基于UHPLC-QE-MS代谢组学分析小粒种咖啡豆特征成分

以云南小粒咖啡生豆和埃塞俄比亚咖啡生豆为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UHPLC-QE-MS)对咖啡生豆代谢产物进行代谢组学分析,探究云南不同地区咖啡生豆代谢产物差异,以及与埃塞俄比亚咖啡生豆相比的特征成分。试验结果表明：云南小粒咖啡生豆与埃塞俄比亚生豆有36种差异物质,包括表儿茶素、3-O-咖啡酰-1-O-甲基奎宁酸等16种多酚,十八碳三烯酸等8种脂质类,牡荆甙等6种糖类以及少量生物碱类、有机酸类、萜类,其中Mammeigin、牡荆甙、3-O-咖啡酰-1-O-甲基奎宁酸、2,2-二甲基丁二酸、十八碳三烯酸等24种化合物含量高于埃塞俄比亚生豆,表儿茶素、决明子苷、脂氧素等12种化合物含量显著低于埃塞俄比亚生豆。不同地区云南小粒咖啡生豆的代谢组学分析结果显示：差异代谢物共有44种,包括谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸等14种氨基酸,棕榈酰胺、花生酸等11种脂质类,绿原酸、奎宁酸等10种多酚,苹果酸等3种有机酸以及少量萜类、糖类、醇类和其它类。以上结论：利用UHPLC-QE-MS技术并结合多元统计分析的方法,可分析不同区域条件下咖啡生豆代谢产物差异,为咖啡豆产地溯源提供方法依据。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间-高分辨质谱法分析6种李果实中的代谢物差异性

目的 采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱法分析6种李果实中的代谢物差异。方法 使用天然产物高分辨二级谱库、代谢物高分辨二级谱库和相关数据库等对不同李果实样品中的代谢产物进行数据分析,利用峰面积归一化法计算各化学成分的相对含量,采用主成分分析方法、偏最小二乘法判别分析和方差分析等方法,分析不同李果实样品中代谢产物的差异。结果 共分析鉴定了130个化学成分,其中包括28个黄酮类、25个脂肪酸、18个萜烯类、11个核苷酸、10个酚酸、9个香豆素类、8个含氮化合物、6个酚类以及15个其它类化合物;6个品种李果实存在相同种类的代谢产物,各代谢产物在不同品种李果实中的相对含量存在显著差异性（P<0.05）;在所鉴定的130个化合物中,有123个化合物对各组李果实均值间的差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;6组不同品种李果实的数据间具备很好的区分度,贡献最大的化合物（VIP>1）共有32个。结论 本研究首次提出了对不同品种李果实中的萜烯、核苷酸、香豆素和含氮化合物等多种代谢产物差异性进行分析,方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,为李果品种选育、区分以及产地溯源等提供参考。     

基于GC-MS分析不同品种小米代谢产物及代谢途径

基于气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry，GC-MS）代谢组学方法研究同一产地不同品种小米的代谢产物。用甲醇溶液提取极性代谢组分，N,O-双(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺衍生化处理，通过GC-MS分离鉴定代谢产物。结果表明，同一产地2?个不同品种小米共发现了53?种代谢产物。古龙小米有48?种代谢产物，其中优势代谢产物为亚油酸；禾绅小米代谢产物有32?种，优势代谢产物为亚油酸。对比发现，古龙小米有21?种差异代谢产物；禾绅小米有5?种差异代谢产物。对2?个品种小米差异代谢产物的代谢途径分析，发现古龙小米的葡萄糖代谢途径、脂肪酸代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径和三羧酸循环都比禾绅小米对应的代谢途径更活跃，推测古龙小米的代谢产物多是因为其代谢速率快于禾绅小米的代谢速率。     

不同产地稻花香水稻代谢产物差异分析

基于气相色谱与质谱联用（GC-MS）的代谢组学技术,对黑龙江省宁安市和五常市两个产地的水稻代谢产物与代谢差异进行研究。使用SIMCA软件和R软件对数据进行多元统计分析。结果表明,产地对稻花香水稻代谢物的数量、含量、种类及种类占比均具有影响,两产地水稻样本共定性到127个代谢物,筛选出22个差异代谢物,且发现产地对脂肪酸及其衍生物含量的影响最明显。代谢途径分析结果表明,不同产地间水稻代谢差异机制主要在于脂肪酸类物质的代谢,亚油酸、棕榈酸和富马酸是三种关键代谢物。本研究从代谢产物组成方面对不同产地的稻花香水稻代谢差异进行分析,可为水稻产地区分及农产品溯源提供理论支撑。     

烤烟醇化过程中的代谢物和脂质分析

为探明烟叶醇化过程中代谢物和脂质的变化规律,本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和液相色谱-质谱联用仪（LC-MS）相结合的方法对不同产地烟叶醇化过程中的化学成分进行了代谢组学和脂质组学分析。结果表明,醇化后的烟叶中糖类、氨基酸、脂质和核苷酸等初级代谢产物的相对含量减少,黄酮类、苯衍生物、酚类和萜类化合物等次级代谢产物则增加;进一步研究发现,上述初级代谢产物的变化随醇化时间（1~7年）的增加而递减,而次级代谢产物呈现逐年递增的趋势。同一品种云烟87（YY87）在不同产地（广东和湖南）之间化学成分差异较大,主要为氨基酸和膜脂,而醇化后差异减小。综上所述,代谢组学和脂质组学方法能有效区分醇化和非醇化烟叶,并且能揭示不同醇化程度烟叶的特征及不同产地对烟叶化学成分的影响。     

基于非靶向代谢组学方法探究德昂酸茶与普洱茶（熟茶）之间的成分差异

为了探究使用云南大叶种茶树制作不同种类的发酵茶德昂酸茶和普洱茶（熟茶）（以下简称“普洱熟茶”）之间的代谢产物差异,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术,对德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶进行非靶向代谢组学研究。结果发现,德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶虽原料相同但因其加工方式不同,而存在较大的代谢物差异。通过主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析可以显著区分不同发酵工艺茶叶中的代谢产物,共检测出21 类268 种显著性差异代谢产物,占所有代谢物的63.81%,主要包括49 种氨基酸类、39 种脂肪酸、36 种核苷酸类、29 种有机酸、18 种糖类。其中,麦角硫因、3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酸、3-羟基扁桃酸、氯化乙酰胆碱、2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸、米格列醇、L-脯氨酸、4,6-二氧代庚酸、丙二醇、原花青素B2、N-乙酰甘氨酸等差异代谢产物对于不同发酵工艺的茶叶不同滋味品质的形成可能具有重要贡献。京都基因与基因组百科全书代谢通路分析发现,德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶的氨基酸和核苷酸类物质代谢水平具有显著差异,涉及氨基酸代谢和核苷酸类代谢相关的通路对不同发酵工艺茶叶的滋味品质有重要影响。该研究从植物代谢组学角度揭示德昂酸茶和普洱熟茶的代谢产物差异性。     

不同干燥方式下熟化香菇香气成分变化的比较研究

为研究干燥方式对熟化香菇香气成分变化的影响,采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)方法比较真空与真空冷冻两种不同干燥方式下样品香气成分的变化。结果表明:特征香气成分二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚及其分解产物在两种样品中均有检出;醇类、酸类化合物种类、含量差异较大;芳香族化合物与杂环化合物所占比例较小,为香气的非主要影响因素,与醇、醛、酯、酸、烃类化合物共同起协同调和作用。     

秦巴不同生态区烤烟基因表达谱分析

为了揭示不同生态区烤烟风格特色形成的机理,采用Agilent 烟草寡聚芯片技术,对商洛市洛南县和宝鸡市陇县(对照)两个生态区烤烟打顶后15 d 同一品种(秦烟96)中部叶的基因表达谱进行了初步分析。结果表明:与陇县相比,在44 000 个基因中洛南烟区烟叶有2 058 个基因差异表达,其中上调基因962 个,占46.74%;下调基因1 096 个,占53.26%。按功能富集分类,这些差异基因主要富集在代谢、响应外界刺激及生理调控等生物学过程,大部分位于胞外区与细胞内膜系统。其中洛南烟区碳水化合物合成代谢较为活跃,陇县烟区萜类化合物代谢、苯丙烷代谢、芳香族化合物合成代谢较为活跃。基因代谢通路分析表明,细胞信号转导、转录因子及参与植物非生物胁迫相关基因在两个烟草种植区均为高表达。      

回渣酿醋工艺

我国食醋的酿造方法，大致可分为固态发酵与液态发酵两大类，以固态发酵法较为普遍。固态发酵的醋醅疏松，酷中水分基本上包含于基质颗粒之中，具有较大的气相和固相界面，能溶存一定量的空气，对醋酸菌等好气性微生物的生长代谢极为有利，发酵周期较传统液态发酵法短。研究表明，同一种微生物生活在同一柜内，与生活在两个不同态的接触面上，其代谢产物明显不同，如把汉逊氏酵母接种在加人大量玻璃丝，使之成为半固相的米曲汁中培养96h，所产生的乙酸乙酯比在同一相内高二倍左右。固态发酵具有气相和固相两个不同态的接触面，代谢产物酯类…     

不同品种绿豆中代谢产物的分离鉴定及代谢机制分析

利用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）分离鉴定不同种类绿豆（大明绿豆和九鲤湖绿豆）中的代谢产物。以代谢组学研究方法为基础,以绿豆为研究对象,先利用甲醇溶液提取极性代谢组分,再用N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺进行衍生化处理,通过GC-MS进行代谢产物的分离鉴定。结果表明：分离鉴定共得到2?个品种绿豆的总代谢物67?种,其中相同代谢产物30?种,但含量均有不同。大明绿豆相对于九鲤湖绿豆的差异代谢物有10?种,九鲤湖绿豆相较于大明绿豆的差异代谢物有20?种,并且九鲤湖绿豆的糖代谢途径、脂肪酸代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径、三羧酸循环都比大明绿豆代谢活跃;在大明绿豆中,较为优势代谢产物（＞7%）为L-正缬氨酸、肌醇2?种,在九鲤湖绿豆中,较为优势代谢产物仅为L-正缬氨酸。这种代谢产物差异性受不同品种的基因差异性、代谢途径和机制差异性等因素的综合影响。     

全籽粒莜麦微波预熟化工艺优化

以莜麦为原料,用微波技术对莜麦全籽粒进行预熟化处理,利用单因素法和响应面试验优化产品工艺,得到莜麦预熟化的最佳工艺参数为微波时间70 s、微波温度70℃、微波功率800 W,在此条件下,莜麦的糊化度为93.77%。影响莜麦预熟化的因素依次为微波温度>微波时间>微波功率。经预熟化处理后莜麦外观籽粒保持完整,可以达到产品售卖的效果。     

The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the digestible energy content of naked oats (Avena sativa cv Bandicoot) fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the digestible energy (DE) content of two samples of naked oats (Avena sativa cv Bandicoot) and to compare these parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Machete) and dehulled oats (groats; Avena sativa cv Echidna). Four Large White male pigs were fitted with simple T-piece ileal cannulae and allocated to experimental diets in a 4×4 Latin square design. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were determined after continuous eight hour collections of digesta over two consecutive days using acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. Digestible energy was determined using grab samples of faeces. No significant difference between the four test cereals was found in the digestibility of all amino acids, except for proline and lysine. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in wheat (0·87) and two samples of naked oats (0·89 and 0·82, respectively) was lower (P<0·05) than dehulled oats (0·91). The mean DE value of the naked oats samples was 16·96 MJ kg⁻¹ (air-dry basis). The results suggest that Bandicoot naked oats and dehulled oats are superior amino acid and DE sources to wheat and have potential for use in weaner and grower pig diets. © 1998 SCI.     

芹菜叶挥发油化学成分的GC/MS分析

为比较不同地区芹菜叶挥发油的化学组成,采用水蒸气蒸馏方法对产自辽宁3 个不同地区芹菜叶的挥发性成分进行提取,并采用GC-MS 方法对提取的挥发性成分进行鉴定。结果从3 种芹菜叶中一共鉴定出32 种挥发性化学成分,其中鞍山芹菜叶中鉴定出12 种,其含量占挥发油的27.29%,特有成分为β-月桂烯、n-十六酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸等;抚顺芹菜叶中鉴定出16 种,其含量占挥发油的21.78%,特有成分为苯酚、桉叶双烯、5-(1,5-二甲基-4- 己基)-2- 甲基-1,3- 环己二烯等;北票芹菜叶中鉴定出9 种,其含量占挥发油的12.59%,特有成分为桉叶双烯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十八烷等。     

Milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed concentrate based on naked oats.

A 1.5-yr study was designed to determine the effects of feeding isonitrogenous and isoenergetic concentrates based on naked oats, corn, or a mixture (50: 50 on as-fed basis) of naked oats and corn on milk yield and composition. In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and ruminal degradabilities of DM, N, and starch of naked oats were compared with those of covered oats. Twenty-seven multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by similar calving date and assigned to 9 replicates. All cows were fed a mixture of grass silage, protein supplement, concentrate, and a vitamin and mineral mix for ad libitum intake. Treatment diets were fed from 3 to 36 wk of lactation. Milk yield and composition, yield of 4% fat-corrected milk, and yield of protein and fat were similar among treatments. Ruminal effective degradabilities of DM were higher for naked oats than for covered oats, but the ruminal degradabilities of crude protein and starch were similar. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM, crude protein, and starch were greater for naked than covered oats; the potentially degradable fractions were less. In vitro DM digestibility of naked oats was higher than was that of covered oats. Naked oats may be a good alternative to corn for milk yield.     

The Effect of Inclusion of Naked Oats in the Concentrate Offered to Dairy Cows on Milk Production,Milk Fat Composition and Properties

Dairy cows in early or mid-lactation were offered naked oats- or barley-based concentrates in addition to ad libitum access to grass silage in a continuous design experiment of 10 weeks duration. Concentrates were formulated on an isonitrogenous basis and contained either 500 g barley or 565 g naked oats kg⁻¹ concentrates as the principal energy source in the concentrate. Concentrate type had no effect on silage intake, milk yield or milk protein concentration. However, nitrogen and modified acid detergent fibre digestibility were significantly reduced by inclusion of naked oats and this was reflected in a significant reduction in milk fat concentration. Milk fat from early lactation cows on the naked oats diet contained the highest proportion of unsaturated and the lowest proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sensory and instrumental analyses determined that this milk fat produced the softest, most spreadable butter. This was supported by solid fat content results. The degree of change in milk fat composition due to diet was similar irrespective of stage of lactation but milk fat compositions with the control treatment differed with stage of lactation. Dietary effects were established by the end of the first week of the trial and persisted for the 10-week trial period.     

The development of rancidity in husked and naked oats after storage under various conditions

The levels of hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity have been estimated in husked and naked (huskless) oat varieties stored under different conditions, viz. (i) varying moisture content, (ii) varying oxygen availability, (iii) after bruising, and (iv) after drying at different temperatures. Hydrolytic rancidity increased at higher moisture contents and with storage period but generally the level in naked oats only exceeded that of husked oats if the grain was severely bruised. No oxidative rancidity was detected in husked or naked oats under any of the treatments used.     

黑龙江地区6种大豆酱挥发性成分及理化特征分析

以黑龙江省不同地区6种大豆酱为主要研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气质联用（GC-MS）技术,定量分析其挥发性成分,并比较盐度等4项主要理化指标的差异性,通过因子分析,构建了大豆酱发酵品质的评价模型,结合感官评分和综合得分对其进行评价。结果表明,在6种大豆酱中共检出124种挥发性成分,包括醇类化合物19种,酯类45种,醛酮类23种,酸酚类23种及14种其他类化合物,风味化合物总含量为38.98 μg/g。不同地区和发酵工艺制成的成品大豆酱各项理化指标之间存在较明显的差异性（P＜0.05）。通过因子分析,将挥发性物质、氨基酸态氮、还原糖归为风味因子类,盐度和颜色归属为理化因子类。结果表明,样品BS1的总体得分最高,证明其发酵品质较好。     

RP-HPLC法分析测定燕麦中的酚类化合物

利用高效液相色谱技术分析并鉴定了5种吉林产裸燕麦中的4种酚类化合物.高效液相色谱实验采用反相C18色谱柱,二级管阵列检测器,流动相采用乙腈和2%醋酸水溶液二元线性梯度洗脱,检测波长为280 nm.通过与已知标准化合物的保留时间和紫外光谱相比较,鉴定了燕麦中的对羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲醛和p-香豆酸4种化舍物.实验中考察了不同时间碱水解条件下燕麦提取物中四种酚类化合物的含量,结果表明:4 h碱水解提取效率较高.     

不同产地油菜籽氨基酸组成比较研究

目的研究不同产地油菜籽中氨基酸水平的差异性。方法参照GB 5009.124-2016,用氨基酸自动分析仪检测长江上中下游鄂、苏、川、贵4省油菜籽中氨基酸。结果四川省油菜籽总氨基酸含量最高,为(24.47±0.22)mg/100 mg,同时各产地油菜籽必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量均在33%以上,其中湖北产地最高,为34.30%。通过t检验得到两两产地不同氨基酸具有显著性差异,其中半胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)是差异性氨基酸中最显著的氨基酸。结论不同产地油菜籽中蛋白质的氨基酸含量和组成有较大差异,在加工过程中应选择适宜产地的油菜籽,从而提高油菜籽的利用率。     

A comparative study of oat (Avena sativa) cultivars as brewing adjuncts

Brewing with high levels of unmalted oats (Avena sativa) has proven to be successful despite their high contents of β-glucan, protein, and fat. However, little is known about the effect of different oat cultivars on the quality and processability of mashes and worts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the mashing performance of eight oat cultivars, selected because of their low contents of β-glucan, protein, fat, and/or high starch content, when substituting 20 or 40 % barley malt. For this purpose, seven husked (A. sativa L. ‘Lutz’, ‘Buggy’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Scorpion’, ‘Typhon’, ‘Ivory’, ‘Curly’) and one naked oat cultivar (A. sativa var. nuda ‘NORD 07/711’) were fully characterized using standard methods, Lab-on-a-Chip capillary electrophoresis, and scanning electron microscopy. The rheological behavior of mashes containing up to 40 % of each oat cultivar was measured during mashing by applying a Physica MCR rheometer. In addition, the quality of worts obtained from laboratory-scale mashing trials was analyzed particularly with regard to their cytolytic, proteolytic, and amylolytic properties. The substitution of up to 40 % barley malt with husked or naked oats resulted in significantly higher pH values, β-glucan contents, and viscosities as well as significantly lower soluble nitrogen and polyphenol contents, color values, filtration rates, and apparent attenuation limits. Naked oats contained significantly less β-glucan as well as more protein and starch than the seven husked oat cultivars. The replacement of barley malt with naked oats resulted in a constant extract yield, whereas the use of husked oats caused significant extract losses.