新型绿色建材─竹材人造板探讨

在提倡绿色建筑、生态建筑的当代社会,绿色建材-竹材人造板作为建筑用材前景广阔.笔者回顾总结了竹资源在国内外的利用情况,简要介绍了竹材人造板的物理力学性能以及在建筑上的应用实例,探讨了新型竹建筑体系的作法,并分析了竹结构建筑的优点.     

Experimental investigation and analysis of the hybrid solar collector

Hybrid solar collector is a new and innovative technique to harness all the spectrum of sunlight and hence generate a system to harness sunlight. This project deals with the fabrication of a parabolic trough which suits the required design of the solar collector. This project deals with the study of heat transfer across the receiver tube and mode of heat transfer across the hybrid solar collector, to optimise the design, to minimise the losses and maximise the heat and photon transfer to the receiver and power generating unit. Our aim is to study the heat exchange process across tube and to prevent the heating of solar panels from the radiations emitted by the receiver tube when light is focused on it and direct the working of solar collector to a maximum efficient way. We consider the radiation spectrum of sun to be of different waves and utilising each component of it – that is, visible and UV (consisting most of photons) and infrared (consisting of heating radiation) – and try to segregate them with the help of a water jacket and bring the temperature of the PV panels to an optimum condition.     

顶推法拆除连续梁桥导梁的设计及施工

结合佛开高速改扩建工程实例,介绍了顶推法拆除旧北江大桥主桥的方法,着重对顶推法施工中导梁的设计、施工及拼装方案进行了研究,并阐述了导梁的静载试验技术,为顺利进行主桥顶推过程提供了科学依据。     

Influence of corrosion on the ultimate compressive strength of steel plates and stiffened panels

This study concentrates on a comparison between steel plate and stiffened panels subject to localised corrosion. A finite element analysis is used to investigate the effect of random corrosion on the compressive strength capacity of marine structural units. Variables include the extent of corrosion; slenderness ratio and aspect ratio. A corrosion prediction model is incorporated to determine the thickness reduction with time. Corrosion-induced volume loss results in a greater reduction of ultimate strength for slender plates compared to stiffened panels, up to 45%, showing the structural element selection can strongly influence the accuracy of the estimated corrosion damage effect.     

论园林材料在环境设计中的应用

主要介绍了园林材料选取的基本方式及其在环境设计中的应用特点和前景,提出了环境设计选材的基本原则,并对此进行了总结和思考,以便对园林材料有更充分的认识,进而更好地为环境建设服务。     

On the dynamic response of sandwich panels with different core set-ups subject to global and local blast loads

The recent increase in blast and impact threats has led to an emerging interest in sandwich structures due to their superior performance in such loading environments. The optimised architecture of this class in conjunction with additional benefits of high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios vital to weight-sensitive military applications has led to numerous research works on the topic. In this study, the dynamic response of four circular sandwich panel constructions with different core designs under global and local blast loading conditions has been investigated. Numerical finite element (FE) models have been set up to study the effect of additional core interlayers on blast resistance enhancement of these sandwich panels. The objectives are (1) to assess the existing blast resistance capacity, (2) to increase the dynamic energy absorption, (3) to improve the stress distribution through plastic deformation, and (4) to ensure sacrificial damage to the additional core layers; hence, to avoid the main part of the core being damaged by excessive shear deformation, the dominant failure mode in conventional sandwich panels. A ductile elastomeric layer of polyurea, and a fairly compressible Divinycell-H200 foam layer have been selected as the additional core interlayers, and they have been placed in different arrangements to improve the overall blast resistance of the standard sandwich panel with glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) face-sheets, and balsawood core. Dynamic explicit FE analyses were carried out using the commercial package ABAQUS 6.9-1. Comparison of specific kinetic and strain energies shows the effect of additional core layers on the blast energy absorption of a sandwich system. The study shows the improvement in shear failure prevention of the core as a result of the use of additional core layers and a reduction in the level of kinetic and strain energies in the protected core in both absolute and relative terms. The stress contours show a smoother stress distribution in enhanced cases. These conclusions are confirmed and explained by using a qualitative two-degree-of-freedom system with an elastic-viscoplastic spring element representing the integral effects of sacrificial additional core interlayers and a nonlinear spring representing the stiffness of the conventional sandwich system and comparing the results of dynamic analysis with a similar qualitative single-degree-of-freedom model of a conventional sandwich panel.     

缩尺模型混合模拟试验测量误差分析及试验验证

基于缩尺模型子结构混合模拟试验方法,将正态分布随机数引入测量误差,利用MATLAB和OpenSEES混合编程技术,分别对剪切型模型、弯剪型模型进行了考虑测量误差的子结构混合模拟数值模拟分析。数值模拟结果表明：在满足JGJ/T 101-2015《建筑抗震试验方法规程》的误差范围内,缩尺比为1/2、1/4缩尺模型的测量误差与足尺模型相应测量误差基本相当。在缩尺比例不小于1/4情况下,随着地震峰值加速度增大,总的累积相对差值呈增加趋势;在相同地震峰值加速度作用下,总的累积相对差值随梁柱线刚度比增加呈减少趋势。通过1/2钢框架子结构混合模拟试验,验证了所提出的缩尺模型子结构混合模拟试验方法的精准性和可行性。     

Finite element analysis and design of sandwich panels subject to local buckling effects

Past research into the local buckling behaviour of fully profiled sandwich panels has been based on polyurethane foams and thicker lower grade steels. The Australian sandwich panels use polystyrene foam and thinner and high strength steels, which are bonded together using separate adhesives. Therefore a research project on Australian sandwich panels was undertaken using experimental and finite element analyses. The experimental study on 50 foam-supported steel plate elements and associated finite element analyses produced a large database for sandwich panels subject to local buckling effects, but revealed the inadequacy of conventional effective width formulae for panels with slender plates. It confirmed that these design rules could not be extended to slender plates in their present form. In this research, experimental and numerical results were used to improve the design rules. This paper presents the details of experimental and finite element analyses, their results and the improved design rules.     

带可更换构件的RCS混合框架结构受力#br# 特性及抗震设计方法

提出一种带可更换构件的RCS混合框架结构,其结构组成包括耗能框架和主框架,利用可更换构件损伤集中耗能,地震后通过更换受损可更换构件实现结构功能快速恢复。采用SAP2000对14榀框架结构进行非线性静力分析,对比研究了混合框架的受力性能,明确了混合框架的屈服机制及受力状态。分析了可更换梁的破坏模式、截面形式及布置位置,耗能框架的跨度及布置位置等参数对混合框架受力特性的影响。基于受力特性分析结果,提出了正常使用、耗能构件可更换、主框架可修复、生命安全及防止倒塌等5个性能水准的划分方法,并将弹性刚度比(KDF/KMF)和屈服位移比(Δ2/Δ1)两个参数作为结构弹性设计的控制参数。采用SAP2000对8榀混合框架结构进行动力时程分析和非线性静力分析,提出了满足不同性能水准的层间位移角限值,以及对结构进行弹性设计时控制参数的取值范围;并结合结构的不同性能目标,进而提出混合框架结构基于双参数的抗震设计方法。研究结果表明,该混合框架结构具有良好的屈服机制,剪切型可更换梁耗能能力较强,自定义截面可更换梁有利于实现结构震后功能恢复,楼面层与层间同时布置可更换梁、增大耗能框架的跨度均能提高结构的刚度和承载力;此外,当弹性刚度比为2.8～4.3,屈服位移比大于1.8时,结构可以达到预期受力状态,且具有较好的可更换性,所提基于双参数的抗震设计方法是有效的。     

浅议给排水设计中管材的选取与运用

分别介绍了管道工程中钢管、铸铁管、塑料管、复合管材等常用管材的特点,适用范围及连接方法,总结归纳了给排水工程中选择管材时应考虑的各种因素,以指导设计人员正确选取管材,使整个系统性价比最高。     

Multi-objective optimal design of braced frames using hybrid genetic and ant colony optimization

In this article, multi-objective optimization of braced frames is investigated using a novel hybrid algorithm. Initially, the applied evolutionary algorithms, ant colony optimization (ACO) and genetic algorithm (GA) are reviewed, followed by developing the hybrid method. A dynamic hybridization of GA and ACO is proposed as a novel hybrid method which does not appear in the literature for optimal design of steel braced frames. Not only the cross section of the beams, columns and braces are considered to be the design variables, but also the topologies of the braces are taken into account as additional design variables. The hybrid algorithm explores the whole design space for optimum solutions. Weight and maximum displacement of the structure are employed as the objective functions for multi-objective optimal design. Subsequently, using the weighted sum method (WSM), the two objective problem are converted to a single objective optimization problem and the proposed hybrid genetic ant colony algorithm (HGAC) is developed for optimal design. Assuming different combination for weight coefficients, a trade-off between the two objectives are obtained in the numerical example section. To make the final decision easier for designers, related constraint is applied to obtain practical topologies. The achieved results show the capability of HGAC to find optimal topologies and sections for the elements.     

含线连接夹心保温外挂墙板装配式混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能研究

预制混凝土夹心保温外挂墙板与主体结构间常采用线支承的连接方式。为研究采用这一连接方式的外挂墙板对主体结构的刚度与抗震性能的影响,设计制作了2个分别含不开洞和开洞外挂墙板的剪力墙试件和1个作为对比的纯剪力墙试件,并进行了拟静力试验。结果表明：剪力墙试件的破坏模式差别不大,均是梁端先出现塑性铰,然后墙肢端部纵筋屈服,最终均是梁端、墙肢端部塑性铰区混凝土被压碎而破坏;采用上部线连接且避开塑性铰区,底部限位连接的方式能够实现与纯剪力墙试件相同的梁铰屈服机制;含外挂墙板可使结构初始刚度、承载力和耗能能力略有提高。在试验研究的基础上,采用ANSYS有限元软件对试件受力过程进行了数值模拟研究,与试验结果对比表明,所建立的有限元分析模型可以较好地模拟试件受力过程和破坏形态,可为下一步研究提供参考。     

复合供能系统优化配置和运行策略研究

针对由微小型燃气轮机分布式供能系统和地下水地源热泵组成的复合供能系统,以北京市某典型医院为应用对象,分别以年总费用和天然气年节能率为优化目标,对系统在经济最优、以热定电和节能最优3种运行策略下的优化配置和运行规律进行了研究。结果表明,与电制冷机+燃气锅炉+市电的常规分供方案和地下水地源热泵+市电方案相比,复合供能系统具有经济、节能与电力调峰性能明显等综合优势;与联合循环+燃气锅炉+电制冷机模式相比,复合供能系统在传统的经济最优和以热定电运行策略下并不节能,但在节能最优运行策略下可实现节能。     

串联拉索沿导索空中累积滑移安装方法及过程分析

根据索网结构特点,提出了串联拉索沿导索空中累积滑移安装方法,即将串联的结构索通过吊杆或倒链葫芦挂在导索下,利用牵引索将结构索由下至上沿导索累积牵引就位。该方法充分发挥了导索既导向又承重的作用,构成简单,施工措施费用低。牵引过程中存在包括悬垂拉索、机构大位移和在导索上的滚动滑移。其过程分析,基于非线性动力有限元分析法找形,根据导索单元组总无应力长度（原长）不变的原则,采用调整导索各单元原长的方法来模拟滑轮在导索上的移动,并提出了一致初应变、模型长度倍增、逐单元递推和逐单元递推倍增等4种策略且进行了对比,结果表明逐单元递推倍增策略具有更高分析效率。分别设定导索原长为主索原长、端点直线距离和中间值,通过对比指出了关键施工参数的变化规律,结果表明：导索线形在起始工况是最不利的,导索原长不宜过长且不应超过主索原长;导索和牵引索的索力变化受导索原长影响大,且较为敏感;合理的导索原长应介于主索原长和两端直线距离之间。     

配筋砌体墙混凝土框架内力分析与裂缝模拟

利用有限元方法,对空框架、空心砌体墙框架、实心砌体墙框架、配筋砌体墙框架四种有限元模型进行对比分析,结果显示:空心砌块、实心砌块、配筋砌块的加入显著提高了混凝土框架结构的极限承载力,而降低了结构的延性,改变了结构的破坏形式。     

A critical review of preparation design and workability measurement of concrete material for largescale 3D printing

In recent few years, significant improvement has been made in developing largescale 3D printers to accommodate the need of industrial-scale 3D printing. It is of great feasibility to construct structural components and buildings by means of 3D concrete printing. The major issues of this innovative technique focus on the preparation and optimization of concrete materials which possess favourable printable properties as well as the measurement and evaluation methods of their workability. This paper firstly introduces three largescale 3D printing systems that have been successfully applied in construction industry. It then summarizes the commonly used raw materials in concrete manufacturing. Critical factors that should be particularly controlled in material preparation are specified. Easy-extrusive, easy-flowing, well-buildable, proper setting time and low shrinkage are significant for concrete mixture to meet the critical requirements of a freeform construction process. Thereafter, measuring methods that can be employed to assess the fresh and hardened properties of concrete at early stages are suggested. Finally, a few of evaluation methods are presented which may offer certain assistance for optimizing material preparation. The objective of this work is to review current design methodologies and experimental measurement and evaluation methods for 3D printable concrete materials and promote its responsible use with largescale 3D printing technology.     

Static analysis of corrugated panels using homogenization models and a cell-based smoothed mindlin plate element (CS-MIN3)

Homogenization is a promising approach to capture the behavior of complex structures like corrugated panels. It enables us to replace high-cost shell models with stiffness-equivalent orthotropic plate alternatives. Many homogenization models for corrugated panels of different shapes have been proposed. However, there is a lack of investigations for verifying their accuracy and reliability. In addition, in the recent trend of development of smoothed finite element methods, the cell-based smoothed three-node Mindlin plate element (CS-MIN3) based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) has been proposed and successfully applied to many analyses of plate and shell structures. Thus, this paper further extends the CS-MIN3 by integrating itself with homogenization models to give homogenization methods. In these methods, the equivalent extensional, bending, and transverse shear stiffness components which constitute the equivalent orthotropic plate models are represented in explicit analytical expressions. Using the results of ANSYS and ABAQUS shell simulations as references, some numerical examples are conducted to verify the accuracy and reliability of the homogenization methods for static analyses of trapezoidally and sinusoidally corrugated panels.     

天文台圈梁移动台车设计及应用

本文介绍了在贵州天文台射电望远镜FAST主动反射面主体支承结构索网架设工程中,一种能在圆形轨道上移动的特种锚固装置圈梁移动台车的设计及应用。该移动台车是索网架设工程在圈梁上的锚固装置,它用来锚固施工索道(挂索索道和吊篮索道)以及牵引径向索的钢绞线张拉端反力架,而它们的另一端则锚固在圈梁中心的塔架和猫道V型平台上。该移动台车用固定装置有效的固定在圈梁上,台车采用平面桁架结构体积小重量轻便于在圈梁上移动,也有利于把自身承受的索力有效的转移到了圈梁上,而极大改善了自身的受力状况,台车配有斜坡轨道可让运索车从其上经过,保证了交叉立体作业的安全。     

基于ABAQUS的混凝土材料子程序开发与应用

为了对复杂高层结构进行数值模拟,初步探讨了ABAQUS显式动力模块下的用户材料子程序(VUMAT)的开发过程,给出了可应用于VUMAT接口的单参数混凝土弹塑性模型的显式计算表达式,通过对梁单元的应用初步验证了该材料模型的有效性。最后结合工程实例对数值模拟和振动台试验结果进行了对比分析研究。分析结果表明,所建立的分析模型不但能够较为准确地判断高层结构在大震作用下的屈服顺序及薄弱部位,而且能够方便地考虑结构塑性阶段的损伤扩展情况。     

柔性有机堵料热解特性及产物研究

利用热重红外（TG-FTIR）联用技术,通过改变升温速率、粒径大小和气氛等条件,对柔性有机堵料的热解特性进行研究。结果表明,升温速率越慢,热解反应速率越快;较小的颗粒直径更有利于热解反应;在空气气氛下热解烟气中以CO2为主,主要由柔性有机堵料中树脂类物质发生C-O键断裂碳化反应以及无机成分分解产生。热解的冷凝液体成分中含有甲苯、苯并芘、吡啶和喹啉等多种芳香类化合物。热解后的固体残渣进行扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和红外光谱（FTIR）分析,结果表明高温对柔性有机堵料的理化性能产生一定影响。