Saving energy in the heat-pump air conditioning system driven by gas engine

The main functions of the heat-pump air conditioning system driven by gas engine (GEHPAC) are to maintain the room temperature and control the humidity of the room. In summertime, the air can be reheated by the waste heat water from the gas engine, while the air can be reheated and humidified by the waste heat water in winter. Reducing or displacing electrical heating requirements can achieve the greatest opportunity for significant energy savings. This paper, therefore, aims to improve the energy performance of the AC system by using the waste heat from the gas engine. The mathematical model for the second heat exchanger, the sprayed room, the mixed air, was used to research the GEHPAC. Explicitly, we investigated the influence of various factors including the outdoor air temperature and humidity in summer and winter. Results from the analysis show that the GEHPAC can save more energy than the electricity engine heat pump. The GEHPAC runs beautifully in part load mode. PERx is higher in winter than in summer. The maximum PERx is over 1.6 in summer, while over 1.9 in winter. The GEHP which can control the room humidity can be used in more areas than the common GEHP.     

Mathematical modelling of PCM air heat exchanger

In order to cool a room with a cold night air phase change material, PCM, is stored in an air heat exchanger. During night the PCM crystallises, energy is released. During daytime air is circulated in the unit, energy is absorbed and the indoor air is cooled. The characteristic of PCM is that there is an increase of the specific heat over a limited temperature span. This is the principle that is used in the design of the PCM air heat exchanger unit.The action of a PCM storage unit will act differently depending of the thermal properties of the material. In an ideal material the phase transition occurs at a given temperature. On the market, compounds containing PCM are available which, in order to create a suitable melting temperature, are mixtures of different products. In these materials, the transition from liquid to solid takes place over a temperature span, i.e. the specific heat varies with the temperature. This can be represented by a c_P(T) curve, specific heat as a function of the temperature.In this paper, the development of a mathematical model of the PCM air heat exchanger is presented. Considerations are taken to different shapes of the c_P(T) curve. The mathematical model is verified with measurement on a prototype heat exchanger.The development of the equipment is part of the CRAFT project Changeable Thermal Inertia Dry Enclosures (C-TIDE) the possibility of use of phase change materials integrated into a building is explored.     

地铁用间接蒸发冷却器换热性能影响因素

为解决地铁站冷却塔设置难题,提出了一种采用低速电机驱动旋转布水装置的间接蒸发冷却器,在两种布置方式下,对其换热性能进行了单因素实验,并运用正交实验法对较优布置方式下影响换热器换热的因素进行了分析。结果表明:两种布置方式下,喷嘴与蒸发冷却器的间距、两组换热管束间距均存在最佳值,喷嘴双侧旋转布水优于单侧旋转布水;换热器平行气流布置且喷嘴双侧旋转布水为较优布置方式,此时,换热器换热量随喷水量、转速、空气速度、冷却水进口温度的增加以及喷水温度、空气温度的降低而增大,其中,冷却水进口温度对换热器换热影响最为显著,其他因素对其换热的影响从主到次顺序为:喷水量、空气温度、空气速度、喷水温度、转速、冷却水流量。     

Simulation and analysis on thermodynamic performance of surface water source heat pump system

This work established a thermodynamic performance model of a heat pump system containing a heat pump unit model, an air conditioning cooling and heating load calculation model, a heat exchanger model and a water pump performance model based on mass and energy balances. The thermodynamic performance of a surface water source heat pump air conditioning system was simulated and verified by comparing the simulation results to an actual engineering project. In addition, the effects of the surface water temperature, heat exchanger structure and surface water pipeline transportation system on the thermodynamic performance of the heat pump air conditioning system were analyzed. Under the simulated conditions in this paper with a cooling load of 3400 kW, the results showed that a 1 °C decrease in the surface water temperature leads to a 2.3 percent increase in the coefficient of performance; furthermore, an additional 100 m of length for the closed-loop surface water heat exchanger tube leads to a 0.08 percent increase in the coefficient of performance. To decrease the system energy consumption, the optimal working point should be specified according to the surface water transportation length.     

转轮全热交换器对空调箱运行能耗的影响

以浦东图书馆新馆空调系统为例,分析了转轮全热交换器在空调节能方面的作用及其所受的影响：转轮全热交换器在水系统上大大减少了系统运行能耗,新风比以及室内外焓差越大,节能效果越明显。     

多种生活热水供热系统技术及经济对比分析

以小区中央热水系统改造为背景,对太阳能集热器+电加热器热水系统、空气源热泵+电加热器热水系统、空气源热泵+板式换热器+电加热器热水系统、水源热泵、地源热泵热水系统等几种热源供热系统进行了对比分析,结果表明利用空气源热泵+板式换热器+电加热器热水系统最节能,与小区原电加热系统相比可以使热水工作费用降低76.8％.     

Study on performance of horizontal single pass shell and multi-tube heat exchanger with baffles by air bubble injection

ABSTRACT

The single pass shell and multi-tube heat exchanger with double segmental baffles'’ performance improvement were experimentally investigated by two methods of air injection into shell side when an increase in air bubble created an effect in the corresponding values of shell and tube heat exchanger such as the overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, NTU and the pressure loss. In the first method, air bubble injection into shell side was parallel to the cold water flow; also in the second method, air bubble injection into shell side was cross flow to the cold water with different air flow rates to calculate approximately the most favourable performance conditions. 1–6?LPM of air flow rates and 10–20?LPM shell side water flow rates were transformed with constant tube side hot water flow rate.     

数据机房用分离式热管散热器运行特性分析

信息化水平的不断提高直接带来了数据中心耗电量的急剧增加。数据机房不同于一般的公共建筑,考虑到隔热、隔湿及洁净度的要求,即使在冬季也需供冷降温。而在满足散热需求的前提下,最大限度利用自然冷源则是降低空调能耗的最有效方法。但目前自然冷源的利用中常出现受环境影响大、节能效率低等问题,热管式散热器能将室内外空气完全隔绝,具有启动温差小、体积小、安装灵活等优点,在机房节能中有很大的应用潜力。以节能和良好的环境适应性为目标,对数据机房应用分离式热管的被动式散热方式进行了理论分析。以本学科工程领域现有技术为基础,理论分析了应用分离式热管的意义及优势,定义了分离式热管蒸发段及冷凝段的换热效率,建立了数据机房应用分离式热管散热系统的理论分析模型,以某名义排热量为30 kW的管翅式换热器为例,研究换热效率随风量的变化关系,得出分离式热管散热下可运行的最高允许室外温度、全年运行时间、功耗及全年节电量等关键参数。以某一30 kW冷负荷数据机房为模型进行CFD软件模拟,获得了采用分离式热管散热器的机房内部温度场分布,并与普通空调进行了比较。针对室外温度下降所引起的室内侧送风温度过低问题,提出减小室外侧风量的具体改进措施。利用理论模型设计分离式热管换热系统蒸发段和冷凝段,提出可根据热负荷及实际机房灵活配置,建设成本低,有效适应机房现有散热系统的方法。主要结论如下:(1)分离式热管散热器应用于数据机房散热,换热效率随着风量增加而减小,分离式热管散热器应用于数据机房散热,换热效率随着风量增加而减小,但可利用室外冷源的温度升高,可利用室外冷源的时间也随之增加,可根据换热器及所在地区设计最佳风量。(2)分离式热管散热下风量较大时,机柜进风温度比普通空调散热更为均匀,机房内热环境更好,可减少机房内局部热点。(3)若风量不变,分离式热管散热器蒸发段送风温度随室外温度降低,并有可能低于机房送风的标准温度。可通过减小室外侧风量使室内蒸发段出风温度满足数据机房送风温度,同时散热器的能效也可进一步提高。     

Thermal sources and fluid flow

It is shown that if air at a temperature T₀ enters a space at T₁, its effect on the space is that of a pure heat source of strength, Vs·(T₀−T₁), (Watts) where V is the volume flow in m³ s⁻¹ amd s is the volumetric specific heat in J m⁻³ K⁻¹. The flow is usually modelled as the conductance Vs, (W/K), but this is only correct if T₀ denotes ambient temperature; if T₀ represents the temperature of an enclosed space, the flow must be modelled as a source. Similarly, if a fluid flow is heated or cooled, it is to be modelled a temperature source, possibly together with a conductance.     

主动式冷梁性能实验研究

针对某主动式冷梁搭建实验台,在一次风量200 m3/h以内,供水温度15~17℃条件下进行实验,研究了:(1)诱导规律,(2)换热器翅片间流动状态、换热系数及压降,可评价冷梁性能的影响因素。实验结果表明,随着一次风量的增加,诱导比呈先增加后稳定的趋势;在二次风速0.8 m/s内微风速下,换热器翅片上的流态为层流;换热器各测试工况点的换热系数保持在15~28 W/(m2·K)范围内,随二次风量和水流量的增加而提高,但供水水温的增加导致换热系数降低;在二次风速0.6 m/s以内,二次风经过换热器的压降在2 Pa以内,呈指数增长。实验数据及结果对冷梁的设计人员具有直观参考价值。     

Simulation and experimental analysis of a fresh air-handling unit with liquid desiccant sensible and latent heat recovery

This article introduces a liquid desiccant fresh air processor. Its driving force is low-grade heat (heat obtained from 65 – 75°C hot water). Inside the processor, the air is dehumidified by the evaporative cooling energy of the indoor exhaust air. A four-stage structure is used to increase the efficiency of the combined sensible and latent heat recovery from the exhaust air. A mathematical model of the fresh air processor was set up using Simulink®. A liquid desiccant fresh air processor was constructed and tested for outside air conditions of 29.1 – 33.6°C, 13.7 – 16.7g/kg humidity ratio, and supply air conditions of 23.6 – 24.2°C, 7.4 – 8.6g/kg humidity ratio. The average measured COP _f was 1.6 (cold production divided by latent heat removed) for the range of conditions tested. The corresponding average COP _sys of the system including the regenerator was 1.3 (cold production divided by heat input). The detailed operating parameters of each part of the test unit were also measured. The test data was compared with the simulated performance. The characteristic coefficients (such as the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of the air-water evaporative cooling module, etc.) in the mathematical model were modified to calibrate the model output to the measured data. The calibrated simulation model was used to investigate the control strategy of the fresh air processor. The flow rate of the strong solution into the unit and the number of operation stages may be controlled separately or together to meet different indoor air requirements at different outdoor conditions. The hot water driven liquid desiccant air conditioning system was compared with a typical vapor compression system with an average COP of 4.5; the pump and fan power of the proposed system was 40% of the combined chiller, pump, and fan consumption. We achieved savings of over 30% of the power consumption compared with the traditional system under the designed outdoor air conditions.     

蒸发冷却空调新风系统的全年应用研究

结合干热、严寒或寒冷地区全年气候特点及冬夏季建筑能耗特性,通过逐时新风能耗模拟计算,得到设置热回收装置的全年用蒸发冷却空调系统冬季新风节能量远大于夏季节能量,选用热回收装置时应重点关注冬季热回收效率,各类热回收装置中转轮热回收装置全年节能量最大,节能效果最好。基于此,深入分析了蒸发冷却空调系统冬夏季新风加湿需求、新风量变化范围和水系统管径选择,给出了全年用蒸发冷却空调机组冬季运行的防冻措施。     

A novel control logic for fan coil unit considering both room temperature and humidity control

This paper proposes a novel fan coil unit (FCU) control logic, which controls fan speed level and water valve duty ratio to make both temperature and humidity match the set-points. The performance of the proposed control logic is compared with two other control logics using simulation. One of them is to open/close water valve to make room air temperature match the set-point, which is the usually used control logic. Another control logic is to open/close water valve according to a duty ratio decided by a fuzzy logic. The simulation results show that the proposed control logic can achieve control performance: the temperature is t _set ± 0.5°C and humidity is d _set ± 3% when duty ratio period is 300 s, and the temperature is t _set ± 1°C and humidity is d _set ± 7% when duty ratio period is 600 s. The control performance of proposed control logic is better than the valve on/off control logic and the fuzzy control logic.     

Thermal solar water heater with H2O-Al2O3 nano-fluid in forced convection: experimental investigation

This paper describes laboratory experiments with a thermal solar water heater consisting of a flat-plate solar collector and helical coil heat exchanger using Al₂O₃ nano-particles dispersed in water as a working. The experiments were carried out for various nano-particle concentrations, from 0% to 3% (by volume), through forced convection cooling. The experiments were carried out under the climatic conditions of Tanta University, Egypt. The laboratory work has been carried out in actual thermal environment in August 2013. The experiments have an emphasis on the main parameters with impact on the water production temperature. These parameters include the solar radiation, the feed water mass flow rate and the nano-particle volume fraction. The main conclusion is that considerable improvement in the daily solar collector efficiency is obtained with increasing the nano-particle concentration up to 11% for concentration 3% with; this increase in efficiency is bounded by ±10% uncertainty. The outlet water temperature is increased with increasing of nano-particle concentration by 5.46% for concentration 2%. The helical heat exchanger effectiveness is increased by 4.25% for a concentration of 1% with ±13% uncertainty. The helical heat exchanger effectiveness and solar collector efficiency are increased with decreasing the working fluid mass flow rate.     

Thermal modeling for greenhouse heating by using thermal curtain and an earth–air heat exchanger

In this paper, a thermal model for heating of greenhouse by using different combinations of inner thermal curtain, an earth–air heat exchanger, and geothermal heating has been developed. The analysis incorporates the study of thermal performance of three-zone greenhouse. The calculations have been made for a typical production greenhouse in southern part of Argentina; available climatic data has been used. The thermal performance of a greenhouse having thermal curtain and an earth–air heat exchanger has been compared with a greenhouse having thermal curtain and geothermal energy. It is seen that the fluctuations in temperature in the vicinity of plants are comparable in the two cases. From the results, it is seen that an earth–air heat exchanger might prove an alternative source for heating of greenhouse when geothermal energy is not available. It has also been observed that, the increase in temperature of zone I is more for the greenhouse with geothermal than the greenhouse with an earth–air heat exchanger.     

地源热泵垂直埋管换热器换热性能的实验研究

本文建立了地源热泵砂箱实验台,对地埋管进口水温、流速对埋管换热器换热性能的影响进行实验研究。实验结果表明:在一定条件下,地埋管进口水温和管内流量的增加都会增强地埋管的换热性能及热作用半径。     

Effect of damper and heat source on wind catcher natural ventilation performance

Experimental wind tunnel and smoke visualisation testing and CFD modelling were conducted to investigate the effect of air flow control mechanism and heat source inside rooms on wind catchers/towers performance. For this purpose, a full-scale wind catcher was connected to a test room and positioned centrally in an open boundary wind tunnel. Pressure coefficients (C_p's) around the wind catcher and air flow into the test room were established. The performance of the wind catcher depends greatly on the wind speed and direction. The incorporation of dampers and egg crate grille at ceiling level reduces and regulates the air flow rate with an average pressure loss coefficient of 0.01. The operation of the wind catcher in the presence of heat sources will potentially lower the internal temperatures in line with the external temperatures.     

Effect of Wind on Smoldering Combustion Limits of Moist Pine Needle Beds

We studied moist pine needle beds burning under the effect of wind, in order to determine the upper moisture limit for which there is fire propagation for different wind velocities. For this purpose we built a wind tunnel that allowed us to burn a 600 mm by 150 mm by 40 mm bed under wind velocities between 0.5 m/s and 5.0 m/s and controlled air temperature. Results show an increase in moisture limit from 54% to approximately 140%, for the velocity range indicated. Combustion at limiting conditions proceeds mainly by smoldering with some periods of flaming combustion. It was observed that, for conditions close to extinction, the smoldering front is not quenched at the surface. Additionally, it was also observed that a strong flow of hot gases exit from the fuel bed at the free surface. These two observations lead to the conclusion that the main heat sink is moisture evaporation and that heat losses to the surroundings is reduced by the blowing effect of the hot gases coming off the bed. A dimensional analysis suggests a correlation between moisture limit and wind velocity of the form M = A ? B/ \( {v} \) _w ² , where M is moisture limit for fire propagation, A and B are constants, and \( {v} \) _w is wind speed. Two dimensionless numbers helped to plot the smoldering temperature and fire propagation velocity in a more meaningful way. They are \( \Uppi_{1} = {{T_{sml} c_{p,g} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{T_{sml} c_{p,g} } {v_{w}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {v_{w}^{2} }} \) and \( \Uppi_{2} = {{Mh_{fg} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{Mh_{fg} } {v_{w}^{2} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {v_{w}^{2} }} \) , where T _sml is smoldering temperature, c _p,g is the gas specific heat, M is fuel moisture content and h _fg is the latent heat of water evaporation. A relatively high moisture limit at 5 m/s wind velocity is possible due to the relatively high air flow into the smoldering front and the efficient heat feedback produced in forward smoldering.     

地源吸收式热泵夏季运行方式研究

针对现有的地源吸收式热泵在夏季运行工况时所出现的系统能耗高、空调房间易结露等问题,提出将集中热源驱动的新风溶液除湿机组和地埋管夏季免费供冷相结合,构成集中热源驱动的土壤源温湿度独立控制空调系统。选取北京地区某典型办公房间,以该系统为研究对象,建立各部分的数学模型,并模拟分析了新风量对系统性能的影响。结果表明:随着单人新风量的增加,地埋管水流量基本保持不变,除湿器入口溶液流量先是急剧下降,而后基本保持不变;再生器入口溶液温度逐渐升高,而再生器耗热量先是急剧下降,而后又逐渐上升,当单人新风量为30 m~3/(h·人)时,再生器耗热量达到最低;除湿器和再生器的湿传递效率均逐渐降低。     

多功能空气源热泵新技术初探

通过对空气源热泵供热水和空气源热泵除霜技术进行分析,并且对冷水机组的热回收系统原理进行阐述,提出了一种用冷凝器回收热来加热生活热水,在冬季用回收的热量来除霜的方法,以达到节约能源的目的。