The integration of object properties

Growth plate cartilage cell express receptors for, and are affected by both IGF-I and 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3. The studies were undertaken to investigate interaction between these two hormone systems, that is, (i) to study effects of 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 on IGF-type 1 receptors (IGFIR), on IGF-I stimulated cell replication, colony formation, and on alkaline phosphatase activity (AP), and conversely, (ii) to study the effect of IGF-I on vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression on 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 stimulated growth parameters and on AP activity. Freshly isolated rat tibial chondrocytes were grown in monolayer cultures, (serum-free) or in agarose stabilized suspension cultures (0.1% FCS). Vitamin D receptor and IGFIR were visualized by immunostaining with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9A7 gamma and mAb alpha IR3, respectively, and quantitated by RT-PCR for mRNA and by Scatchard analysis using [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 and [125I]-alpha IR3. Cell proliferation was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, growth curves in monolayer cultures, and by colony formation in agarose-stabilized suspension cultures. IGF-I dose-dependently increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation. 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3, but not 1 beta, 25(OH)2D3 was stimulatory at low ((10-12 M) and slightly inhibitory at high (10-8 M) concentrations. The effect of IGF-I was additive to that of 1 alpha, 25 (OH)2D3 [IGF-I 60 ng/ml, 181 +/- 12.7; 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 10(-12) M, 181 +/- 9.8%, IGF-I + 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3, 247 +/- 16.7%, P < 0.05 by ANOVA] and specifically obliterated by polyclonal IGF-I antibody (AB-1). Interaction could also be confirmed in suspension cultures. IGFIR mRNA and [125I]-alphaIR3 binding was increased by low (10(-12) m) but not by high (10(-8) M) concentrations of 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3. Homologous up-regulation by IGF-I (60 ng/ml) was specifically inhibited by AB-1 and markedly amplified by coincubation with 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 (10(-12)m). Immunostaining with alpha IR3 showed specific IGFIR expression in rat growth cartilage, but not liver tissue. Stimulation of chondrocytes with 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 or IGF-I suggested some increase of receptor expression in single cells, but the predominant effect was increased recruitment of receptor positive cells, Vitamin D receptor expression was markedly stimulated (fourfold) by IGF-I (60 ng/ml), but not IGF-II and inhibited by actinomycin D. This study shows that IGF-I and 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 mutually up-regulate their respective receptors in growth plate chondrocytes. In parallel, they have additive effects on cell proliferation and colony formation suggesting independent effector pathways.     

The Psychoanalytic Rorschach Profile: An integration of drive, ego, and object relations perspectives.

Over the last 20 years a growing number of psychoanalytic researchers have explored theoretical constructs and psychopathology through empirical investigation of object representations elicited in projective tests, particularly the Rorschach. A newly designed scoring system, the Psychoanalytic Rorschach Profile (PRP), was created to overcome the limitations of previously published scoring systems. The PRP consists of 10 scales that assess the areas of impulse, ego structure, and object relations. A pilot study to determine reliability and validity of the new scoring system was undertaken by comparing the Rorschach protocols of five borderline and five schizophrenic subjects. Analysis of data results revealed high interrater reliability and significant discrimination of the clinical groups. The potential power of an integrated profile analysis of Rorschach imagery by the PRP is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The contribution of mother-infant mutual influence to the origins of self- and object representations.

Early interaction structures provide an important basis for emerging self- and object representations. Interaction structures are characteristic patterns of mutual regulation which the infant comes to remember and expect. We use recent evidence for early representational capacity to suggest that early interaction structures are represented in a presymbolic form in the first year and provide the basis for emerging symbolic forms of self- and object representations. We specifically address the nature of the interrelatedness that is represented. Patterns of mutual regulation between mother and infant in the early months of life, illustrating matching and derailed exchanges, are described, based on microanalyses of film and videotape. These patterns provide an empirical basis for conceptualizing variations in the quality of the interrelatedness that may be represented. We suggest that the dynamic process of reciprocal adjustments is the substance of these earliest "interactive representations." What is represented is an emergent dyadic phenomenon, structures of the interaction, which cannot be described on the basis of either partner alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of thermomechanical treatment on the transformation behaviour of steels

The effect of thermomechanical treatment on the γ – α-transformation in steel has been reviewed. It has been shown that the thermo-mechanically conditioned austenite significantly influences the kinetics of transformation due to the differences in the formation of product phases. An enhanced nucleation during the diffusion controlled transformation, as a result of austenite grain refinement and/or austenite strengthening, leads to a substantial refinement of the microstructure (ferrite grains, pearlite nodules). The deformation substructure of austenite may strongly affect the shear mechanism of the diffusionless transformation, which leads to finely fragmented martensite crystals. Such differences in the transformation characteristics result in different formation temperatures of transformation products and so to the changes in CCT diagrams.     

Helping children to remember: The influence of object cues on children's accounts of a real event.

Examined the effects of reinstating objects from an event on 6- and 9-year-old children's reports of the event in which they had either participated or observed. Half of the 95 children were interviewed twice, 10 days and 10 weeks after the event (Group 1), and the remaining children were interviewed a single time, 10 weeks after (Group 2). Following free recall, prompted recall and direct questions were accompanied by objects from the event and distractors for half the children. The effect of the delay on free recall was ameliorated by the prior interview for older but not younger children. Objects attenuated age differences in prompted recall for participants and enhanced accuracy in response to questions. Objects also led to more errors at the long delay. Analyses based on signal detection theory indicated that both response strategy and memory-related factors contributed to developmental changes in compliance with misleading questions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Haptic integration of object properties: Texture, hardness, and planar contour.

Planar objects varying in shape, texture, and hardness were classified under haptic exploration. Classes were defined by values on one dimension, or redundantly, by two or three dimensions. Response times and exploratory procedures (Lederman & Klatzky, 1987) were recorded. Experiment 1 showed that a second dimension speeded responses for all combinations (redundancy gain), but a third dimension produced no further effect. In Experiments 2 and 3, classification trials began with two redundant dimensions, and subsequently one was withdrawn (held constant). When texture and hardness varied redundantly, withdrawal of either increased response time—even when subjects were initially instructed to focus on one dimension. Joint exploration for texture and hardness dominated whenever the two varied redundantly and persisted despite withdrawal. Redundancy gains (Experiment 1), but not substantial withdrawal effects (Experiments 2 and 3), were observed for combinations of texture or hardness with planar contour, indicating less integration than between substance dimensions. Compatibility of exploratory procedures appears to constrain dimensional integration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of grammatical gender on object categorization.

In 3 experiments, we investigated the effect of grammatical gender on object categorization. Participants were asked to judge whether 2 objects, whose names did or did not share grammatical gender, belonged to the same semantic category by pressing a key. Monolingual speakers of English (Experiment 1), Italian (Experiments 1 and 2), and Spanish (Experiments 2 and 3) were tested in their native language. Italian and Spanish participants responded faster to pairs of stimuli sharing the same gender, whereas no difference was observed for English participants. In Experiment 2, the pictures were chosen in such a way that the grammatical gender of the names was opposite in Italian and Spanish. Therefore, the same pair of stimuli gave rise to different patterns depending on the gender congruency of the names in the languages. In Experiment 3, Spanish speakers performed the same task under an articulatory suppression condition, showing no grammatical gender effect. The locus where meaning and gender interact can be located at the level of the lexical representation that specifies syntactic information: Nouns sharing the same grammatical gender activate each other, thus facilitating their processing and speeding up responses, either to semantically related pairs or to semantically unrelated pairs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence for the use of phonological representations during transsaccadic word recognition.

The authors explored the role of phonological representations in the integration of lexical information across saccadic eye movements. Study participants executed a saccade to a preview letter string that was presented extrafoveally. In Experiment 1, the preview string was replaced by a target string during the saccade, and the participants performed a lexical decision. Targets with phonologically regular initial trigrams benefited more from a preview than did targets with irregular initial trigrams. In Experiment 2, words with regularly pronounced initial trigrams were more likely to be correctly identified from the preview alone. In Experiment 3, participants were more likely to detect a change across a saccade from regular to irregular initial trigrams than from irregular to regular trigrams. The results suggest that phonological representations are activated from an extrafoveal preview and that this phonological information can be integrated with foveal information following a saccade. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of the ferrite to austenite transformation on the formation of sulfidesx

Steel solidifies either by a primary precipitation of δ-Fe or by a primary precipitation of γ-Fe. In the former case the steel can either go through a peritectic reaction or a solid state transformation to form y-Fe during cooling. The influence of the rate of solidification and/or the transformation sequence on the sulfide precipitation in steels was studied in unidirectionally solidified Fe-Ni-S and Fe-Ni-Mn-S alloys. Nickel was used to govern the solidification sequence. It was shown that the solid state transformation could give rise to iron sulfide films according to a metatectic reaction. It was also shown that the peritectic reaction favored the formation of iron sulfide films. These films solidified at a very low temperature. During cooling the films contracted and small sulfide particles were formed. If the alloy contained manganese the composition of the films was changed during cooling from nearly pure iron sulfide to nearly pure manganese sulfide due to diffusion of manganese from the matrix.     

The influence of the allotropic transformation on the deformation behavior of pure cobalt

Cobalt single crystals have been deformed and subsequently heated (or cooled) through the transformation before further deformation. It has been found the flow stress does not change on passing through the transformation and is dependent only on the deformation history. On the other hand, the work hardening rate θ/G is always found to be low (-0.3 ×10⁻⁴) in the cph phase and much higher in the fcc phase, from 0.5 × 10⁻³ to 2.8 × 10⁻³ depending on the deformation and transformation history. The results are discussed in terms of forest models of work hardening and latent hardening theories. R. T. HOLT, Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Metallurgy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,     

Effect of object movement on infants' decision of object structure.

Explored the 6-mo-old's ability to recognize an object in a new orientation after being familiarized with the object while it was moving. In Exp I with a total of 58 Ss, there were 4 experimental conditions in which the object moved in different ways during familiarization and a control in which movement was minimal. The Ss in 3 of the movement conditions showed significant differentiation between the novel and familiar objects, whereas Ss in the control group did not, suggesting that movement does facilitate recognition. In the condition in which the infants could observe continuous transformations from one orientation to the next, there was no significant differentiation; the data suggest that the apparent difficulty in this case was due, in general, to the complexity of the movement and, in particular, to rotation. Translatory movement seemed to be the most effective in helping the Ss learn to recognize the object regardless of its orientation. Exp II, with 24 Ss, confirmed that 6-mo-olds learn or detect an object's structure faster during translation than during rotation. The role of optical change in the detection of an object's invariant structure is discussed. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of integration processes in nonferrous metallurgy on costs and prices of enterprises

The metallurgical industry of Russia was the object of investigation. The subject of the investigation were the mechanisms of managing costs and the price level for metal production, which is very topical from the viewpoint of maximizing them, and the main directions in the development of nonferrous metallurgy and the nonferrous metals market. Based on the results of studies on the main tendencies in the development of world and Russian nonferrous metallurgy, the influence of these factors on costs and prices is analyzed. Examples of the industry’s main institutional changes in the Russian Federation are presented. These investigations resulted in the development of a procedure that improves the mechanism of controlling costs and price level for metal production taking into account the situation in this field and on the nonferrous metals market.     

Mourning and the transformation of object relationships: Evidence for the persistence of internal attachments.

Psychoanalysts from Freud up to the present have defined the goal of mourning as the detachment of libidinal ties from the deceased love object. The author reviewed recent clinical and empirical literature that casts doubt on this assumption by showing that a continuing internal relationship with the lost object is found in many bereaved individuals. These data suggest a need to reconceptualize the changes in object relationships that occur during the process of mourning. Mourning is seen as a process of inner transformation that affects both the images of the self and of the object in the mourner's inner world. It involves not the breaking of an object tie, but the transformation of that attachment into a sustaining internal presence, which operates as an ongoing component in the individual's internal world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of the stress state on the plasticity of transformation induced plasticity-aided steel

The influence of the stress state on the plastic deformation of CMnSi, CMnSi(Nb), and CMnAlSi transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided steel has been analyzed. Imposing hydrostatic pressures up to 800 MPa during tensile deformation made it possible to change the stress state of the tensile testing specimens. It was found that the ratio of normal to shear stresses has a pronounced effect on the evolution of the microstructure, the austenite volume fraction change during straining, and the fracture surface morphology. The CMnAlSi TRIP steel, which has the largest uniform elongation and the smallest equivalent strain at fracture in the absence of the hydrostatic pressure, had a more pronounced improvement of all plastic characteristics at increasing hydrostatic pressure. An increased austenite stabilization, brought about by the high hydrostatic pressure, was clearly observed. The austenite stabilization results in a decrease of 20 °C to 25 °C of M _s for an increase of 100 MPa of the hydrostatic pressure. The implications of the observations could be far-reaching for new sheet forming technologies, such as hydroforming, as the full transformation potential is available for crashsensitive structural parts by avoiding the formation of the martensite during forming operations.     

The future of psychotherapy integration.

Discusses the outlook for and potential contributions of the integration movement (IMV) in psychotherapy. Interest in the IMV is likely to continue to increase. Though it is doubtful that the IMV will provide the field with a grand theoretical integration, it is likely that integrative efforts can lead to some consensus on intervention strategies associated with certain clinical problems. This can already be observed with regard to certain disorders, such as pathological grief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The neural basis of haptic object processing.

We review the organization of the neural networks that underlie haptic object processing and compare that organization with the visual system. Haptic object processing is separated into at least two neural pathways, one for geometric properties or shape, and one for material properties, including texture. Like vision, haptic processing pathways are organized into a hierarchy of processing stages, with different stages represented by different brain areas. In addition, the haptic pathway for shape processing may be further subdivided into different streams for action and perception. These streams may be analogous to the action and perception streams of the visual system and represent two points of neural convergence for vision and haptics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The later creation of a transitional object.

This article describes the deliberate therapeutic construction of a transitional object for a 10-year-old autistic girl in an integrated psychoanalytic and neuropsychologically oriented play therapy. Treatment was initially directed to the regulation of excitement levels, the focusing of attention, and the recognition of orderly sequencing of events. Significant development in symbolic functioning led to a marked interest in sign language instruction in school. Two major events, the coming birth of a sibling and the long summer separation, led the therapy team to present her with a teddy bear in such a way that it became internalized as a transitional object. The article provides a brief case history of this child, describes the treatment context, and traces the process of constructing the transitional object and its outcome. This process and its outcome is discussed for its treatment and theoretical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social Influence Model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes.

Presents a formal model of social influence that integrates majority and minority influence processes within a single theoretical framework and uses computer simulations to model the group influence process. The Social Influence Model (SIM) predicts that as a faction increases in size, its impact increases and vice versa. The performance of the SIM is assessed by comparison with empirical findings from a meta-analysis of research on conformity, minority influence, and deviate rejection. The results indicate that influence is predominantly a function of the number of targets and sources of influence, both of which are incorporated into a nonlinear growth function that accurately predicts the amount of influence obtained in social influence studies. The consistency of the influence source was also an important predictor of influence; task type, group type, and response mode affected influence to a lesser degree. (58 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of affect on categorization.

Four studies with 256 undergraduates showed that positive affect, induced in any of 3 ways, influenced categorization of either of 2 types of stimuli—words or colors. As reflected by performance on 2 types of tasks (rating and sorting), Ss in whom positive affect had been induced tended to create and use categories more inclusively than did Ss in a control condition. On one task, they tended to group more stimuli together, and on the other task they tended to rate more low-prototypic exemplars of a category as members of the category. Results are interpreted in terms of an influence of affect on cognitive organization or on processes that might influence cognitive organization. It is suggested that borderline effects of negative affect on categorization, obtained in 2 of the studies, might result from normal people's attempts to cope with negative affect. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of a martensitic phase transformation on stress development in thermal barrier coating systems

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) provide thermal insulation and oxidation protection of Ni-base superalloys in elevated temperature turbine applications. Thermal barrier coating failure is caused by spallation, which is related to the development of internal stresses during thermal cycling. Recent microstructural observations have highlighted the occurrence of a martensitic bond coat transformation, and this finite-element analysis was conducted to clarify the influence of the martensite on the development of stresses and strains in the multilayered system during thermal cycling. Simulations incorporating the volume change associated with the transformation and experimentally measured coating properties indicate that out-of-plane top coat stresses are greatly influenced by the presence of the martensitic transformation, the temperature at which it occurs relative to the strength of the bond coat and attendant bond coat plasticity. Intermediate values of bond coat strength and transformation temperatures are shown to result in the highest top coat stresses. This article is based on a presentation in the symposium “Terence E. Mitchell Symposium on the Magic of Materials: Structures and Properties” from the TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA in March 2003.