基于神经网络的Agent电子商务协商模型

提出一个在电子商务中能辅助用户网上采购的智能Agent协商模型,并对模型进行仿真实验,以验证模型的有效性。模型的构造基于BP神经网络,通过对用户的购物偏好训练学习,使Agent获得一组包含用户偏好特征的规则信息并作为协商过程中推理的依据;每次协商的结果都作为学习样本,以提高Agent对市场变化的适应能力。     

Interface agents: caveat mercator in electronic commerce

Electronic commerce has opened new opportunities for buyers and sellers. Consumers can do things in an on-line environment that are simply not possible in face-to-face transactions. In this paper, we push this observation by examining and using a new type of software agent to convert merchant interfaces into middleware thus enabling one to assess and optimize their interactions with all the computing support available in today's Decision Support System (DSS) environments.     

A framework for applying intelligent agents to support electronic trading

The purpose of this paper is to study how Intelligent Agents (IAs) can be used to facilitate electronic trading. An IA is a software program designed for performing a specific task based on its own knowledge and the message it received. Given the increased complexity of Internet services, many IAs are useful to make electronic markets more effective.In the paper, activities and structures of electronic markets are reviewed and discussed with respect to the coordination mechanism and primitive activities. This is followed by an analysis of IAs useful for electronic commerce (EC). A three-layer architecture for organizing IAs for EC is developed. Finally, application of the framework to support EC and related issues are presented. The findings are useful for implementing a more effective environment for EC.     

Trust in consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce

We developed a model of consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce trust and tested it. We expected that two influences: internal (natural propensity to trust [NPT] and perception of web site quality [PWSQ]) and external (other's trust of buyers/sellers [OTBS] and third party recognition [TPR]) would affect an individual's trust in C2C e-commerce. However contrary to studies of other types of e-commerce, support was only found for PWSQ and TPR; we therefore discussed possible reasons for this contradiction. Suggestions are made of ways to help e-commerce site developers provide a trustworthy atmosphere and identify trustworthy consumers.     

Empirical taxonomy of services and service products in electronic commerce

In this study, we newly classify services and service products in EC into four categories: Mass Services, Interactive Services, Supporting Services, and Professional Services. Five selected variables reflecting the characteristics of the services, and two factorized dimensions, (1) proportion of on-line services, and (2) need of on-line interaction, are utilized for the classification. In addition, the relationships with customer purchase intentions in EC are investigated as a result of the classification. For this purpose, a customer survey was conducted on respondent groups who frequently purchase goods or services by EC and who also had advanced knowledge of the services and EC. Statistical methods of factor analysis, cluster analysis, and analysis of variance were utilized for analysis of the data.     

Modeling the customer in electronic commerce

This paper reviews interface design of web pages for e-commerce. Different tasks in e-commerce are contrasted. A systems model is used to illustrate the information flow between three subsystems in e-commerce: store environment, customer, and web technology. A customer makes several decisions: to enter the store, to navigate, to purchase, to pay, and to keep the merchandize. This artificial environment must be designed so that it can support customer decision-making. To retain customers it must be pleasing and fun, and create a task with natural flow. Customers have different needs, competence and motivation, which affect decision-making. It may therefore be important to customize the design of the e-store environment. Future ergonomics research will have to investigate perceptual aspects, such as presentation of merchandize, and cognitive issues, such as product search and navigation, as well as decision making while considering various economic parameters. Five theories on e-commerce research are presented.     

电子商务环境下信用评级的一种新方法

为提高电子商务环境下信用评价水平,构建了一套完整的电子商务环境下信用指标体系,提出了一种基于拉开档次机理的模糊综合评判法,该方法改进了传统的拉开档次法．将其用在评价指标权重的确定上,采用模糊综合评判法对各指标值进行融合．结果表明,基于拉开档次机理的模糊综合评判法能够放大不同电子商务主体的信用差距,达到鼓励电子商务环境下基于信用机制的竞争的效果．该方法适用于需要放大被评价对象间差异的情形．     

Object-oriented design processes of electronic commerce in a multi-agent environment

Corporations are moving from traditional management into a world of agile and electronic business. Such businesses have continually sought to develop information technology (IT) systems, in order to assist in the decision-making of the business process. Due to rapid changes in the business environment this process is subject to ongoing examination. To ensure the agility of electronic commerce, business design process problems must be addressed by a team of specialists or intelligent agents, and be based on object-oriented design, characterized by computability, reusability, and exchangeability. This paper proposes a multi-agent system encompassing an object-oriented approach, to design processes for electronic commerce. This approach entails solutions to design processes, for decision-makers who are geographically separated and operate on differing computer platforms. By combining various objects, different types of design processes can be solved with the same agent-based framework, making this approach very responsive. The proposed methodology is applied to a real-world construct that involves combining objects to complete an electronic commerce model: in particular the logistics objective.     

计算机网络安全技术在电子商务中的应用探究

随着我国经济的飞速发展以及互联网技术在各行各业中的应用,电子商务已经成为我国商业模式中新的宠儿。但同时,由于电子商务主要是依托网络技术进行办公,网络安全与信息安全已经越来越引起人们的担忧。尤其是伴随着现代网络技术的进步,为电子商务的发展既带来了机遇同时又带来了挑战。电子商务交易过程的安全性成为制约该行业未来发展的瓶颈。本文对于网络安全技术在电子商务中的应用做了探讨,并就如何提高电子商务交易过程中的安全性,从而为该行业未来的发展提供有力的技术保障提出了一些建议和措施。     

Unanimously acceptable agreements for negotiation teams in unpredictable domains

A negotiation team is a set of agents with common and possibly also conflicting preferences that forms one of the parties of a negotiation. A negotiation team is involved in two decision making processes simultaneously, a negotiation with the opponents, and an intra-team process to decide on the moves to make in the negotiation. This article focuses on negotiation team decision making for circumstances that require unanimity of team decisions. Existing agent-based approaches only guarantee unanimity in teams negotiating in domains exclusively composed of predictable and compatible issues. This article presents a model for negotiation teams that guarantees unanimous team decisions in domains consisting of predictable and compatible, and alsounpredictable issues. Moreover, the article explores the influence of using opponent, and team member models in the proposing strategies that team members use. Experimental results show that the team benefits if team members employ Bayesian learning to model their teammates’ preferences.     

A countable and time-bound password-based user authentication scheme for the applications of electronic commerce

In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient user authentication scheme with countable and time-bound features. The countable feature is to limit the use to a certain number of times, which means that the users are able to successfully log into the system in a fixed number of times. The feature of the time-bound allows each login ticket to have a period of expiration. In other words, if a login request is overdue, it would not be available anymore. These features make our scheme more reliable for applications in the field of electronic commerce, such as on-line games, pay-TV, and so on. Since our scheme does not require any password or verification table and can avoid replay attacks, it is under firm security. Moreover, our scheme shows a lower computational overhead on the user side. Therefore, it offers an efficient and adequate alternative for the implementations in the mobile environment with limited computing capability.     

A practical anonymous payment scheme for electronic commerce

We propose a practical anonymous payment scheme with anonymous accounts. By means of our proposed scheme, the size of a bank's database is dramatically reduced. Also, the issue of e-coins for an anonymous account is controlled by several issuers, who represent a bank and who can be chosen by the customer or assigned by the system, on the current available issuers list according to the internet conditions. Our scheme does not require the assistance of a mutually entrusted third party.     

以培养电子商务专业人才为目标的图形图像处理课程研究

职业技术学院在我国劳动技能与技术型人才的培养上做出了杰出的贡献,随着近年来社会各个行业对实务型人才需求量的猛增,更加大了职业技术学院的人才教育与培养任务。电子商务作为目前的新兴行业,促进了贸易的飞速发展,人才需求量也逐步扩大。特别是图形图像处理与设计方面的人才非常紧缺,这就要求各个职业技术学院加大对以电子商务专业人才为培养目标的图形图形处理课程的教育与研究。     

egoisst: a negotiation support system for electronic business-to-business negotiations in e-commerce

Electronic negotiations can range from simple offer exchanges to complex communicative acts concerning packages of products and services. In contrast to dominant approaches aiming at automating the negotiation process (e.g. auction models), we introduce the notion of negotiation support for human negotiators conducting complex electronic negotiations. The negotiation support system egoisst for business-to-business electronic commerce is presented that is based on theories of communication and information systems and that combines communication and document management. egoisst has been successfully validated for e-negotiations in the construction industry.     

An agenda-based framework for multi-issue negotiation

This paper presents a new model for multi-issue negotiation under time constraints in an incomplete information setting. The issues to be bargained over can be associated with a single good/service or multiple goods/services. In our agenda-based model, the order in which issues are bargained over and agreements are reached is determined endogenously, as part of the bargaining equilibrium. In this context we determine the conditions under which agents have similar preferences over the implementation scheme and the conditions under which they have conflicting preferences. Our analysis shows the existence of equilibrium even when both players have uncertain information about each other, and each agent's information is its private knowledge. We also study the properties of the equilibrium solution and determine conditions under which it is unique, symmetric, and Pareto-optimal.     

A learning-enabled infrastructure for electronic contracting agents

With the vigorous development of electronic commerce these years, many experts and scholars have devoted themselves to various fields of research and application. Of these fields, electronic contracting is a new research topic in great demand. In spite of its promise, electronic contracting involves the standardization of ontology and automation of negotiation, which renders the implementation of electronic contracting difficult. In view of the necessity of electronic contracting, we present a learning-enabled agent-based infrastructure and claim that it will be a solution to the problems encountered during the process of electronic contracting by a variety of evaluations. In this infrastructure, the applications of an agent are viewed as a set of application ontologies, each of which is a combination of a context ontology and a object ontology so that the negotiation context and automation of negotiation can be flexibly integrated in this infrastructure. The infrastructure enables the automation of electronic contracting through a general and automatic communication protocol and provides reusability by the componentization of agents. The infrastructure provides personalized multiattribute evaluation and proposal generation by a mechanism, which is a combination of neural networks and genetic algorithms, in order to enable the automatic negotiation ability at agents.     

Agent negotiation based ontology refinement process and mechanisms for service applications

Nowadays organisations are willing to outsource their business processes as services and make them accessible via the Web. In doing so, they can dynamically combine individual services to their service applications. However, unless the data on the Web can be meaningfully shared and is interpretable, this objective cannot be realised. In this paper, a new agent-based approach for managing ontology evolution in a Web services environment is exploited. The proposed approach has several key characteristics such as flexibility and extensibility that differentiate this research from others. The refinement mechanisms which cope with an evolving ontology are carefully examined. The novelty of our work is that inter-processes between different ontologies are studied from the agent’s perspective. Based on this perspective, an agent negotiation model is applied to reach an agreement regarding ontology discrepancy in an application. The efficiency and effectiveness of reaching an agreement over an ontology dispute is leveraged by the private negotiation strategy applied in the argumentation approach. An extended negotiation strategy is discussed to enable sufficient information in decision making at each negotiation round. A case study is presented to demonstrate ontology refinement in a Web services environment.     

INCAS: a legal expert system for contract terms in electronic commerce

Electronic commerce is doing business via electronic networks. Paper-based trade documents such as, for example, request for quotation, purchase order or invoice are replaced by electronic messages, in particular Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) messages. These electronic messages are not only transmitted much faster than paper-based documents, but they can also be processed automatically by computers. An example of this automated processing of electronic messages is electronic contracting and negotiation where the actual trade contract is on-line negotiated and concluded via an electronic network. We present the legal expert system INCAS that can provide on-line explanations about the use of Incoterms in trade contracts. Incoterms stipulate which party (buyer or seller) is responsible for arranging and paying transport of the goods, and arranging the documents necessary for this transport (e.g. export and import clearance documents, certification of origin, quality certificates etc.). INCAS is implemented in the programming language Prolog. We also explain how the defeasible reasoning capability of Prolog is essential for modelling the reasoning about the Incoterms.     

Argumentation-based negotiation planning for autonomous agents

When we negotiate, the arguments uttered to persuade the opponent are not the result of an isolated analysis, but of an integral view of the problem that we want to agree about. Before the negotiation starts, we have in mind what arguments we can utter, what opponent we can persuade, which negotiation can finish successfully and which cannot. Thus, we plan the negotiation, and in particular, the argumentation. This fact allows us to take decisions in advance and to start the negotiation more confidently. With this in mind, we claim that this planning can be exploited by an autonomous agent. Agents plan the actions that they should execute to achieve their goals. In these plans, some actions are under the agent's control, while some others are not. The latter must be negotiated with other agents. Negotiation is usually carried out during the plan execution. In our opinion, however, negotiation can be considered during the planning stage, as in real life. In this paper, we present a novel approach to integrate argumentation-based negotiation planning into the general planning process of an autonomous agent. This integration allows the agent to take key decisions in advance. We evaluated this proposal in a multiagent scenario by comparing the performance of agents that plan the argumentation and agents that do not. These evaluations demonstrated that performance improves when the argumentation is planned, specially, when the negotiation alternatives increase.