上海市售有机和传统面粉中7种真菌毒素的污染状况调查

目的 比较上海市售有机和传统面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、伏马毒素B1（FB1）、细交链孢菌酮酸（TeA）、交链孢酚单甲醚（AME）、T-2毒素（T-2）、赫曲霉毒素A（Ochratoxin A,OTA ）7种真菌毒素污染情况,并分析面粉中镰刀菌毒素、链格孢毒素和OTA的累积污染情况。方法 80份面粉样品采用乙腈提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测采集的面粉样品中7种真菌毒素的含量。7种真菌毒素的线性范围良好,相关系数大于0.99,加标回收率为80.13%~122.86%,RSD为1.91%~17.14%,所建方法简单、快速、准确、精密度高,可用于面粉中多种真菌毒素的检测分析。结果 上海市售的80份面粉中,T-2、FB1无检出,DON、ZEN、AME、OTA的平均值在有机面粉中污染水平高于传统面粉。97.5%的面粉样本中至少两种真菌毒素共存,其中DON+ZEN+OTA共存比例最高,为18.75%。结论 上海市售面粉中,有机面粉中真菌毒素的污染率和污染水平高于传统面粉,面粉中镰刀菌毒素（DON、ZEN）、链格孢毒素（TeA、AME）和赭曲霉毒素A的累积污染值得关注。     

光照对交链孢毒素合成的调控

目的 明确光调控交链孢（Alternaria）产真菌毒素的作用。方法 在光/暗培养条件下,比较分析光照对2种交链孢菌株（ATCC 66981和Pear-3）的菌丝生长、孢子形成以及毒素合成的影响。结果 持续白光照射对交链孢菌丝生长影响不显著,而显著抑制其孢子形成。光照刺激交链孢菌ATCC 66981中交链孢酚（alternariol, AOH）、交链孢酚单甲醚（alternariol monomethyl ether, AME）和腾毒素（tentoxin, TEN）3种毒素的产生。菌株持续光照培养30天,AOH、AME和TEN毒素浓度分别为120、182和173 g/L;较之黑暗培养,分别增加了1.1、5.9和9.6倍。光照抑制交链孢菌Pear-3中细交链孢菌酮酸（tenuazonic acid, TeA）毒素的合成。菌株光照培养6天,TeA毒素浓度即已达142 g/L;而黑暗培养甚至高达325 g/L,毒素产率反而增加了1.3倍。结论 光照不影响交链孢菌丝生长,而对孢子形成影响显著;持续白光照射能够促进交链孢中AOH、AME和TEN毒素的产生,而抑制TeA毒素的产生。     

白光光照对交链孢毒素合成的调控研究

目的研究白光光照对交链孢(Alternaria)毒素合成的影响。方法在光/暗培养条件下,比较分析白光光照对2种交链孢菌株(ATCC 66981和Pear-3)的菌丝生长、孢子形成以及毒素合成的影响。结果持续白光照射对交链孢菌丝生长影响不显著,而显著抑制其孢子形成。光照刺激交链孢菌ATCC66981中交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)和腾毒素(tentoxin, TEN)3种毒素的产生。菌株持续光照培养30d,AOH、AME和TEN毒素浓度分别为120、182和173?g/L;较之黑暗培养,分别增加了1.1、5.9和9.6倍。光照抑制交链孢菌Pear-3中细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)毒素的合成。菌株光照培养6 d, TeA毒素浓度达到142?g/L;而黑暗培养后其浓度高达325?g/L,毒素产率增加了1.3倍。结论光照不影响交链孢菌丝生长,而对孢子形成影响显著;持续白光照射能够促进交链孢中AOH、AME和TEN毒素的产生,而抑制TeA毒素的产生。     

固相萃取-同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定橄榄油中4种交链孢霉毒素含量及其分布状况

目的：建立固相萃取-同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定橄榄油中4种交链孢霉毒素含量的方法并描述其在橄榄油中的分布状况。方法：将橄榄油混匀后取5 g(精确至0.001 g),经乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液混合溶液提取，固相萃取柱净化，收集净化液经水浴氮吹浓缩后，采用超高效液相色谱质谱仪测定，内标法定量。结果：交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)在0～50 ng/mL、交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)在0～20 ng/mL、腾毒素(tentoxin, TEN)在0～10 ng/mL、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol methyl ether, AME)在0～2 ng/mL范围内线性良好(R>0.99)。TeA、AOH、TEN、AME的检出限在0.20～2.00μg/kg范围之间。4种生物毒素加标回收率为92.25%～124.66%,精密度范围3.79%～10.58%,表明本方法样本检测量小、灵敏度高、准确度高、精密度高，重现性好，是检测橄榄油中交链孢霉毒素的理想方法。结论：橄榄油普遍受到交链孢霉毒素污染，检出率93.33%(28/30),AME毒素是橄榄...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定麦芯粉中四种交链孢毒素

探讨固相萃取方法,超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定麦芯粉中4种交链孢毒素。样品经0.05 mol/L Na H2PO4(pH 3.0)-乙腈-甲醇超声提取(450+450+100,V/V),上清液过HLB固相萃取柱净化,以1.0 mmol/L氨水溶液(pH 8.3)-甲醇为流动相,经Waters CORTECS C18(4.6×100 mm,2.7μm)柱分离梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾负离子(ESI-)、多反应监测(MRM)模式检测;以基质加标工作曲线定量。细交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)、交链孢酚(AOH)在2.0μg/L~100μg/L浓度范围内,腾毒素(TEN)、交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)在0.2μg/L~10.0μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)均大于0.998。回收率为76.3%~107.5%,TeA、AOH检出限和定量限分别为1.0μg/kg和3.0μg/kg、TEN、AME检出限和定量限分别为0.1μg/kg和0.3μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高,简便,准确。适于测定麦芯粉中的交链孢毒素。     

臭氧处理对交链孢菌生长及其毒素积累的抑制作用

交链孢菌（Alternaria spp.）易侵染农作物,引起农产品病害,而且能够代谢产生交链孢毒素,包括细交链孢酮酸（tenuazonic acid,TeA）、交链孢酚（alternariol,AOH）、交链孢酚单甲醚（alternariol monomethyl ether,AME）等,严重影响人体健康。因此,亟需高效、安全的方法用以防控交链孢菌及其毒素积累。本实验研究了臭氧处理对体外互隔交链孢（A. alternata）生长及其产毒能力的影响。结果表明,臭氧处理组的菌落直径显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,且臭氧处理可显著抑制互隔交链孢产生TeA、AOH、AME这3 种交链孢毒素;利用扫描电子显微镜观察臭氧处理后互隔交链孢的微观形态,发现孢子和菌丝发生了凹陷、褶皱、断裂等异常现象;臭氧处理后的交链孢菌对番茄果实的致病力明显减弱,同时交链孢菌的产毒能力明显降低,20 mg/L臭氧处理条件下TeA、AOH、AME含量比对照组分别减少了36.1%、89.9%、93.2%。此外,臭氧对TeA、AOH、AME具有降解作用,降解率随着臭氧质量浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而显著提高,TeA经过20 mg/L臭氧处理30 min即可被完全降解,AOH及AME经20 mg/L臭氧处理120 min后降解率可达90%以上。综上,臭氧处理可以作为农产品及其制品中互隔交链孢及其毒素污染的防治手段。     

2016—2017年河南省小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素污染情况调查

目的 了解2016—2017年河南省市售小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素的污染情况。方法 采集2016—2017年河南省粮食主产区中9个地市的182份小麦粉样品,按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》方法进行检测,对检测数据采用卡方检验和相关性分析进行统计学分析。结果 9个地区的182份小麦粉样品中均检出4种交链孢毒素,其中交链孢酚(AOH)检出范围为0.50～14.21 μg/kg,检出率为10.4%(19/182);交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)检出范围为0.05～38.73 μg/kg,检出率为42.9%(78/182);交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)检出范围为0.50～134.23 μg/kg,检出率为91.2%(166/182);腾毒素(TEN)检出范围为0.05～17.42 μg/kg,检出率为45.6%(83/182)。结论 河南省省内流通环节(农贸市场和商店)小麦粉中均存在交链孢毒素的污染,但污染水平与文献报道相比,处于较低水平。     

链格孢霉菌侵染番茄产毒机制

为研究链格孢霉侵染番茄后的产毒机制,本实验将链格孢霉孢子悬液接种于蕃茄上,并分别置于4 ℃和25 ℃下培养,15 d内进行3 次取样。样品经高分辨质谱检测后,使用MZmine、Xcalibur软件对检测结果进行分析,原质谱数据集经Mzmine软件处理后导入全球天然产物社会分子网络平台,采用基于特征的分子网络（feature-based molecular networking,FBMN）建立真菌毒素及代谢物分子网络,实现对链格孢毒素代谢通路的可视化分析。结果表明,接种后番茄在4 ℃下未产生任何毒素,25 ℃下链格孢酚（alternariol,AOH）、链格孢甲基醚（alternariol monomethyl ether,AME）、细链格孢菌酮酸（tenuazonic acid,TeA）、腾毒素（tentoxin,TEN）在5、10、15 d时均被检出,链格孢霉烯（altenuene,ALT）直至15 d时才被检出,3 次取样中TeA含量均最高。利用MZmine软件的碎片诊断过滤功能和Xcalibur软件精确分子质量技术验证了AOH和AME硫酸盐结合的隐蔽型真菌毒素的存在。FBMN分析结果表明3 种毒素（AOH、AME、TeA）有明显的代谢通路,代谢产物的种类较多,而未在番茄中检测到TEN和ALT代谢产物。本研究阐明了链格孢霉毒素在番茄中的产生及代谢机制,可为番茄中链格孢毒素的有效控制及番茄的贮藏保鲜提供理论支持。     

食品中4种交链孢毒素对肝脏细胞的联合毒性

交链孢毒素是一类广泛存在的食品污染物,交链孢酚(AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)、细交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)、腾毒素(TEN)经常同时出现,然而目前对其联合毒性的评估十分有限。目的:以BRL-3A细胞为研究模型,评估常见4种交链孢毒素对肝脏细胞的联合毒性。方法:应用CCK-8试剂盒检测10~200 μmol/L交链孢毒素单独或联合处理BRL-3A细胞24,48,72 h细胞活性的变化。基于组合指数法,分析它们混合暴露后的联合毒性效应。结果:AOH、AME、TeA和TEN单独处理BRL-3A细胞后,能够降低细胞存活率,并呈现剂量和时间依赖性,其IC50分别为38.11,41.25,49.05,358.58 μmol/L(48 h)。AOH-AME、AME-TEN和TeA-TEN组合的毒性在IC10~IC90水平上都表现出累加或协同效应。AOH-AME-TeA、AME-TeA-TEN和AOH-AME-TeA-TEN组合的毒性在低剂量时具有拮抗效应,在高剂量时具有协同效应,而其它组合与之相反。结论:食品中常见的4种交链孢毒素均能不同程度地抑制BRL-3A细胞的增殖,具有肝脏细胞毒性,其毒性强度顺序为AOH > AME > TeA >> TEN。当它们同时出现时,其毒性作用可能为协同效应,提示今后应重点关注毒素的联合毒性风险,以更精准地评估其安全风险。     

小麦产毒病原菌及其毒素防控的研究进展

小麦是全球第二大粮食作物,每年因病害造成小麦严重减产,品质下降。一些病原菌还能够产生真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,对人畜健康造成巨大危害。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,由交链孢引起的小麦黑胚病也备受关注。这2种真菌既能引起小麦病害,又能产生真菌毒素,故称之为产毒病害。镰刀菌产生的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马菌素等和交链孢产生的交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether,AME)和细交链格孢酮酸(tenuazonic acid,Te A)等是2类病原菌产生的主要真菌毒素。本文综述了能引起小麦产毒病害的镰刀菌和交链孢的特点、真菌毒素以及病害和毒素的防控技术,尤其是2类病原菌引起的小麦病害和真菌毒素的防控。这将为后期防治小麦产毒病害及控制毒素产生的研究提供有利参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the