Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Seeds of Three Safflower Species

Seeds of six safflower (C. tinctorius L.) genotypes and 19 accessions of two wild species were analyzed for oil and fatty acid composition. Oil content ranged from 29.20 to 34.00, 20.04 to 30.80 and 15.30 to 20.80% in C. tinctorius, C. oxyacantha Bieb. and C. lanatus L., respectively. The main fatty acids of oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids composed 96–99% of the total fatty acids in all species. The sum of myristic, palmitoleic, arachidic, and behenic fatty acids in oil of the species ranged from 0.43 to 0.57%. The oleic acid in seed oil of C. tinctorius, C. oxyacantha and C. lanatus ranged from 12.24 to 15.43, 14.11 to 19.28 and 16.70 to 19.77%, respectively. The corresponding ranges for linoleic acid were 71.05 to 76.12, 63.90 to 75.43 and 62.47 to 71.08%. Palmitic acid in seed oil varied from 5.48 to 7.59% in C. tinctorius, 6.09 to 8.33% in C. oxyacantha and 7.44 to 8.78% in C. lanatus. The stearic acid of the seed oil showed a variation of 1.72 to 2.86, 2.50 to 4.87 and 3.14 to 4.79% in genotypes of these species, respectively. The fatty acids composition of oil among the cultivated and wild species were not considerably different, indicating that seed oil of the wild safflower is possibly suitable for human consumption and industrial purposes.     

Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Oil Content and Composition of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars

Safflower oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, however, the composition of the oil may be affected by drought stress. This experiment determined the effect of three irrigation regimes (60, 75 and 90% soil moisture depletions of available water) on oil composition of safflower cultivars (Kuseh, PI and IL111). Amounts of oil and oil composition of the seeds were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The oil contents of IL111, PI and Kuseh cultivars were 30.73, 27.63 and 25.25%, respectively. The oil contents, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid contents were reduced by about 13, 63, 60, 14 and 10% by drought, respectively. The stearic acid contents of PI, IL111 and Kuseh were reduced by 72, 61 and 37% and palmitic acid contents of the same cultivars were reduced by drought by 65, 53 and 51%, respectively. Whereas, the linoleic acid contents of Kuseh, PI and IL111 were reduced by only 10, 8 and 5% and oleic acid contents of the same cultivars were reduced by only 14, 13 and 14% under the drought stress, respectively. The results showed that although drought stress reduced the amount of oil and oil composition of safflower cultivars, the decrease was due to a dramatic reduction in saturated fatty acids contents. Thus, proper irrigation regimes may enhance safflower oil quality.     

Oil Quality and Yield of Different Carthamus tinctorius Cultivars: Promising Oilseeds for Biodiesel in Semi-Arid Regions

In this study, seed productivity and oil content of three safflower genotypes (IMAMT 1750, IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894) cultivated in the Brazilian semi-arid region were evaluated to identify which genotype has the best in-field performance. The acidity and saponification index were evaluated, as well as the efficiency of lipid extraction through thermal analysis, aiming to estimate the species' potential for biofuel production in semi-arid regions. Field cultivation under semi-arid conditions lasted for ~75 days and no herbivory were observed on the plants. The IMAMT 894 genotype presented higher seed yield than the other genotypes, IMAMT 1750 presented 34% oil, and IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894 presented 32% oil with efficient extraction in the Soxhlet system and high oil content and quality; higher than traditionally used crops such as soybean and cotton. The IMAMT 894 genotype showed higher seed productivity, but all three genotypes presented good oil yield and quality for biodiesel production. Oil extraction in the Soxhlet system was efficient since the thermogravimetric analysis showed no oil in the residual biomass after oil extraction.     

Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of High Oleic Safflower Oils (Carthamus tinctorius,Var. CW88-OL and CW99-OL)

Chemical composition and physical properties of CW88‐OL and CW99‐OL cultivars of high oleic safflower seeds and their hexane‐extracted oils were determined. Dry‐based seed composition of CW88‐OL and CW99‐OL was: moisture = 4.29 and 4.23 %, oil = 42.29 and 46.44 %, Crude protein = 20.94 and 16.41 %, neutral detergent fiber = 28.11 and 28.49 %, ash = 1.55 and 2.01 %, phosphorus content = 2033 and 3995 mg/kg, respectively. Major fatty acids in oils were ~78 % oleic (O), ~13 % linoleic (L), ~5 % palmitic (P) and ~2 % stearic (St) acids, for both cultivars. The main triacylglycerols were OOO (~50 %), OOL (~20 %), SOL + OPO (~10 %), and LLP (~5 %). The oil composition of CW88‐OL and CW99‐OL in main minor components was: α‐tocopherol = 582 and 551 mg/kg, total sterols = 3996 and 3362 mg/kg, phospholipids = 22 and 21 mg/kg and wax content = 70 and 74 mg/kg. For both cultivars, density and viscosity of the oils between 25 and 55 °C varied from 903.4 to 912.6 kg/m³ and 63 to 23 mPa.s showing linear and exponential behaviors, respectively. The refractive index was 1.4694. The CIELab color parameters were: 89.69 and 89.53 (L*), ?3.72 and ?3.07 (a*), and 47.28 and 47.78 (b*) (CW88‐OL and CW99‐OL, respectively). Thus, the high oil content of the seeds and nutritional quality of the oil accompanied by low levels of waxes and phospholipids makes the cultivars studied promising for producers and consumers.     

红花细胞和组织培养研究进展

红花是重要的油药两用作物,本文对红花细胞和组织培养的国内外研究进展进行了综述,主要包括愈伤组织的诱导、次生代谢产物的合成及细胞的大规模培养、器官发生、体细胞胚胎发生等几个方面,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

棉籽酸化油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱法分析了棉籽酸化油的脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质进行了研究。分析结果表明,棉籽酸化油的含油率为91.33%,酸值为144.35mgKOH/g,碘值为116.58gI2/100g,皂化值为199.80mgKOH/g;其主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(21.29%)、硬脂酸(2.29%)、油酸(23.72%)、亚油酸(50.23%)和亚麻酸(0.39%),其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达74%,具有很高的工业利用价值。     

Genetic Analysis of Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Safflower (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Carthamus tinctorius</Emphasis> L.)

The F₁ and F₂ progenies of eight-parent diallel crosses were used to investigate the mode of inheritance of fatty acids, oil, and protein in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. The results indicated significant differences among the parents for general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Relatively high narrow-sense heritability was estimated for fatty acids including linoleic (0.84), oleic (0.77), palmitic (0.61), and stearic (0.6) acids. The high narrow-sense heritability and the high ratio of GCA/SCA mean squares for all the fatty acids investigated indicate the important role of additive gene action in controlling these traits. In our experiment, however, low narrow-sense heritability was obtained for oil (0.37) and protein (0.28) contents. Furthermore, the estimates of genetic variance components proposed the importance of non-additive genetic effects that contribute to variation in oil and protein content. The overall results indicated that K₂₁ × Mex.22-191 cross could be employed for the production of high oil yielding and high oleic acid safflower lines in breeding programs.     

The Fatty Acid Profile and Phenolic Composition of Descurainia sophia Seeds Extracted by Supercritical CO2

Oil and phenolics were extracted from Descurainia sophia (Sophia) seeds by a supercritical CO₂ system. Extractions were conducted in two sequential steps, first using 100 % CO₂ and then adding 10 % ethanol as co‐solvent. The extracts were collected in each step using two separate collectors operating at different pressures. The extraction run was 3 and 4 h for the first period, and 2 h for the second period. The majority of the oil was collected in the first extraction period while phenolic compounds were obtained in the second extraction period. A combined mode of static/dynamic extraction (3 h running and 1 h soaking in CO₂) was also used in the first extraction period, which enhanced the total extraction yield (29.3 ± 0.5 %) and was comparable to the 4 h extraction yield (31.4 ± 0.1 %). The total fatty acid (FA) content of oil in collector 1 (0.94 g) was nearly twice that in collector 2 (0.60 g). The oil contained 14 FAs with α‐linolenic being predominant (48.5 %), with a total 91.1 % unsaturated FAs, a ω3/ω6 ratio of 2.7, and an erucic acid content of 6.2 %. More than 10 phenolic compounds were detected by HPLC in the Sophia seed extracts of which sinapic acid was the dominant compound. Sophia seed extracts showed high levels of antioxidant activity. These results suggest that Sophia seed oil and phenolics have the potential for functional food and pharmaceutical applications.     

Impact of development periods on chemical properties and bioactive components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties

This study aimed to determine the chemical properties (fatty acid composition, oil content, sterol and tocopherol compositions) of the oils extracted from the seeds of safflower (Dinçer, Remzibey, Balci, Linas, Yenice, Olas) varieties harvested in different periods from flowering to ripening period. In parallel with the increase of harvest time, the humidity rate decreased, while the oil ratios increased. It was determined that palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids, which are significant saturated fatty acids, and oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids, which are unsaturated fatty acids, are quite high in the oils of all safflower varieties. These fatty acids showed significant changes from the first harvest to the last harvest. The total saturated fatty acid ratios decreased, while the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increased as the maturation progressed. The first and latest harvest samples of Dinçer, Remzibey, Balcı, Linas, Yenice, Olas cultivars were selected and their sterol and tocopherol compositions were examined. The highest level of sterol in all cultivars was β-sitosterol and the amount of sterols decreased towards full maturity. It was determined that α-tocopherol was the dominant tocopherol found in the safflower oils and the amount of tocopherol increased towards full maturity.     

Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition in Tree Peony Seeds Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Tree peonies (Paeonia Sect Moutan DC) are an emerging oil crop because of their high oil and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) content. This research was to investigate the potential use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating the major fatty acids contents, such as palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) in tree peonies. A total of 115 small seed samples and 447 single seeds were selected to calibrate the predictive models. NIRS absorbance spectra were collected using a Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectrometer for the small seed samples, and acousto‐optic tunable filter‐near infrared (AOTF‐NIR) for the single seed samples. Statistical analysis was performed with partial least squares (PLS). For the husked samples, C18:3, C18:1 and C18:2 showed the highest correlation coefficient of validation (R_v; = 0.9756, 0.9467 and 0.8485, respectively) and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD; = 3.58, 1.91 and 2.17, respectively); however, C16:0 did not reach expectations (R_v = 0.7783, RPD = 1.32). For intact samples, C18:3 showed the best prediction (R_v = 0.9096, RPD = 3.14), followed by C18:2 (R_v = 0.8479, RPD = 1.96). The results for C18:1 were poor (R_v = 0.7237, RPD = 1.70). For single seeds, only the results for C18:3 (R = 0.9150, RPD = 1.73) were good in the husked seed samples. It was concluded that NIRS can be used to rapidly assess the content of the major fatty acids in small samples.     

Oil, Fatty Acid Profile and Karanjin Content in Developing Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Seeds

Oil content, fatty acid composition and karanjin content were studied in developing pongamia seeds, at intervals of 3?weeks from 30?weeks after flowering up to 42?weeks. Three marked stages in seed development were observed at the early green pod stage, the middle half brown stage and the late dark brown stage. Significant variation in seed biomass, pod and seed characteristics were observed. A significant (P?<?0.01) decrease in the moisture content of the seeds was observed during seed development. The oil content gradually increased from 32.06 to 36.53?% as the seed matured. A significant variation in fatty acid composition was detected across all stages of seed development. Palmitic acid (16:0) content marginally decreased from 11.81 to 10.18?%, while stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) remained constant at all stages of seed maturity. A steady increase in oleic acid (18:1) content from 38.11 to 49.11?% was observed, while the linoleic acid (18:2) content decreased from 30.14 to 18.85?%. The iodine value increased, while the saponification number of oil decreased during seed development. The increase in karanjin content was steady. Seeds harvested after 42?week after flowering yielded the maximum oil with high oleic acid content which could be suitable for biodiesel production.     

Physicochemical Characterization and Fatty Acid Profiling of Different Philippine Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum,Engl.) Varieties

Canarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study focused on the assessment of the physical, nutritional, and fatty acid profile of the pulp and kernel of Pili nut varieties. The study included 7 varieties that are cultivated in a single soil condition at the Albay Research and Development Center, Buang, Tabaco City, Philippines. Standard method Association of Official Analytical Chemist for nutritional analysis and DNA barcoding were used in the study. Molecular authentication through DNA barcoding shows that studied Pili nut varieties belong to genus C. ovatum. Split component of the fruit reveals that pulp is the major component (12.6–25.3%) of the fruit, followed by shell (5.97–12.3%), kernel (1.75–3.49%), and testa (0.17–0.34%). Lyophilized Pili nut kernel contains 67.2–74.1% fat, 11.5–13.2% protein, 3.43–9.97% dietary fiber, and 2.93–3.37% ash, and provides 704–749 cal 100 g^?1 energy. Pili nut pulp contains 43.4–53.1% dietary fiber, 20.2–31.7% fat, 8.32–10.9% ash, and 4.53–6.32% protein, and provides 361–432 cal 100 g^?1 energy. Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber. Prominent fatty acid is oleic acid (C18:1) for all varieties, which is higher in the pulp than in the kernel. Other major fatty acids include palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics measured depend significantly on the variety.     

Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition of Acorn (Quercus), Pistacia lentiscus Seeds Growing in Algeria

The fruits of two plants from Algeria (Quercus and Pistacia lentiscus) were investigated. The paper reports the chemical characteristics and the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from the fruits. The black fruits of P. lentiscus has the highest crude fat of 32.8%, followed by the red fruits with 11.7%, and the lowest value of 9% in Quercus (acorn). The acid value was highest in red fruits of P. lentiscus oil (24.0 mg KOH/g), followed by the black fruits oil and lowest in acorn oil. The relatively high iodine value in the oils indicates the presence of many unsaturated bonds. Saponification value was highest in the Quercus ilex oil (166.7 mg KOH/g), while the lowest value was in the black fruits of P. lentiscus oil. Gas-liquid chromatography revealed that the three dominant fatty acids found are: palmitic C16:0 (16.3–19.5%), oleic C18:1 (55.3–64.9%), linoleic C18:2 (17.6–28.4%). The oils contain an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids (78.8–83.5%).     

Variation in Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Globe Artichoke Under Different Irrigation Regimes

Seed oil content of globe artichoke and its composition were assessed under three irrigation regimes, including irrigation at 20, 50, and 80 % depletion of soil available water. Water deficit affected the phenological characteristics, amount and the quality of the oil as well as the phenolics and antioxidant activity of the leaves and capitula. The seed oil content ranged from 18.7 % in 80 % to 22.8 % in 20 % treatment. The fatty acid composition of oil was determined using gas chromatography (GC). The predominant fatty acids in the oil were linoleic (51.68 %), oleic (34.22 %), palmitic (9.94 %), and stearic (3.58 %). Water deficit leads to reduced oil content, linoleic acid, the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and the iodine value. On the other hand, some other fatty acids such as palmitic and oleic acid and also the ratio of oleic/linoleic acid were elevated due to water deficit. Higher antioxidant activity was observed in capitula (IC₅₀ = 222.6 μg ml^?1) in comparison to the leaves (IC₅₀ = 285.8 μg ml^?1). Finally, the severe drought stress condition caused to gain higher oil stability, while the highest seed oil content and unsaturated fatty acids in the oil was obtained in non‐stress condition. Moreover, high phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity as well as appreciable dry matter content were obtained in the moderate water stress condition.     

Variation in Fatty Acid Compositions, Oil Content and Oil Yield in a Germplasm Collection of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The variation in oil content, oil yield and fatty acid compositions of 103 sesame landraces was investigated. The landraces varied widely in their oil quantity and quality. The oil content varied between 41.3 and 62.7%, the average being 53.3%. The percentage content of linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids in the seed oil ranged between 40.7–49.3, 29.3–41.4, 8.0–10.3 and 2.1–4.8%, respectively. Linolenic and arachidic acids were the minor constituents of the sesame oil. Linoleic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids of sesame with average values of 45.7 and 37.2%, respectively. The total means of oleic and linoleic acids as unsaturated fatty acids of sesame were about 83% which increases the suitability of the sesame oil for human consumption. The superiority of the collection was observed in oil content. The oil content of a few accessions was above 60%, proving claims that some varieties of sesame can reach up to 63% in oil content. The accessions with the highest oil content were relatively richer in the linoleic acid content while there were some landraces in which linoleic and oleic acid contents were in a proportion of almost 1:1. The results obtained in this study provide useful background information for developing new cultivars with a high oil content and different fatty acid compositions. Several accessions could be used as parental lines in breeding programmes aiming to increase sesame oil quantity and quality.     

环氧油脂肪酸组成分析研究

通过薄层色谱、气相色谱、色质联用等技术,首次得到了油脂环氧化反应期间的脂肪酸环氧化反应规律:开始反应阶段,高含量不饱和脂肪酸反应速率高于低含量不饱和脂肪酸;环氧化反应期间,多不饱和脂肪酸首先生成单环氧酸,之后再逐渐生成二环氧酸,最后生成三环氧酸;富含亚麻酸的油脂环氧化反应时有更易于开环反应的趋向,其次是富含亚油酸的油脂,再次是富含油酸的油脂.实验结果表明,不同环氧油原料在进行环氧化反应时需要控制不同的反应条件,以避免开环副产物量的增加,从而制备得优质环氧油产品.     

Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of 15 Marine Fish Species from the Southeast Coast of Brazil

Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in edible meat of fifteen marine fish species caught on the Southeast Brazilian coast and two from East Antarctic. Most of the fish had lipid amounts lower than 10% of their total weight. Palmitic acid (C16:0) predominated, accounting for 54–63% of the total amount of saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) was the most abundant (49–69%) monounsaturated fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), accounting for 31–84% of n-3 PUFA. n-3 PUFA level were highest in Antarctic fish meat, comprising 45% of the total fatty acid content, which consisted of mainly EPA (16.1 ± 1.5 g/100 g lipids) and DHA (24.8 ± 2.4 g/100 g lipids). The amounts of EPA + DHA in g/100 g of lipids on the Southeast Brazilian coast and Antarctic fish species investigated were found to be similar: 42.0 ± 1.7 for Bonito cachorro, 41.0 ± 2.3 for Atum, and 39.4 ± 1.8 for peixe porco, respectively. All the studied species exhibited an n-3/n-6 ratio higher than 3, which confirms the great importance of Southeast Brazilian coast fish as a significant dietary source of n-3 PUFA.     

Influence of Fatty Acid Profile of Total Parenteral Nutrition Emulsions on the Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Piglets

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) studies in human babies of very-low-birth-weight suggest that the lipid emulsions currently available are not optimum for neonatal nutrition. Since fatty acid metabolism in human and pigs is very similar, the present study examines how lipid emulsions used in clinical TPN (i.e. ClinOleic, Intralipid, Lipofundin or Omegaven), with different fatty acid compositions, administered to neonatal piglets for 7 days, influenced their tissue fatty acid composition as compared to those enterally fed with a sow milk replacer. A positive linear relationship was found between the proportion of all individual fatty acids in the lipid emulsions or in the milk replacer versus those in plasma, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat, liver, heart, pancreas, stomach or intestine total lipids or in brain phospholipids, the latter showing the lowest correlation coefficient. With the exception of brain, the proportion of either oleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid in the individual tissues was correlated with those present in the corresponding lipid emulsion or milk replacer, whereas the proportion of linoleic acid correlated significantly with all the tissues studied. With the exception of brain phospholipids, both eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were higher in the tissues of piglets receiving Omegaven than in all other groups. In conclusion, with the exception of the brain, fatty acid composition of plasma and different tissues in piglets are strongly influenced by the fatty acid profile of TPN emulsions. Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids are, however, much less influenced by dietary composition, indicating an active and efficient metabolism that ensures its appropriate composition at this key stage of development.     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction,Fatty Acid Composition,Oxidative Stability,and Antioxidant Effect of Torreya grandis Seed Oil

Torreya grandis seed oil (TGSO) extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was explored from the extraction conditions, fatty acid composition, its oxidative stability and antioxidant activity in a bench‐scale apparatus. An L₉(3⁴) orthogonal design was applied to optimize extraction parameters. The results demonstrated that the maximum yield of 94.57 % was obtained at 45 MPa, 4 h and 50 °C. There were 18 kinds of compounds found within TGSO; the predominant ingredient was linoleic acid (42.02 %), followed by oleic acid (32.14 %) and dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (9.80 %). The IC₅₀ values for 1,6‐bis(diphenylphosphino) hexane radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (HO?) and superoxide radical (O₂^·?) were 5.61, 3.16 and 4.20 mg/mL, respectively.     

Investigating Fatty Acid Composition of Samples were Homogenized Various Meat and Offal Products from Turkey

The aim of the present study was to compare the fatty acid composition, PUFA:SFA ratio, n6/n3 ratio, and TFA of different farm animal meats and offal products. These products were collected at a regional farm in Istanbul which is the most populous city in Turkey. The results of fatty acid composition analysis indicated that the major fatty acids of C16:0 (18.00–29.35 %), C18:0 (4.10–29.71 %), C18:1 (29.21–57.30 %), and C18:2 (1.37–18.60 %) were found in the samples. The total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids content of the samples ranged between 30.00 and 61.83 %, 32.24 and 57.80 %, and 1.64 and 23.60 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Except for turkey abdominal fat, TFA content in all other samples showed a variation between 0.10 and 3.36 %. The PUFA:SFA ratio was higher in turkey meat (0.64) and was lower in sheep kidney fat (0.02). Moreover, the n6/n3 PUFA ratio changed between 2.90 and 22.28 (p < 0.05).