动态TDD技术HARQ时序冲突的解决方案

动态TDD技术的引入不仅能够很好地解决突发性业务需求增长较快的问题,还能提升小区通信系统的服务质量.在动态TDD系统中,无线帧配置可以通过系统中的负载量来改变.但是一些子帧可能会在重配后改变传输方向,导致一些HARQ进程出现时序冲突,影响系统性能.为了解决动态TDD系统中的HARQ时序冲突问题,提出了一种基于过渡无线帧的混合自动重传方案.当重配周期到来时,在重配点后增加一个过渡无线帧,使得HARQ时序以一种较简单、时序冲突较少的方式过渡到重配后的无线帧.在LTE系统仿真平台上建立HARQ模型进行性能验证,仿真结果表明,所提方案能有效地提升系统资源利用率,并给系统平均吞吐量带来增益.     

Joint detection and combining schemes in MIMO-HARQ systems

This article mainly investigates the combining schemes for hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) protocols in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. A novel scheme, which joins MIMO detection and HARQ combining, called mid-combining, is presented in this article. Based on the position of HARQ combining, we classify the HARQ combining schemes into three types, named pre-combining, mid-combining, and post-combining. The simulation results show that mid- combining can increase the system throughput for all SNRs.     

基于RCPC码和分块传输的新型HARQ系统

在研究Ⅱ,Ⅲ型HARQ的基础上,提出了基于RCPC码的新型HARQ,并通过仿真得出不同信噪比下的最佳分块方案,以便使新型HARQ获得最佳性能。新型HARQ是将F个相同的分块穿孔后同时发送;在接收端,解穿孔后相同的分块进行分集合并。新型HARQ具有Ⅱ,Ⅲ型HARQ的优点,当信噪比较低时新型HARQ的通过率和平均重传次数接近于Ⅲ型HARQ;当信噪比较高时新型HARQ的通过率和平均重传次数接近于Ⅱ型HARQ。对Ⅱ,Ⅲ型和新型HARQ的性能进行理论分析和仿真,结果证明本文结论正确。     

Bandwidth‐Efficient Selective Retransmission for MIMO‐OFDM Systems

In this work, we propose an efficient selective retransmission method for multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) wireless systems under orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling. A typical received OFDM frame may have some symbols in error, which results in a retransmission of the entire frame. Such a retransmission is often unnecessary, and to avoid this, we propose a method to selectively retransmit symbols that correspond to poor‐quality subcarriers. We use the condition numbers of the subcarrier channel matrices of the MIMO‐OFDM system as a quality measure. The proposed scheme is embedded in the modulation layer and is independent of conventional hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) methods. The receiver integrates the original OFDM and the punctured retransmitted OFDM signals for more reliable detection. The targeted retransmission results in fewer negative acknowledgements from conventional HARQ algorithms, which results in increasing bandwidth and power efficiency. We investigate the efficacy of the proposed method for optimal and suboptimal receivers. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method on throughput for MIMO‐OFDM systems.     

关于非规则LDPC码的基于度分布HARQ性能研究

该文提出了一种非规则LDPC码字基于度分布HARQ技术的改进方案。该方案在选择重传信息的过程中,不仅考虑了节点度分布的影响,而且考虑了非规则LDPC码字自身的不均等错误保护特性。与原始的基于度分布的HARQ方案相比,该方案使系统的误比特率和吞吐量指标得到了明显改善。     

一种基于交织重组和星座重组的Type-II型混合ARQ方案

为提高系统的通过率及译码效率,高速可靠数据传输系统采用混合ARQ方案。本文提出了一种基于交织重组和星座重组的混合ARQ方案,分析了系统的通过率、误帧率及重传时延。通过仿真说明本方案可获得较大的通过率增益,减小重传延时,提高了系统的传输可靠性。     

Cross-layered retransmission schemes for TCP-based services

Various retransmission schemes for wireless communication systems have been used to improve performance such as reliability and throughput. Each retransmission scheme is designed to improve the performance according to characteristics of each layer of protocol stacks, such as delay components and error control. Especially, a cross-layered retransmission scheme has been proposed to maximize the spectral efficiency by combining a retransmission scheme and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). However, the cross-layered retransmission scheme is designed for performance improvement at the wireless access networks. The end-to-end performance is not taken into account for modeling of the cross-layered retransmission schemes. It is difficult to design retransmission schemes for the end-to-end performance improvement. In this paper, we analyze the delay and the throughput at the transport layer for the end-to-end performance when a system uses a cross-layered retransmission scheme and the transmission control protocol as the reliable transmission protocols. We also propose a cross-layered retransmission strategy, AMC combined with automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (HARQ), to improve end-to-end throughput. From the evaluation results, it is shown that the proposed cross-layered retransmission strategy is suitable for delay insensitive services that require high throughput.     

Adaptive A-MPDU retransmission scheme with two-level frame aggregation compensation for IEEE 802.11n/ac/ad WLANs

The aggregate MAC protocol data unit (A-MPDU) is one of the significant frame aggregation schemes to improve the performance for high-rate IEEE 802.11n/ac/ad wireless local area networks (WLANs). However, the performance of the A-MPDU scheme does not meet the user expectations because the frame length of the retransmitted A-MPDU will be inevitably and sharply reduced due to the effect of the lost subframe on the number of the aggregatable subframes (i.e., the aggregation level). To overcome this problem, an adaptive A-MPDU retransmission scheme with the two-level frame aggregation compensation is proposed. In this scheme, when the aggregation level of the retransmitted A-MPDU frame dramatically decreases, one of the appropriate two-level aggregation strategies is adaptively employed to compensate the length of the retransmitted A-MPDU frames according to the theoretical analysis of the throughput performance for the conventional A-MPDU scheme and two strategies of the two-level aggregate frame respectively. Simulations using ns-3 platform are performed and the results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive A-MPDU retransmission scheme can achieve higher throughput and medium access control (MAC) layer efficiency.     

Performance analysis of ARQ schemes with code combining over Nakagami-m fading channel

This article investigates the performance of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) with code combining over the ideally interleaved Nakagami-m fading channel. Two retransmission protocols with coherent equal gain code combining are adopted, where the entire frame and several selected portions of the frame are repeated in protocols Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively. Protocol Ⅱ could be viewed as a generalization of the recently proposed reliability-based HARQ. To facilitate performance analysis, an approximation of the product of two independent Nakagami-m distributed random variables is first developed. Then the approximate analysis is utilized to obtain exact frame error probability (FEP) for protocol Ⅰ, and the upper bound of the FEP for protocol Ⅱ. Furthermore, the throughput performance of both two protocols is presented. Simulation results show the reliability of the theoretical analysis, where protocol Ⅱ outperforms protocol Ⅰ in the throughput performance due to the reduced amount of transmitted information.     

联合正交调制与网络编码的协作HARQ方案

为了提高正交调制协作系统的传输效率,提出联合网络编码与正交调制协作混合自动重传请求方案。所提方案在重传中引入了网络编码,使得系统可以在相同的时间内能够重传更多的信息,从而节约了重传时间,进而改善系统吞吐量。接着,建立了Markov状态转移模型,并推导了所提方案在各种脉冲幅度调制(PAM)方式下的误帧率和延时性能,进而获得其吞吐量闭式近似解。仿真结果表明,与传统正交调制协作HARQ方案相比,所提方案在信噪比为5 dB、10 dB、15 dB处分别采用2PAM、4PAM、8PAM调制时都有近8%的吞吐量增益。     

基于网络编码的Ⅲ型HARQ无线广播跨层设计

为提高无线广播效率,该文设计一种基于网络编码的Ⅲ型混合自动重传请求(HARQ)机制,同时为执行网络编码重传,提出一种异或型联合策略。其主要思想是通过网络编码(NC),使重传数据包能服务于尽量多的用户,并且每个用户能获得丢失包的软信息,以实施联合网络-信道译码。文章进一步利用机会中继的思想,将所提NC-HARQ Ⅲ型机制扩展到中继广播系统。数值分析和仿真表明,NC-HARQ Ⅲ型机制能显著降低广播系统的平均传输次数,与I型HARQ和NC-HARQ Ⅰ型机制相比,其性能增益应归功于网络编码的潜在优势和联合网络-信道译码技术带来的较低的误包率。     

改进型极化码混合自动请求重传法

极化码与混合自动请求重传结合的传输方案适用于物联网应用的短数据包场景。现有的极化码与蔡司合并结合的传输方案能够提供合并增益,但并未提供编码增益。极化码与增量冗余结合的传输方案能够获得更好的性能,但计算复杂度较高,不适用于短数据包场景。该文提出一种改进型极化码与混合自动请求重传结合的传输方案。与现有的极化码与蔡司合并结合的传输方案相比,当码率为1/2、重传次数为1时,该方案能够获得额外的0.7 dB的编码增益,与码率为1/4的极化码性能相近。该文所提方案的编译码复杂度相比于码率为1/4的极化码,降低了50%的复杂度。仿真结果验证了该方案的有效性。     

基于校正子的第一类混合ARQ及其性能分析

基于校正子的计算提出了一种第一类混合ARQ (HARQ) 方案,该HARQ采用Reed-Solomon (RS)码作为纠错子系统,将检错功能巧妙融于译码过程中。对系统误比特率和吞吐量的分析与仿真表明,短码宜采用前向校正子结构,长码宜采用后向校正子结构,而系统的吞吐量与可靠性之间的最佳折衷,可以通过选择恰当的最大重传次数实现。     

Optimizing the ARQ performance in downlink packet data systems with scheduling

Third generation wireless systems typically employ adaptive coding and modulation, scheduling, and Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) techniques to provide high-speed packet data service on the downlink. Two main considerations in designing such a system are algorithms for the selection of coding and modulation schemes based on the channel quality of the link and algorithms for the selection of the user to whom a particular slot is assigned. We propose a systematic approach to optimize the mapping between signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to maximize the throughput by taking into account the type of HARQ scheme employed. We also propose to incorporate frame error rate (FER) and retransmission information as a part of the scheduling decision. The proposed scheduler ranking methods based on using an effective rate rather than the instantaneous rate provide natural priority to retransmissions over new transmissions, and priority to users with better channel quality. Extensive simulation results comparing performance of the proposed methods to conventional methods are presented.     

一种新型的基于OFDM系统的自适应HARQ方案

基于正交频分复用(OFDM)系统提出一种自适应混合自动重传请求(HARQ)方案,它充分利用发送端获得的信道状态信息对每次重传数据符号进行重组并且采用星座重组方案平均调制符号内各比特间的可靠性差异。仿真分析表明,自适应HARQ方案与星座重组方案相结合大大提高了系统通过率、降低误块率和传输时延。     

一种CQI辅助的HARQ改进方案

下一代移动通信系统在高速移动的条件下,需要更高的吞吐量和更大的带宽。这就需要采用更好的信道编码（turbo码等）、HARQ策略和信道均衡技术。但是,turbo译码是一个复杂的过程,在进行信号处理时会耗费用户大量的时间和功率。因此与turbo译码相关的HARQ策略会对系统性能产生很大影响。提出了一种CQI辅助的HARQ策略。这种策略主要利用了已经测量得到的CQI来跳过HARQ在首次传输和重传过程中不必要的解调和译码过程。通过采用HARQ策略,当误帧率高于门限时可以节省UE端大约55%的功率。     

支持MIMO链路的Ad hoc网络中的链路激活型拓扑未知MAC协议

该文提出了支持多输入多输出(MIMO)链路的Ad hoc网络的链路激活型拓扑未知多址接入协议。该协议利用正交拉丁方来为网络链路分配传输时隙,保证每个链路在1帧中至少有1个时隙可以成功传输。推导了该协议的平均吞吐量,并以最大化平均吞吐量为准则给出了选择协议参数的方法。数值结果表明,与已有链路激活型和节点激活型拓扑未知协议相比,本文的协议可以提高网络节点的吞吐量。     

MIMO广播信道中联合多用户速率和延迟约束调度的研究

该文给出了一种多入多出高斯广播信道中具有延迟约束的多用户无线数据包的传输方案。首先,在信道的QR分解及脏纸编码基础上,通过贪婪算法获取多用户分集与包延迟约束之间的有效结合。其次,将包到达速率、可达服务速率、用户数以及传输天线数构成一优化问题,得到最佳的用户组合及调度周期。最后,在不同用户数及发射天线数情况下对该方案进行了性能仿真,仿真结果表明:在满足包传递最小延迟等待要求的同时,得到了传输容量的最大化。     

Multidestination Protocols for Satellite Broadcast Channels

Two retransmission procedures, the go-back-N(GBN) scheme and the selective repeat (SR) scheme, have been analyzed for data transfer from one transmitter to many receivers. We consider transfer of error-controlled bulk data over a satellite broadcast channel. Two retransmission strategies, the dynamic retransmission group reduction (DRGR) technique and the fixed retransmission group (FRG) technique, are proposed. We study the GBN and SR schemes for both strategies. Analytic expressions are derived for the throughput performance of the GBN scheme and of the SR scheme with infinite resources, while discrete event simulation is used to estimate the throughput of the selective repeat scheme with finite resources. Only the SR scheme using the DRGR technique provides acceptable performance for high-speed bulk data transfer. For the DRGR technique, the throughput falls logarithmically with an increase in the number of receivers. In contrast, the throughput for the FRG technique falls exponentially with an increase in the number of receivers.     

Design of MAC-defined aggregated ARQ schemes for IEEE 802.11n networks

Based on the IEEE 802.11n standard, frame aggregation is considered one of the major factors to improve system performance of wireless local area networks (WLANs) from the medium access control (MAC) perspective. In order to fulfill the requirements of high throughput performance, feasible design of automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanisms becomes important for providing reliable data transmission. In this paper, two MAC-defined ARQ schemes are proposed to consider the effect of frame aggregation for the enhancement of network throughput. An aggregated selective repeat ARQ (ASR-ARQ) algorithm is proposed, which incorporates the conventional selective repeat ARQ scheme with the consideration of frame aggregation. On the other hand, the aggregated hybrid ARQ (AH-ARQ) protocol is proposed to further enhance throughput performance by adopting the Reed-Solomon block code as the forward error correction (FEC) scheme. Novel analytical models based on the signal flow graph are established in order to realize the retransmission behaviors of both schemes. Simulations are conducted to validate and compare the proposed ARQ mechanisms with existing schemes based on service time distribution. Numerical results show that the proposed AH-ARQ protocol outperforms the other retransmission schemes owing to its effective utilization of FEC mechanism.