建筑长材用钢洁净钢制造平台的节能技术

针对唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司第二钢轧厂传统的转炉-建筑用钢生产线,通过有效控制原料消耗和转炉出钢温度,提高转炉冶炼效率;完善均衡稳定的全连铸技术;实施钢包加盖和提高钢包周转率技术;优化生产流程组织;加强二次能源回收,提高工艺过程能源使用效率等一系列技术,转炉蒸汽回收量和煤气回收量逐年上升,转炉工序能耗和棒材工序能耗持续下降。2013年,转炉蒸汽回收98.29kg/t,氧气消耗45.27m3/t,煤气回收130.09m3/t,转炉工序能耗达到了-0.83GJ/t,连铸工序能耗为0.22GJ/t,炼钢能耗-0.61GJ/t,钢坯入加热炉温度最高达到900℃,第二棒生产线热装比例实现100%,轧钢工序能耗降至0.70GJ/t,炼轧全系统工序能耗实现0.09GJ/t。     

鞍钢炼钢能耗及节能

鞍钢炼钢平均工序能耗60kg/t钢标准煤,其中转炉钢工序能耗32kg/t钢标准煤,一炼钢厂氧气顶吹平炉钢76kg/t钢标准煤,二炼钢平炉和双床平炉钢79kg/t钢标准煤。钢铁料消耗、铁水质量、平炉用氧、余热回收和转炉煤气回收等都影响炼钢工序能耗。转炉应进行煤气回收,鞍钢3号转炉煤气回收已转入正常生产,用氧平炉节能措施包括加强烟道系统密封,减小排气系统阻力,提高热效率,如取消格子砖、采用喷淋塔代替余热锅炉等;双床平炉减少铁水消耗,降低累计能耗,减少油氧消耗,降低工序能耗。     

提高转炉煤气的利用率和回收率

到目前为止,我国回收转炉煤气的钢厂有5家13座转炉。平均每吨钢回收了热值1500～1700kcal/m_n~3的煤气55～65m_n~3、蒸汽50～60kg、含铁60％的粉尘100kg以上。吨钢回收煤气相当13kg标煤,回收蒸汽相当7kg标煤,使炼钢工序能耗降低20kg标煤。回收的煤气、蒸汽和粉尘分别使吨钢成本降低0.8元、0.4元和4元。此外,每吨钢减少了100kg粉尘和60m_n~3煤气对大气的污染。     

八钢120t转炉煤气及蒸汽回收工艺优化

为提高3座120 t转炉的煤气及蒸汽的吨钢回收量,八钢在煤气回收方面将煤气回收条件的参数进行了调整,CO回收控制参数调整到30%开始回收,25%停止回收;优化转炉煤气回收控制程序,将原来转炉下枪3 min后炉口微压差自动PID调节提前到下枪80 s后实施,并根据转炉冶炼的不同时段进行炉口微压差分段控制;操作上进一步优化煤气回收时的降罩操作制度。在蒸汽回收方面优化了转炉烟罩炉口段与裙罩的蒸汽密封及处理余热锅炉补水的除氧器蒸汽消耗工艺。优化回收工艺后,煤气回收率达99.12%。     

要大面积推广转炉负能炼钢

转炉在炼钢过程中，需要消耗大量的能源，同时，炼钢工艺过程中产生的物理显热及CO气体，又能够通过不同的方法加以回收利用。转炉炼钢的能耗主要来自于氧气、电和水为主的动力消耗（大约为35．4kg／煤）。如果对转炉煤气和蒸汽进行回收，回收煤气的可利用热量大于实际能耗，转炉工序也就实现了负能炼钢。     

技术信息

国内·马钢一钢厂实现负能炼钢MINUS ENGERGY CONSUMPTION STEEL MAKINGAT No.1STEEL MAKING SHOP,MAANSHAN STEEL2 0 0 2年 9月 ,马钢一钢厂已回收能量 3 4.0 kg标煤 / t坯、消耗能量 3 3 .4kg标煤 / t坯 ,两者相较负 0 .6kg标煤 / t坯 ,成为继宝钢、武钢之后在全国实现负能炼钢的厂家。一钢厂自 2 0 0 1年 2月 95 t转炉热负荷试车成功之日起就同步实现了转炉煤气和蒸汽回收 ,并把实现负能炼钢作为攻关目标。该厂规范了煤气回收操作 ,修改煤气回收工艺参数 ,延长煤气回收时间 ,开展氧含量超标及高碳钢煤气回收…     

起止回收CO体积分数影响转炉烟气能量回收的规律分析

转炉炼钢工序转炉烟气显热、潜热回收是"负能炼钢"的核心.以某钢厂300 t顶底复吹转炉为例,建立了转炉烟气中CO、O2体积分数随吹炼时间变化的特征模型,分析了起止回收CO体积分数对转炉煤气回收量及热值、蒸汽极限回收量的影响规律.结果表明,当起止回收CO体积分数增加±1％,转炉煤气回收量减少±0.50 m3/t,热值增加±22.3 kJ/m3,蒸汽极限回收量增加±1.77 kg/t.最后从转炉煤气回收、转炉烟气高温显热回收、转炉吹炼初末期低热值煤气回收利用三个角度分析了提升转炉烟气余热余能回收利用率的途径.     

大型转炉煤气干法除尘技术研究与应用

转炉煤气干法除尘技术具有高效能源转换、节约新水、节能减排、清洁环保的技术优势,可以大幅度降低水消耗、高效回收蒸汽和煤气,减少环境污染,是当代转炉冶炼实现高效能源转换的关键技术.针对首钢京唐“全三脱”转炉冶炼工艺过程和技术特征,解析了转炉煤气发生泄爆的工艺机制,研究开发了控制煤气泄爆的安全技术措施.采用CFD数值仿真技术,对蒸发冷却塔内煤气流动过程进行了研究解析,优化了蒸发冷却塔的设计、雾化喷嘴的布置及其流量控制.研究开发了300t转炉在“全三脱”冶炼条件下,合理控制转炉煤气成分、温度的关键技术,有效地提高了煤气、蒸汽的回收率,大幅度减少了煤气泄爆,实现了工艺稳定运行、能源高效回收、排放显著降低的目标.生产实践表明,“全三脱”冶炼条件下全年回收煤气达到85 m3/t以上,回收蒸汽达到110kg/t以上,煤气泄爆率控制在0.03％以下,保证了炼钢生产的安全稳定运行,取得了显著的经济效益和生态环境效益.     

转炉干法除尘灰基复合造渣剂的研发及应用

利用转炉干法除尘灰开发出一种适用于转炉冶炼过程造渣的新型复合造渣剂,该新型复合造渣剂能够满足干法除尘稳定运行以及各项转炉冶金性能的要求。采用新型复合造渣剂后转炉氧气消耗降低了2.65 m3/t,转炉终点脱磷率提高3.31%,钢铁料消耗降低0.69 kg/t,吨钢煤气回收平均提高了5m3,吨钢辅料成本降低2.68元。     

260 t转炉负能炼钢生产实践

结合鞍钢股份有限公司鲅鱼圈钢铁分公司260 t转炉的能耗情况,对涉及煤气回收、蒸汽回收、电耗、气体介质消耗的相关设备、工艺和管理进行了研究和优化.通过采取优化煤气回收连锁条件、优化蒸汽回收系统、优化电耗管理方式和开发高效氧枪等措施,取得了较好的效果,转炉炼钢工序能耗由-16 kgce/t降至-20 kgce/t.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.