油页岩干馏技术影响因素及工业发展展望

对油页岩资源的分布及储量情况、油页岩干馏过程及其影响因素、国内外的油页岩干馏技术及其工业发展现状进行了介绍,并对油页岩干馏工业进行了展望。     

油页岩沉积环境及成矿概况

系统介绍了国内外油页岩矿的沉积环境及油页岩资源分布情况,并介绍了国外诸多国家的油页岩开发利用现状,为中国油页岩的开发利用提供参考。     

油页岩的综合利用

阐述了世界油页岩的储量和利用情况 ;介绍了抚顺矿业集团利用油页岩进行低温干馏生产页岩油、利用页岩废渣生产建材制品、将油页岩用作电厂燃料发电等综合利用情况     

油页岩干馏工艺技术进展

介绍了世界油页岩的储量及分布情况,油页岩工业化利用现状及多种油页岩干馏工艺技术,并对油页岩干馏技术应用前景做了展望。国内油页岩干馏工艺存在油收率低、处理量小、资源利用率低、自动化控制程度低、环境污染等问题。目前油页岩干馏工艺技术发展的趋势是工艺简单、适应性强、零污染,因此要加强对现有各种油页岩干馏工艺的融合,取长补短,实现低成本、零污染、较高投资收益,并能够实现规模效应。     

油页岩原位开采对地下水水质影响的研究进展

我国油页岩资源十分丰富且多数埋藏较深，油页岩原位开采技术可以大幅提高开采效率，提高经济效益。但原位开采遗留的半焦、残渣中的污染物会在水岩作用下发生溶质迁移而对地下水环境造成破坏。原位开采后，油页岩物化性质的变化对地下水水质安全起着决定性作用，同时岩层相邻水文地质的状态也会影响污染物的迁移。总结了油页岩热解前后孔隙度和渗透率的变化，阐述了国内典型油页岩矿区与地下含水层的赋存情况，综述了国内外油页岩原位开采对地下水水质的影响；重点介绍了油页岩原位开采后部分有机物、重金属等污染物的释放情况，以此初步明确油页岩原位开采对地下水水质的影响；展望了今后油页岩开采地下水环境保护的重点研究方向，以期为我国未来实现油页岩工业化开采采取必要的风险防控措施提供理论基础。     

油页岩干馏工艺污染防治措施分析

分析了油页岩干馏过程中可能产生废气、废水和固体废物的各项污染源。针对不同的污染源,结合实际情况,分别提出了相应的污染防治措施。企业根据实际情况采用不同的污染治理技术,确保各项污染物达标排放,提高油页岩干馏过程的污染防治能力。     

大庆油页岩热解特性及动力学研究

采用热分析方法对大庆油页岩热解特性进行研究,考察了升温速率和热解终温对油页岩热解特性的影响.结果表明,温度是影响热解的最主要因素,随着温度的升高,挥发分产率增大;随着升温速率的增大,油页岩的热解特征温度和最大热解速率都明显提高.根据热失重曲线建立了大庆油页岩热解动力学模型,采用傅立叶红外光谱分析对油页岩及热解半焦官能团变化情况进行分析,发现油页岩的主要官能团与煤接近;随着热解终温的升高,半焦含氧官能团的吸收峰逐渐减弱.     

世界油页岩资源的开发利用现状

油页岩是一种非常规能源,世界储量巨大,作为石油的补充能源,开发前景广阔.油页岩在隔绝空气条件下加热至500℃左右,会热解生成页岩油,经加工处理后可以制得汽油、柴油等油品.油页岩也可直接燃烧,产生蒸气、发电,目前利用油页岩燃烧发电的国家有爱沙尼亚、中国、德国等.本文介绍了世界主要油页岩国家的油页岩储量和加工利用情况,目前世界上利用油页岩干馏制取页岩油的国家主要有3个,中国(产量80万吨)、爱沙尼亚(产量50万吨)和巴西(18万吨),其他国家略有生产.中国页岩油产量一直居世界首位,目前有将近10座油页岩干馏厂投入运行,其中抚顺矿业集团年产页岩油35万吨,全国居首,该公司引进的日处理颗粒油页岩量6000t的ATP干馏工艺,目前已经在调试中阶段性运转,并逐渐延长连续运转时间,山东龙口等其他地方的油页岩加工利用也取得很大进展.美国目前没有进行油页岩干馏炼制页岩油的工业化生产,但有多所大学、公司和研究所已经对油页岩进行了长期的地上和地下干馏工艺的研究和开发.文中还介绍了国内外油页岩干馏的3种主要炉型,分别为块状页岩气体热载体干馏炉、颗粒页岩固体热载体干馏炉和粉末页岩流化干馏炉,并对比了不同国家的干馏炉型的优缺点.     

油页岩开发利用技术进展

在介绍油页岩性质的基础上,系统总结了国内外油页岩热解开发利用的最新研究进展,主要包括油页岩热解化学、热解工艺、页岩灰利用以及油页岩开发利用的技术分析等。油页岩资源的开发利用对缓解石油资源供应紧张和保障能源安全供应具有重要意义。油页岩资源的开发利用必须结合油页岩资源赋存、地质结构和油页岩的性质选择合适的工艺和技术,实现油页岩资源的高效清洁利用。     

对油页岩勘查相关问题的探讨

油页岩是我国重要的不可再生的化石能源,在社会经济高速发展背景下,加大了油页岩的需求量。为满足发展需求,还应促进油页岩的勘查进度,充分掌握油页岩勘查过程中遇到的问题,依照油页岩的勘查规定和相关标准,对油页岩勘查中的矿层圈定、块段规划、油页岩矿量估算等基本项目予以确定,以此保证油页岩勘查工作能顺利完成。对此,文章就油页岩勘查中的相关问题进行了分析、探讨,以供参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。