FeS2/TiO2复合薄膜光电性能

采用溶液浸渍法在ITO导电玻璃表面的多孔TiO2薄膜上沉积了FeS2薄膜.使用Fe2O3粉末保护裸露在外的ITO导电膜在硫气氛中热处理后,制得了FeS2/TiO2复合薄膜.应用B531/H数显测厚指示表、数字式四探针测试仪、XJCM-8太阳电池测试仪等研究了FeS2/TiO2复合薄膜的厚度、ITO导电玻璃的电阻率以及FeS2/TiO2复合薄膜的光电性能.结果表明：此方法制得的FeS2/TiO2复合薄膜具有良好的光电性能;且ITO导电膜的电阻率变化较小.因而适宜制备色素增感太阳能电池（DSSC）.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备ITO薄膜研究进展

概述了近年来国内外溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-Gel)制备ITO薄膜的研究状况,对Sol-Gel法制备ITO薄膜工艺做了简要介绍,重点讨论了Sol-Gel法制备ITO薄膜的溶胶体系,分析比较了有机醇盐、无机盐以及掺入ITO粉末方法体系的优缺点,最后讨论了甩膜法、提拉法及平铺法在Sol-Gel法制备ITO薄膜中镀膜的应用.指出Sol-Gel法是一种高效可行的制备ITO薄膜的方法,有着广阔的应用前景.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备ITO透明导电薄膜的研究进展

ITO透明导电薄膜以其优良的透明导电性能在平面液晶显示(LCD)、电致发光(EC)等多个领域得到了广泛的应用.制备ITO薄膜的方法很多,其中采用溶胶-凝胶法制备ITO透明导电薄膜具有成本低,设备简单,工艺可控,有利于大面积成膜等优点,因而受到了广泛的关注.较详尽地介绍了ITO薄膜的透明导电机理、溶胶-凝胶法的工艺特征,并初步论述了溶胶-凝胶法制备ITO透明导电薄膜的应用和发展前景.     

直流反应磁控溅射法制备太阳电池用ITO透明导电膜

采用直流反应磁控溅射法制备了ITO透明导电薄膜,针对氧流量、溅射气压、溅射电流3种工艺参数对ITO薄膜电阻率和可见光区透射率的影响进行了分析和研究。结果表明:从ITO薄膜作为太阳电池用减反射层和电极出发,得到了工艺参数的优化值,分别为氧流量0.2 ml/min(标准状态),溅射气压3 Pa和溅射电流0.2 A,ITO薄膜的电阻率为3.7×10-3Ω.cm,透过率(550 nm)高达93.3%。另外,利用该优化工艺条件下制备的ITO薄膜作为电极和减反射层,制备了结构为ITO/n+-nc-Si∶H/-i nc-Si:H/p-c-Si/Ag的太阳能电池,电池开路电压Voc达到534.7mV,短路电流Isc达到49.24mA(3 cm2),填充因子为0.4228。     

ITO透明导电薄膜的制备方法及研究进展

概述了透明导电薄膜的分类及ITO薄膜的基本性质,综述了用于制备ITO薄膜的磁控溅射法、真空蒸发法、溶胶-凝胶法、喷雾热解法、化学气相沉积法,论述了不同制备方法的优缺点。最后,介绍了ITO薄膜的应用现状,并对ITO薄膜的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微波辐射溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜及其降解铬黑T的活性

通过微波辐射溶胶一凝胶法（sol-gel）法在导电玻璃（ITO）基体上制备TiO2纳米薄膜光催化剂，考察不同加热方式、微波时间、酸处理、薄膜层数等对TiO2纳米粒子及薄膜的影响。以可见光谱（UV-VIS）、X射线衍射（XRD）对TiO2薄膜进行了表征，并通过薄膜光催化降解铬黑T溶液的性能进行了研究。实验表明，ITO玻璃表面的TiO2纳米薄膜经HNO3和微波处理后，因协同效应使薄膜的光催化活性大大增强。     

改进溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO_2薄膜及其光催化制氢性能

以钛酸丁酯为原料,采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备ITO负载纳米TiO2薄膜,通过XRD、SEM和UV-Vis等检测方法对薄膜样品进行表征,并考察其在双室光电化学池中制氢反应的光催化活性。结果表明:纳米TiO2薄膜为锐钛矿-金红石混晶结构,当溶胶中P25粉末含量为0.09g/mL时制备的TiO2薄膜产氢量最大,光催化性能较好。     

ITO/TiO2-xNx/NiO复合电极制备及其光电化学性能

以三乙胺为氮源,钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂TiO2,并用旋涂法制备ITO导电玻璃为基材的氮掺杂TiO2薄膜,经300℃、400℃、500℃处理制得ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜。采用XRD、XPS、SEM和UV-Vis吸收光谱等对样品进行表征,并进行光电化学性能测定,结果表明500℃处理制得的ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜具有最佳的光电催化性能。进一步采用化学沉积法在ITO/TiO2-xNx薄膜表面上沉积多孔NiO薄膜,制得ITO/TiO2-xNx/NiO复合薄膜,研究表明该复合薄膜具有很好的光电致色特性及储放电性能,可应用于光电致变色和光电能量储存领域。     

ITO透明导电膜的湿法制备与性能研究

以聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮为分散剂制备了氧化铟锡(ITO)溶胶,通过涂布的方式将其制备成ITO透明导电膜,考察了不同热处理温度及表面粗糙度对ITO薄膜性能的影响。结果表明:ITO溶胶颗粒粒度分布较窄,分散性好;随着热处理温度的升高,ITO薄膜的导电性和透光性均逐渐增强;相同热处理温度下,薄膜表面粗糙度越低越有利于获得低电阻率、高透光率的ITO薄膜。     

CZTSSe薄膜的直接溶液涂膜制备方法研究进展

直接溶液涂膜法制备铜锌锡硫硒(CZTSSe)薄膜具有元素配比易于控制、高材料利用率以及易于大面积制备等潜在优点,是一种极具应用前景的非真空制备方法。综述了铜锌锡硫硒薄膜直接溶液涂膜法的特点,从形貌、杂质残留以及物相等方面回顾了近年来浆料法、溶胶-凝胶法、有机溶液法以及联氨溶液法的薄膜制备现状,分析了不同溶液体系的各自反应机制,讨论了溶液体系对薄膜制备的影响。对于浆料法,由于是通过纳米颗粒原料高温烧结制备薄膜,存在着致密性和晶粒尺寸难以改善以及杂相难以抑制等问题;溶胶-凝胶法和有机溶液法所使用的有机物会妨碍物相转化并导致杂质残留。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from