重庆农村住宅热环境调查与能耗模拟分析

通过对重庆地区农村住宅的实地调研和对农村典型住宅室内外温度的连续监测,获得农村住宅的主要围护结构类型及典型农村住宅供暖季与空调季的室内、外热环境状况,利用重庆地区自然通风适应性热舒适性评价模型进行分析。在现有农村住宅围护结构热工性能条件下,供暖季室内温度达到舒适范围的有0 d,空调季有73 d;室内热环境状况差,冬季保温要求比夏季隔热要求更高。在供暖空调设备典型运行模式下,以调研数据为基础,借助DeST-h软件对农村典型住宅供暖空调能耗进行模拟,获得了农村住宅单位建筑面积供暖空调设备耗电量。     

The effectiveness of stand alone air cleaners for shelter-in-place

Stand-alone air cleaners may be efficient for rapid removal of indoor fine particles and have potential use for shelter-in-place (SIP) strategies following acts of bioterrorism. A screening model was employed to ascertain the potential significance of size-resolved particle (0.1-2 microm) removal using portable high efficiency particle arresting (HEPA) air cleaners in residential buildings following an outdoor release of particles. The number of stand-alone air cleaners, air exchange rate, volumetric flow rate through the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, and size-resolved particle removal efficiency in the HVAC filter were varied. The effectiveness of air cleaners for SIP was evaluated in terms of the outdoor and the indoor particle concentration with air cleaner(s) relative to the indoor concentration without air cleaners. Through transient and steady-state analysis of the model it was determined that one to three portable HEPA air cleaners can be effective for SIP following outdoor bioaerosol releases, with maximum reductions in particle concentrations as high as 90% relative to conditions in which an air cleaner is not employed. The relative effectiveness of HEPA air cleaners vs. other removal mechanisms was predicted to decrease with increasing particle size, because of increasing competition by particle deposition with indoor surfaces and removal to HVAC filters. However, the effect of particle size was relatively small for most scenarios considered here. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of a screening analysis suggest that stand-alone (portable) air cleaners that contain high efficiency particle arresting (HEPA) filters can be effective for reducing indoor fine particle concentrations in residential dwellings during outdoor releases of biological warfare agents. The relative effectiveness of stand-alone air cleaners for reducing occupants' exposure to particles of outdoor origin depends on several factors, including the type of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) filter, HVAC operation, building air exchange rate, particle size, and duration of elevated outdoor particle concentration. Maximum particle reductions, relative to no stand-alone air cleaners, of 90% are predicted when three stand-alone air cleaners are employed.     

Modeling of the heating system in small building for control

Model identifications for the heating system of small building are presented. Basic problems of data acquisition and preprocessing are detailed. Specially designed wire-less data collection and control system to conduct real-world experiments are described. The model structure choice based on analysis of weather condition influences on the system performance are presented. Finally, the general structure of two-layered heating control strategy for the heating system is proposed. Instead of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) standard, the proposed strategy controls only indoor temperature and changes the set point according to additional measurements of indoor humidity to keep thermal comfort. Non-linear compensation of outdoor temperature and wind speed is also introduced.     

VAV空调系统的动态建模及其送风机控制研究

介绍了VAV空调系统的动态建模过程,建立了压力无关型VAV末端的动态子模型,该模型能真实反映末端由于风阀联接机械迟滞、电动机动作过程、执行器不灵敏区等所引发的动态特性。以具有两个独立控制区域的小型家用VAV空调系统为对象,利用所建立的系统仿真模型,对两种不同的送风机控制方法进行比较研究。认为在小型家用VAV空调系统中,应当采用具有较弱比例控制作用的PI控制方法对送风机进行控制,以保证系统整体控制的稳定性,实现室温控制效果。     

Optimal supply air temperature with respect to energy use in a variable air volume system

In a variable air volume (VAV) system with 100% outdoor air, the cooling need in the building is satisfied with a certain air flow at a certain supply air temperature. To minimize the system energy use, an optimal supply air temperature can be set dependent on the load, specific fan power (SFP), chiller coefficient of performance, outdoor temperature and the outdoor relative humidity. The theory for an optimal supply air temperature is presented and the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy use is calculated depending on supply air temperature control strategy, average U-value of the building envelope and two outdoor climates. The analyses show that controlling the supply air temperature optimally results in a significantly lower HVAC energy use than with a constant supply air temperature. The optimal average U-value of the building envelope is in practise mostly zero.     

居住建筑围护结构的节能问题

从适宜居住的角度讲,我国绝大部分地区的居住建筑都要采取一定的技术措施来保证冬夏两季的室内热舒适环境。冬夏两季室内维持的温度与室外的温度有很大的差别,这个温差导致能量以热的形式流出或流入室内,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量主要就是用来补充这个能量损失的。在相同的室内外温差条件下,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能的好坏,直接影响到流出或流入室内的热量的多少。建筑围护结构保温隔热性能好,流出或流入室内的热量就少,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就少;反之,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能差,流现或流入室内的热量就多,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就多。我国现行的居住建筑节能设计标准对建筑围护结构保温隔热性能提出了明确的要求,按照节能设计标准的要求去设计,新建的居住建筑就能比具有传统围护结构的同类建筑节约25％－35％的采暖,空调能耗,而且节能的潜力还十分巨大。     

An integrated modeling tool for simultaneous analysis of thermal performance and indoor air quality in buildings

To analyze the thermal performance and indoor air quality (IAQ) in building simultaneously and quickly, we have developed an integrated modeling tool to simulate the dynamic indoor multi-parameters distributions and concentrations. The tool can take the parameters including indoor temperature, indoor humidity, and pollutant concentrations (e.g., volatile organic compounds (VOC) CO₂, particulate matter (PM)), as well as the heating/cooling load of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system into account. It couples a new zonal approach based on room air age. This paper presents the basic concept and flow chart in developing the modeling tool, and demonstrates the tool's application in a hypothetical health care building. The tool could be used for design of HVAC system with IAQ control devices and for the simultaneous analysis of thermal performance and IAQ in buildings.     

基于气候的服装热阻对室内热舒适参数的影响

针对不同气候地区人们的着装特点,分析了在冬季供暖条件下,室外温度与室内服装热阻的关系,提出在热适应模型中,服装热阻是影响室内热舒适参数的重要因素,分析进入室内后服装对PMV的影响,以及改变服装热阻对建筑节能的意义。利用P.O.Fanger的热舒适方程,计算不同条件下服装热阻对PMV的影响,得到不同气候地区室内热中性时的设计温度、平均辐射温度、空气流速和湿度的取值范围,并提出考虑室外气候对服装热阻有影响时室内设计参数的修正方法。     

中国大唐电力集团公司生产调度指挥中心空调设计

介绍了该工程的基本情况。为降低运行费用、提高空调舒适度,工程采用冰蓄冷、大温差供水的低温变风量系统加独立的新风系统。采用冰蓄冷系统充分利用峰谷电价差,可节省系统的运行费用;采用低温变风量系统可以减少末端设备的送风量,减小管道尺寸,降低输送能耗,同时由于低温送风降低了室内空气相对湿度,使环境舒适度得以改善。     

Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts

The rate at which airborne particulate matter deposits onto heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) components is important from both indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy perspectives. This modeling study predicts size-resolved particle mass loading rates for residential and commercial filters, heat exchangers (i.e. coils), and supply and return ducts. A parametric analysis evaluated the impact of different outdoor particle distributions, indoor emission sources, HVAC airflows, filtration efficiencies, coils, and duct system complexities. The median predicted residential and commercial loading rates were 2.97 and 130 g/m(2) month for the filter loading rates, 0.756 and 4.35 g/m(2) month for the coil loading rates, 0.0051 and 1.00 g/month for the supply duct loading rates, and 0.262 g/month for the commercial return duct loading rates. Loading rates are more dependent on outdoor particle distributions, indoor sources, HVAC operation strategy, and filtration than other considered parameters. The results presented herein, once validated, can be used to estimate filter changing and coil cleaning schedules, energy implications of filter and coil loading, and IAQ impacts associated with deposited particles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results in this paper suggest important factors that lead to particle deposition on HVAC components in residential and commercial buildings. This knowledge informs the development and comparison of control strategies to limit particle deposition. The predicted mass loading rates allow for the assessment of pressure drop and indoor air quality consequences that result from particle mass loading onto HVAC system components.     

One-year Measurement of Indoor Climate and Energy Consumption of Super-insulated Houses in a Mild Climate Region of Japan

Two super-insulated houses were constructed near Sendai City in accordance with the Canadian R-2000 manual (Canadian Home Builders' Assoc., 1987). Shelter performance, thermal environment, air quality and energy consumption of these two houses were investigated for one year. The two super-insulated houses were very airtight compared with other houses. The one-year measurement of room temperature and humidity for one super-insulated house showed that the daily mean temperature for the dining-living room and the master bedroom was 15°C-20°C during the winter and 22°C-28°C during the summer. Absolute humidity for these rooms was less than 5 g/kg (DA) during the winter. The indoor environment of the two super-insulated houses during the heating season was more thermally comfortable, compared with that of ordinary houses in Japan. During the summer, the indoor temperature in these two houses was stable during the day and did not decrease at night even if the outdoor air temperature dropped. The CO₂ concentration in these two houses was lower than that of other airtight houses due to continuous mechanical ventilation. The space heating energy consumption for one super-insulated house was less than that of ordinary houses in Tohoku District in which only the living-dining room was heated.     

长沙市住宅室内热湿环境的测试与分析研究

介绍了2002年8月份和2003年1月份在长沙进行的住宅建筑室内环境的问卷调查和现场测试的对象、方法及所用仪器。问卷调查结果揭示了住宅的概况、居民的生活方式、能源的消耗以及他们对室内环境的主观评价等。测试所得的温湿度曲线反映了长沙夏季高温高湿，冬季低温高湿的特征。分析了楼层高度、建筑平面设计、住户的生活习惯、住户的消费观念等因素对室内热环境的影响，并对室内热环境进行了评价。     

中央通风空调系统节能控制方案探讨（三）

本文系统地探讨了常规中央通风空调末端系统的节能控制方案,内容涉及室内温湿度参数的设定、新风机组加风机盘管系统、全空气变风量空调系统等节能控制技术。     

中央通风空调系统节能控制方案探讨（二）

本文系统地探讨了常规中央通风空调末端系统的节能控制方案,内容涉及室内温湿度参数的设定、新风机组加风机盘管系统、全空气变风量空调系统等节能控制技术。     

大连沈阳夏季室内热湿环境状况的实测调查

通过对大连市和沈阳市8套住宅夏季室内温湿度的实测调查，分析了室外气候条件、住宅形式、人员活动及空调设备使用情况对室内热湿环境的影响，为了解目前北方地区现有住宅夏季室内热湿环境状况提供了参考。     

拉萨市住宅建筑冬季室内热环境测试评价

为了掌握拉萨市居住建筑室内热环境状况,本文分别对拉萨市乡村住宅建筑和城市住宅建筑室内、外空气温湿度,太阳辐射强度和室内风速进行了测试,并以问卷调查方式对冬季室内人员的活动量及衣着情况进行了调查分析.针对测试数据及调查情况,利用标准有效温度SET与不舒适性指标DISC对建筑室内热环境进行了评价分析.结果表明,拉萨地区利用...     

重庆自然通风热舒适模型的建立及热环境评价

在分析国内外自然通风热舒适研究的基础上,结合重庆地区潮湿的气候特点,对现有自然通风热舒适评价模型进行了湿度修正.采用电子温湿度记录仪对重庆地区村镇典型住宅的室内外热湿参数进行了全年监测,并利用该模型对村镇住宅的室内热环境进行了评价.分析表明,村镇住宅室内和室外相对湿度高于70％的时间分别占全年总时间的95.4％和87.2％,室内温度高于28℃且相对湿度高于70％的时间达1 196 h;全年舒适时间为3 838 h,占全年总时间的43.8％;现有评价模型与修正模型的舒适时间相差405 h,其中空调季相差342h,且温度越高,相对湿度对热舒适的影响越大,说明在温度较高时应考虑相对湿度对热舒适的影响,但修正模型的可靠性还需进一步验证.     

Development of regression equations for predicting energy and hygrothermal performance of buildings

Regression equations can be used for predicting indoor air temperature, relative humidity and energy consumption in an easier and more rapid way than building energy simulation tools. The independent variables, that is, the input data, are heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) power, outdoor temperature, relative humidity and total solar radiation. The present methodology for obtaining the regression equations is based on defining a couple of linear Multiple-Input/Single-Output (MISO) models, since two main outputs are involved, that is, indoor temperature and relative humidity. The methodology has been tested for the low- and high-thermal mass cases of the BESTest model (cases 600 and 900) and the output data is generated by using a building hygrothermal simulation tool. Validation procedures have shown very good agreement between the regression equations and the simulation tool for both winter and summer periods.     

湿热湿冷地区夏季房屋热稳定性测试分析

湿热湿冷地区夏季室外空气相对湿度大,太阳辐射强度偏低,现有建筑的房屋热稳定性状况缺少基础性研究数据。本文选取该地区典型的居住建筑,对其夏季太阳辐射、室内外空气相对湿度、室内外空气温度和壁面温度等进行了现场测试。分析表明在该气候特征下,所测试居住建筑在夏季典型周期内的室内空气平均温度波幅为4.3℃,幅度较大且受朝向、围护结构构造做法等因素影响明显。     

确定长江流域供暖空调能耗指标的边界条件

讨论了影响长江流域住宅供暖空调能耗水平的诸因素,包括热环境质量、室内空气品质和新风量、供暖空调系统和比和性能系数、供暖期空调期除湿期天数及建筑热工特性等,给出了这些因素的建议值。