气/液介质对泡沫液膜渗透性的影响规律

为了构建适用于泡沫驱的高稳定泡沫,从液膜渗透率角度阐明气/液介质对泡沫稳定性的影响机制。以氮 气和二氧化碳为气体介质,利用气泡缩减法,测定了7 种起泡体系的泡沫液膜渗透率以及起泡性能、析液半衰期 和泡沫半衰期。研究结果表明,对于同一种气体介质,表面活性剂分子疏水碳链数目越多,液膜上表面活性剂分 子之间相互作用越强,泡沫液膜渗透率越小;CO₂泡沫的液膜渗透率是N₂泡沫的1～3 倍,CO₂泡沫稳定性比N2泡 沫的低;泡沫液膜渗透率与泡沫半衰期呈现出良好的相关性,随着液膜渗透率升高,CO₂泡沫半衰期快速递减。     

阴-非离子型表面活性剂CO2 泡沫影响因素研究

选用4 种表面活性剂作为起泡剂,其中N-NP-15c 和N-NP-21c 为非离子型表面活性剂,N-NP-15c-H 和N-NP-21c-H 为新合成的阴- 非离子型表面活性剂,非离子基团为聚氧乙烯基,阴离子基团为磺酸基。利用高温高压搅拌式可视化泡沫仪,对表面活性剂进行高温高压和高盐条件下的CO₂ 泡沫性能测试;研究了不同因素对CO₂泡沫性能的影响规律,包括起泡剂浓度、矿化度、Ca²⁺浓度、温度和压力等。实验结果表明,N-NP-15c-H 的起泡性能最好,抗温达125℃ 。在起泡剂质量分数0.7% 、压力10MPa、矿化度（NaCl）50g/L、125℃ 时,泡沫的起泡体积和半衰期分别为81.6 mL和10.8 min。随着起泡剂质量分数的增大,CO2 泡沫的起泡体积和半衰期均先增大后减小,最佳加量为0.7% ;高温和高矿化度（高Ca²⁺浓度）都不利于CO₂ 泡沫的稳定;压力升高则能显著提高CO₂ 泡沫的性能,压力由5 MPa 增至12MPa 时,泡沫起泡体积由87.9 mL增至165.8 mL,半衰期由34.5 min增至295.2min。     

阴离子双子表面活性剂表面活性研究

采用滴体积法测定系列阴离子双子表面活性剂溶液的表面张力,并作图得到其临界胶束浓度,从表面张力和临界胶束浓度两方面讨论了分子结构、盐等因素对双子表面活性剂表面活性的影响.实验结果表明,适当增加疏水碳链长度和联结基团长度、加入盐(NaCl,CaC12,MgCl2)等都能有效降低双子表面活性剂的表面张力和临界胶束浓度,增大其...     

新型两性Gemini表面活性剂制备及表界面性能

目的以甲酸、甲醛、长链伯胺、环氧氯丙烷、甲醇和三氯甲烷为原料制备3种两性Gemini表面活性剂[(2,2''-硫酸钠-3,3''-烷基二甲基氯化铵)-N,N-丙烷基]甲胺(C₁₂SAPA、C₁₄SAPA和C₁₆SAPA)。方法 对产物结构进行了表征,比较了不同疏水链长度的表面张力、Krafft点和热稳定性,考查了3种两性Gemini表面活性剂抗温性、降低界面张力能力和提高采收率效果。通过FTIR和¹H-NMR确认了目标产物的合成。结果随着疏水链从C₁₂H₂₅ 增加到C₁₆H₃₃,临界胶束浓度(CMC)减小,γCMC表面张力增加。随着疏水链的增加,Krafft点增加,在9 ℃以上具有良好的溶解性。3种两性Gemini表面活性剂(C₁₂SAPA、C₁₄SAPA和C₁₆SAPA)的抗温能力分别可达153 ℃、157 ℃和150 ℃;抗盐性大小为:C₁₄SAPA＞C₁₂SAPA＞C₁₆SAPA,C₁₄SAPA抗盐性达到 5×10⁴ mg/L。降低油/水界面张力能力大小为:C₁₂SAPA＞C₁₄SAPA＞C₁₆SAPA,C₁₂SAPA和C₁₄SAPA效果更好,降低油/水界面张力能达到10-2的数量级。模拟油藏地层环境下,3种两性Gemini表面活性剂分别可提高采收率12.63%、10.91%和9.87%。结论合成的3种两性Gemini表面活性剂具有良好的表界面活性和驱油性能,在油藏提高采收率领域具有广泛的应用潜力。      

疏水链对双子表面活性剂性能的影响

以壬基酚或对特辛基酚和二溴丁烷为原料合成了含不同支化度疏水链的磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂R2C4和D2C4（C为联结基中亚甲基,R为疏水基壬基,D为疏水基仲辛基）,研究了其水溶液的表面活性、界面活性、乳化性能、泡沫性能及热稳定性,讨论了疏水链的支化程度对其性能的影响。试验发现磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性,其中R2C4的临界胶束浓度（CMC）较低,而D2C4的临界表面张力较低,R2C4具有比D2C4更优的界面活性;对同一有机相,R2C4的乳化性能要优于D2C4;R2C4的起泡性及泡沫稳定性优于D2C4;R2C4和D2C4的初始分解温度分别为293℃和322℃,即二者都具有较好的热稳定性,高支化度的疏水链提高了表面活性剂的热稳定性。     

两性离子表面活性剂和纳米颗粒为起泡剂的高稳定性超临界二氧化碳泡沫封窜体系

胜利油田低渗透油藏具有埋藏深（＞3000m）、温度高（＞120℃）、非均质性强等特点,针对低渗透油藏CO₂ 驱波及效率低、常规泡沫高温调驱性能变差等问题,构建了由两性离子表面活性剂（HSD）和改性SiO₂ 纳米颗粒 为起泡剂的高稳定性超临界CO₂ 泡沫体系。研究了该体系在高温下的起泡性能和耐温性能;分别评价了纳米 SiO₂ 对超临界CO₂ 泡沫体系流变特性、封堵特性以及调驱性能的影响;最后探讨了纳米颗粒强化超临界CO₂ 泡沫 的稳定机理。结果表明,高稳定性超临界CO₂ 泡沫体系表现出良好的起泡性能和耐高温特性,随着体系中纳米颗粒浓度的增加,泡沫半衰期先增加后降低。在110℃下,0.5%的纳米颗粒可使泡沫析液半衰期由17min提高到40min,稳定性提高了近1.5倍。在相同的剪切速率下,体系的表观黏度随纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增加,稠度系数由0.073增至1.220。在岩心封堵实验中,泡沫在多孔介质中的稳态表观黏度随纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增 加,封堵强度逐渐增强;超临界CO₂ 泡沫呈“颗粒状”堆叠排放,泡沫直径为10～20μm。超临界CO₂ 泡沫具有较 好的调驱性能,能封堵高渗透通道,迫使后续注入的CO₂ 进入低渗透基质中,从而提高采收率。表面活性剂分子吸附在纳米SiO₂ 表面使其具有了界面活性,进而纳米SiO₂ 吸附到气液界面上,提高了泡沫稳定性。     

季铵盐型Gemini 表面活性剂水溶液的表面和油-水界面特性

 用 DCAT-21型表面张力及接触角仪测定了不同结构的季铵盐型 Gemini 表面活性剂 C_n-s-C_n·2Br 溶液的表面张力和界面张力变化,为选择一种较好的表面活性剂作为驱油剂提供基础。结果表明,烷基链长n 均为12时,随联接基团数s 的增加,季铵盐型 Gemini 表面活性剂降低表面和界面张力能力减小。s 相同时,随着烷基链长n 增加,Gemini 表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度（CMC）减小。加入无机盐可以进一步降低 Gemini 表面活性剂的 CMC 值。季铵盐型 Gemini 表面活性剂的 CMC 值较类似结构的单链单头普通表面活性剂的 CMC 值低,且达到最低界面张力时的浓度比单链单头普通表面活性剂低2个数量级。Gemini表面活性剂的高表面活性主要由其特殊的分子结构所决定。     

不同碳链长度的羟基丙磺基甜菜碱合成及性能研究

为探究疏水碳链长度对烷基二甲基羟基丙磺基甜菜碱性能的影响规律,以环氧氯丙烷、烷基伯胺(十二胺、十四胺、十六胺、十八胺)等为原料合成了不同碳链长度的烷基二甲基羟基丙磺基甜菜碱,研究了产物水溶液的表面张力、临界胶束浓度和泡沫性能。研究结果表明:随着疏水碳链长度由C12增至C18,羟磺基甜菜碱溶液表面张力降低,临界胶束浓度由3.36 mmol/L减至1.60 mmol/L,临界表面张力也由29.6 mN/m降至25.8 mN/m,羟磺基甜菜碱与十二烷基硫酸钠SDS协同形成胶束的能力随着疏水碳链长度增加而增强;羟磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂的起泡及稳泡能力也随着疏水碳链增长而增强。     

N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂的制备与表征

以天冬氨酸为联接基团合成了疏水碳链长度分别为8,12,16的N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂。用傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成产物进行了结构表征,并测试了其表面张力和起泡性能。结果表明,N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂在20℃时临界胶束浓度分别为0.79,0.43,2.60mmol/L,表面张力γcmc分别为27.4,26.6,35.9mol/L,其中N-正辛基葡萄糖酰胺和N-十二烷基葡萄糖酰胺双子表面活性剂的起泡和稳泡性能较好。     

耐油起泡剂的耐油耐盐性能评价

以吴茵搅拌器法评价了由非离子表面活性剂、阴非离子表面活性剂和稳泡剂辛醇按一定比例配制的4种耐油起泡剂的耐油耐盐性能。研究结果表明:随着起泡剂质量分数的增大,起泡剂溶液的最大泡沫体积逐渐增大,在起泡剂质量分数为0.01%数0.5%范围内,起泡剂溶液的发泡体积是自身溶液体积的2数6倍,泡沫半衰期随着表面活性剂浓度增加而逐渐增大;随着原油比例增加,最大泡沫体积先增大后降低,油含量在10%数20%范围时起泡剂表现出了很好的起泡、稳泡性能,最大发泡体积是自身的5数9倍,泡沫半衰期随着油含量增加而明显增大;其中CFE149X(非离子表面活性剂、阴非离子表面活性剂和稳泡剂辛醇质量比为30∶67∶3)的起泡和稳泡性能最佳。在CFE149X质量分数为0.5%、含油量50%的条件下,最大泡沫体积和半衰期均随盐含量增加而先增大后减小;与无油存在时相比,有油存在时泡沫发泡体积略有降低,但泡沫稳定性却显著增强。耐油起泡剂CFE149X,在含油条件下表现出了较好的起泡性能和稳泡性能,能够作为耐油抗盐泡沫剂,为泡沫复合驱提供优良的起泡剂产品提供技术参考。表5参27     

车载等离子体重整二甲醚制氢系统性能提高途径

应用自制的车载等离子体富氢气体制备装置和二甲醚（DME）部分氧化重整制氢实验测量系统,进行了利用排气余热提高该反应氢产率的研究。考察了反应温度、空/醚体积比(V_A/V_D)和Fe基催化剂对系统性能的影响。结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,DME部分氧化重整制氢反应的DME转化率逐渐升高,H₂产率先增大后减小,650℃时达最大值20.3%;温度保持为600℃时,随着V_A/V_D的增加,氢产率先增加后减小,在V_A/V_D =3.0时,H₂产率取得最高值22.2%;提高温度可降低对过量空气的依赖,但高温下H₂选择性小于常温下的;温度超过500℃后,以活性炭为载体的Fe基催化剂能够显著提高部分氧化的反应速率,从而提高H₂产率和DME转化率。利用发动机排气废热可以提高制氢系统的综合性能,但反应温度不宜超过650℃。     

New Statistical Concepts for Prediction Viscosity,Critical Temperature,and Critical Pressure of Homologous Hydrocarbon Series (C n H2n+2)

Abstract

A new model for prediction viscosity, critical temperature, and critical pressure for homologous hydrocarbon series C _n H_2n+2 as a function of carbon number only. The new model has a general formula: η or T _c or P = A ₁ C ^{A ₂} (2+2C) ^{A ₃} . This new model provides accurate and computationally reliable prediction for the corresponding properties (η, T _c , and P _c ) value.     

氢监测技术在含硫输气管线上的应用

采用腐蚀挂片、缓蚀剂残余浓度分析以及氢监测技术,在含硫输气管线上研究了缓蚀剂应用效果,确定了缓蚀剂的有效保护时间。结果表明,氢监测技术能够无损、实时、全周相地监测含硫输气管线腐蚀状况,缓蚀剂残余浓度分析及氢监测结果显示缓蚀剂有效保护时间达到1个月以上。     

连接基对双子表面活性剂2C_(12)H_(25)C_nAm表/界面性质的影响

通过三步反应合成出一系列不同碳原子数连接基阴离子双子表面活性剂(N,N′-双十二烷基-双羧丙酰基-烷撑二胺(2C12H25CnAm,n=2,3,4)。三种表面活性剂都具有低临界胶束浓度,且都能高效地降低表面张力。通过pC20,CMC/C20,pC30,CMC/C30参数分析了它们的吸附和胶束化行为。表面活性剂CMC值随连接基长度的增加先减小再增大,在n=3时达到最小2.17×10-5 mol/L;界面张力值随着连接基长度的增加而减小,最小可达到1.87mN/m。     

Simple Correlation Estimates Critical Properties of Alkanes

Abstract

A simple exponential model is proposed to estimate the critical temperature, pressure, and volume of alkanes as a function of normal boiling point and molecular weight. The proposed correlation was used to estimate critical properties of 30 compounds including (C₁?C₃₀) of alkanes. The associated parameters were estimated by fitting model to experimental data using nonlinear regression analysis to minimize the sum of squares error employing a trust-region algorithm of MATLAB software and a BFGS algorithm of a solver add-in program in Microsoft Excel. Comparison showed superiority of the proposed model over previous proposed models. The average absolute deviation for estimation of critical temperature, pressure, and volume of the proposed correlation were 0.49%, 1.16%, and 0.97%, respectively.     

CO2对超稠油物性影响的实验研究

为研究CO2辅助蒸汽吞吐技术开发超稠油中CO2的作用,以郑411区块超稠油为研究对象,通过注气膨胀实验系统地研究了不同CO2注入量、温度及压力下,超稠油物性的变化规律,并使用多元回归方法分别建立了溶解气油比、饱和压力、原油黏度、原油密度及原油体积系数与CO2注入量、温度及压力的关系模型,拟合优度均在0.90以上。郑411块超稠油的溶解气油比随CO2注入量的增加而线性增加;饱和压力随CO2注入量的增加而线性增加,随温度增加而呈乘幂趋势增加;原油黏度随CO2注入量增加而呈指数趋势降低,其对数值随温度升高呈乘幂趋势降低;原油密度随CO2注入量增加呈指数趋势降低,随温度升高呈对数趋势降低,随压力增加而线性增加;原油体积系数随CO2注入量和温度的增加均呈指数趋势增加,随压力增加而线性减小。超稠油对温度有极强的敏感性,加热升温能显著降低超稠油黏度,提高其流动性;同时,CO2溶解降黏、膨胀原油的特性,能改善原油物性,有助于超稠油的动用。     

POLLEN TRANSLUCENCY AS A THERMAL MATURATION INDICATOR

Using an inversion technique, we show that pollen translucency with depth can be used as a quantitative tool to estimate the thermal history of sedimentary sequences. The overall trend of translucency is a decrease with increasing depth. In this study, three wells in southern Louisiana were examined, each having Carya (a pollen genus including present-day Pecans and Hickories) translucency measurements with depth, and one of the wells containing measurements of vitrinite reflectance with depth. High sedimentation rates (>250 ft/MM yrs of shale) require the use of a fluid flow/compaction burial history program linked with the Carya inversion algorithm. Thermal history is estimated by the interaction of a heat flux taken to be linear in time, and a time-temperature integral for the inversion of Carya translucency. The former involves β, a linear heat-flux coefficient to be determined, while the latter involves two previously unknown constants: T_C, a critical temperature, below which the translucency is stable (no carbonization), and T_D, a scaling constant, roughly analogous to a doubling temperature. T_D and T_c are chemical constants, and should be consistent in the three wells, while β should be consistent when determined independently by vitrinite reflectance and Carya translucency inversions. Grid searches for an acceptable solution in T_C vs. T_D vs. βspace were carried out for each of the three wells to determine the best T_D T_C and β for each well. A goodness-of-fit criterion, contoured in T_D vs. T_C vs. βspace, defines a volume of solutions within fixed error limits. Estimates of T_D= 75 ± 30°K and T_C= 290 + 20°K, for the genus Carya, are consistent for all of the wells. Acceptable β ranges, determined by the Carya inversion, overlap for the neighbouring wells. and the ranges are also consistent with β determined by the independent inversion of vitrinite reflectance in one of the wells. We conclude that Carya translucency can be used as a quantitative thermal indicator. Application of the inverse method to translucency measurements on other palynomorphs having longer. or different, age ranges than the Eocene-Recent lifetime for Carya is recommended.     

Optimization of Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Using a Coordinated Ionic Liquid as Catalytic Solvent

Abstract

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-octane with hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid using a quaternary ammonium coordinated ionic liquid (IL) (C₄H₉)₄NBr · 2C₆H₁₁NO as catalytic solvent has been studied. The ODS mechanism by coordinated ionic liquid [(C₄H₉)₄NBr · 2C₆H₁₁NO] was also carried out. The sulfur-containing compounds in model oil were extracted into ionic liquid phase and oxidized to their corresponding sulfones by H₂O₂. The effect factors for desulfurization of model oil were investigated in detail by means of monofactorial and orthogonal experiments (L₁₆(4)⁴). The results showed that the desulfurization efficiency of model oil could reach 98.6% under the optimal conditions of oxidation time, oxidation temperature, molar ratio of H₂O₂/sulfur (O/S), and volume ratio of model oil to coordinated ionic liquid were 30 min, 50°C, 16, and 1, respectively. The influences to the desulfurization efficiency of DBT decreased in the following order: volume ratio of model oil to coordinated ionic liquid (C₄H₉)₄NBr · 2C₆H₁₁NO (V_{model oil}/V_IL) > molar ratio of O/S > oxidation temperature > oxidation time, according to extreme analysis of the orthogonal test. The coordinated ionic liquid (C₄H₉)₄NBr · 2C₆H₁₁NO can be recycled 5 times without a significant decrease in desulfurization.     

New Generalized One-Parameter Vapor Pressure Formula of Homologous Pure Hydrocarbon Series

Abstract

Generalized formula has been developed to calculate vapor pressure of pure hydrocarbon series (C _n H_2n+2) from C₁₁H₂₄ to C₃₅H₇₂ based on one parameter “carbon number” only. As a result this technique is considered to be useful for prediction of vapor pressure of pure hydrocarbons, since it is possible to use this formula depending on simple parameter “carbon number”.