甲基蓝的吸附性能良好,30 min内的吸附脱色率为98.99%;回收后再次吸附,30 min内的吸附脱色率为94.14%;相比于埃洛石原矿,A-Hal/Fe3O4产物在30 min时的脱色率提升20%以上。同时,负载在埃洛石管内的Fe3O4纳米粒子的比饱和磁化强度(Ms)可以达到4.7(A·m2)/kg,通过外加磁场的吸引作用,成功将吸附了有机染料分子的复合材料从模拟废水中快速分离。     

离子液体中合成Fe3O4/PANI复合纳米颗粒

以FeCl3.6H2O和FeCl2.4H2O为原料,以水为介质,利用化学共沉淀法,常温下反应合成了Fe3O4纳米粒子,并进一步以Fe3O4纳米粒子为原料,采用原位聚合法分别在H2O和氯代1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([BMIM]Cl)离子液体中合成了Fe3O4/聚苯胺(PANI)纳米复合粒子,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热分析仪(TG)、电导率仪、多功能振动样品磁强计对样品的形貌、结构和电磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:在这两种介质中都可以得到核壳型复合颗粒,但离子液体中合成的复合颗粒粒度小、分散性好且聚苯胺的结晶程度高。在离子液体中制备的复合材料与水中相同条件下制得的复合材料相比,电导率及磁性能均有提高。在离子液体中制备磁性导电复合材料是一种绿色高效的工艺。     

一步水热制备凹凸棒石/Fe_3O_4/炭复合材料吸附剂

以硫酸亚铁铵、葡萄糖和凹凸棒石为原料,采用一步水热法制备了凹凸棒石/Fe3O4/炭纳米复合材料,研究了氨水加入量和水热时间对材料微观结构、磁性能和吸附性能的影响,并与凹凸棒石、凹凸棒石/炭和凹凸棒石/Fe3O4进行对比分析。结果表明:由于氨水的加入,硫酸亚铁铵沉淀为纳米Fe3O4颗粒,负载于凹凸棒石表面;葡萄糖炭化为无定形炭负载于凹凸棒石表面。随着氨水加入量的增多和反应时间的延长,复合材料中Fe3O4含量相应增加,磁化率迅速增加。不同材料(凹凸棒石、凹凸棒石/炭、凹凸棒石/Fe3O4和凹凸棒石/Fe3O4/炭)的磁性能和吸附性能的对比分析表明:碳的负载有效改善了材料对有机污染物苯酚的吸附性能,Fe3O4则赋予材料磁性能。凹凸棒石/Fe3O4/炭对苯酚的去除率(57%)远高于未改性凹凸棒石,并可以从液相中磁分离。     

介孔Fe2O3/四钛酸复合材料的制备及可见光催化活性

以窄带隙Fe2O3为柱撑剂,采用剥离-重堆积法制备了Fe2O3柱撑四钛酸复合材料,并运用XRD、N2吸附-脱附和UV-Vis DSR对材料进行表征。分析表明,柱撑复合材料的层间通道为2.5 nm,比表面积为57 m^2/g。可见光催化降解罗丹明B结果表明,复合材料的光催化活性是客体Fe2O3的2倍,H2Ti4O9的4倍。     

Fe_3O_4-ZnO复合材料的可控制备及其性能研究

采用水热-共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4-Zn O复合材料,利用SEM和XRD对Fe3O4-Zn O复合材料的微观结构进行了表征,并对复合材料的光催化性能和磁性能进行了研究。结果表明,制备的Fe3O4-Zn O复合材料的形貌可通过改变碱源的种类进行调控;光催化测试结果表明,当加入的碱源为NH3·H2O时制备出的Fe3O4-Zn O复合材料表现出优异的光催化活性,在100 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率达到97.7%,重复使用3次后降解率仍达到96.5%。特别是这种材料具有很好的磁性(饱和磁化强度为25.881 A·m2/kg),可有效地对催化剂进行回收。     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997