辣椒碱在农药领域的应用研究进展

辣椒碱是辣椒中主要呈辣味物质,是一种香草酰胺类生物碱,因其低毒、安全、具有多种生物活性,作为植物源农药的研究引起广泛关注.综述了辣椒碱在农药领域的研究现状及进展,涉及植物源杀虫剂、驱避剂、环保型农药增效剂及非农用农药,就辣椒碱的作用机制进行了初步探讨,并提出了今后可能的发展方向.     

辣椒素

[别名] 辣椒碱,N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-8-甲基-4-壬烯酰胺[N-(4-Hydroxg-3-metho-xybenzyl)-δ-metnyl-4-nonenamide],异癸烯酸香草酰胺(Isodecen-     

N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-癸酰胺的合成及其生理活性

以香草醛、正癸酸、SOCl2为原料,3步反应合成了辣椒碱类物质——N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-癸酰胺,其结构经IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和元素分析确认。对比研究目标产物与天然辣椒碱生理活性:两物质辣度相近,目标产物辣度仅比天然辣椒碱低0.4%;目标产物镇痛活性优于天然辣椒碱30%;两物质抗菌活性基本相同,强于苯甲酸钠;驱避老鼠活性相似;两物质毒性级别均为3级(低毒)。因此,合成辣椒碱——N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-癸酰胺在上述生理活性上有替代天然辣椒碱的使用价值。     

一种制备正壬酸香草酰胺的新方法

以香草胺盐酸盐为原料,与正壬酰氯在碱性条件下于水/有机溶剂双相界面发生缩合反应,粗产物经酸-碱法纯化后得辣椒素正壬酸香草酰胺,产物结构经红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振表征得以确认。考察了物料配比、碱和有机溶剂种类等因素对缩合反应的影响,制备方法具有条件温和、操作方便和产品纯度高的特点,平均缩合收率在87%左右。     

辣椒碱及衍生物的研究进展

目的：为获得较为理想的镇痛药进行辣椒碱及类似物的进一步修饰改造提供依据。方法：通过对国内外文献中辣椒碱合成路线的归纳、比较．整理出一条较好的工艺路线,同时也对辣椒碱结构改造及修饰物进行构效关系进行比较。结果：只有保留了香革胺或其电子等排体部分的化合物具有镇痛作用,苯环不同取代基不同位置的取代及侧链的改变都对药效及刺激性有一定影响。结论：侧链和香草胺被其不同生物电子等排取代可能是进行辣椒碱及类似物结构修饰改造的方向。     

辣椒碱在未来生物农药中应用前景广阔

辣椒碱又名辣素，其化学名称为8-甲基-N-[（4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基]-（反）-6-壬烯基酰胺，是从天然植物辣椒中提炼而制得，纯品为白色晶体，熔点65℃，几乎不溶于冷水，易溶于乙醇、丙酮等溶剂中。由于辣椒碱来源于纯天然，而且药理活性特殊，国外开发应用的时间较长，在生物农药中的新用途不断被开发，其市场发展前景相当广阔。     

由烯酰胺制备缺电子含氮1,5二烯化合物

由于氮原子在自然界和生物体中是普遍存在,烯酰胺可以将含氮切块引入许多合成化合物。因此,利用烯酰胺合成新型含氮化合物对构建复杂含氮化合物具有重要意义。通过烯酰胺来制备一种结构新颖的缺电子含氮1,5二烯化合物,通过对碱、溶剂、温度等条件的优化获得了最佳的制备条件:1.2倍当量LDA,1.5倍当量甲基丙烯酰氯,四氢呋喃做溶剂,-78℃。在该条件下,目标产物能获得45%的分离收率。     

香草硫缩病醚在辣椒中的内吸传导特性和残留消解动态

[目的]了解香草硫缩病醚在辣椒中的内吸传导特性和残留消解动态,为其在田间科学合理使用提供参考。[方法]温室培养条件下,通过灌根法和喷雾法处理辣椒,使用气相色谱分别测定2种处理方式下香草硫缩病醚在根部和茎叶部的含量,以期探明其在辣椒植株的向顶传导、向基传导行为及其在温室栽培辣椒中的残留消解动态。田间条件下,通过叶面喷施处理辣椒,使用气相色谱分别测定香草硫缩病醚在植株和果实中的含量,以期探明其在田间辣椒植株和果实中的残留消解动态。[结果]通过灌根法施药,香草硫缩病醚能快速被辣椒植株根部吸收,并向茎叶部传导,茎叶部最大含药量为0.34 mg/kg。通过喷雾法施药,香草硫缩病醚能快速被叶片吸收,并传导至根部,根部最大含药量为0.05 mg/kg。香草硫缩病醚残留消解动态表明其在温室栽培辣椒植株、田间栽培辣椒植株和果实中的半衰期分别为4.2、1.0、2.0 d。[结论]香草硫缩病醚具有双向传导能力,向顶传导的效率要高于向基传导,且能在辣椒植株中快速消解,该试验结果为指导田间使用香草硫缩病醚防治辣椒病毒病提供理论基础。     

专利文献

<正>天然香草香精的模拟制备方法公开号:CN104789357A公开日:2015-07-22申请人:德乐满香精香料(广州)有限公司摘要:本发明公开了一种天然香草香精的模拟制备方法,旨在提供一种制备方法简单,生产成本低,所得香草香精香味逼真的香草香精制备方法。具体实验步骤如下:用固相微萃取法结合气相色谱质谱联用仪分析天然香草中的成分;用动态固相萃取法结合气相色谱质谱联用仪分析天然香草中的成分;用溶剂萃取法结合气相色谱质谱联用仪分析天然香草中的成分;筛选     

辣椒碱微胶囊的释放动力学研究

测定合成辣椒碱微胶囊在盐水、碱性及酸性三种释放环境下的释放曲线.在三种释放环境下,合成辣椒碱的释放率(ARP)具有显著的差异,盐水环境下的释放率最小.通过零级动力学方程、一级动力学方程、Higuchi模型方程对所得数据进行拟合,结果表明,三种释放环境中合成辣椒碱的释放动力学均适用于一级动力学方程.     

Caged capsaicins: New tools for the examination of TRPV1 channels in somatosensory neurons

The vanilloid capsaicin, N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-6-enamide, is the pungent ingredient of chili peppers and is used in pain research as an activating ligand of heat-sensitive transduction channels in nociceptive neurons. Here we describe the synthesis and application of two capsaicin derivatives modified at the hydroxy function of the vanillyl motif: alpha-carboxy-4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-caged (CDMNB-caged) capsaicin and {7-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]coumarin-4-yl}methoxycarbonyl-caged (BCMACMOC-caged) capsaicin. These compounds show dramatically reduced pungency, but release active capsaicin upon irradiation with UV light. CDMNB-caged capsaicin can be used to perform concentration-jump experiments, while BCMACMOC-caged capsaicin is membrane-impermeant and can be applied selectively to the intracellular or extracellular sides of a plasma membrane. Both compounds can serve as valuable research tools in pain physiology.     

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Capsaicin from Red Peppers and Mathematical Modeling

A mathematical model based on Fick's first law was established to describe ultrasound-assisted extraction of capsaicin from red peppers. By considering the mechanism of ultrasound-assisted extraction and the experimental data, the effects of parameters (ultrasound power, extraction temperature and extraction time, solvent/sample ratio, ethanol volume fraction) on yield of capsaicin would be analyzed in detail. The model was very convenient for obtaining optimal parameters in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of capsaicin. The calculation result by the model was agreed with the experimental data very well, indicating that the mathematical model could provide valuable guidance for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of capsaicin from red peppers.     

Solvent extraction and quantification of capsaicinoids from Capsicum chinense

Capsaicinoid extraction from peppers is typically performed using organic solvents, however, the extraction efficiencies can vary with peppers, their parts and pre-extraction processing. In the absence of in depth information on capsaicinoid extraction from habañero peppers, this work was undertaken to examine the processing parameters for solvent extraction of capsaicinoids from whole habañero peppers (Capsicum chinense) and their various parts. The effects of solvent type (ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile), pepper part(s) (seeds, shells), tissue preparation (freeze and oven drying), and time on capsaicinoid recovery (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) were evaluated. Across all solvents, capsaicin yields were on average 16, 5 and 8 mg/g dry pepper part for seeds, shells and whole peppers, respectively. Dihydrocapsaicin yield ranged from 0.65 to 9.17 mg/g dry pepper depending on interaction between parts and preparation. Overall, higher yields of capsacinoids were obtained from oven-dried peppers using acetone as the solvent.     

24-6-40低压醇烃化及低压氨合成工程项目的设计思想及生产运行

河南心连心化肥有限公司建设的24-6-40大型合成氨、联醇、尿素装置,完全采用中国技术,其中联醇、净化精制采用低压醇烃化和低压氨合成技术。介绍了该装置的设计思想、工艺流程、主要设备配置以及生产运行情况,结果表明,合成氨原料气中CO和CO2的醇烃化在4.0~9.0 MPa压力下进行,氨合成压力≤17MPa,日产合成氨860 t,最高达921 t/d,达到并超过设计能力。     

Phthalic Anhydride from o-Xylene Catalysis: Science and Engineering

Phthalic anhydride is one of the most important products of modem large-scale organic synthesis, and it has a wide application in various branches of chemical industry. It is mostly used (60% of the world production) for preparation plasticizers for PVC. The rapid development of the industrial production of polymeric materials during the last two decades increased the need of phthalic anhydride, which resulted in an increase of its production [1, 2].     

Phthalic Anhydride from o-Xylene Catalysis: Science and Engineering

Phthalic anhydride is one of the most important products of modem large-scale organic synthesis, and it has a wide application in various branches of chemical industry. It is mostly used (60% of the world production) for preparation plasticizers for PVC. The rapid development of the industrial production of polymeric materials during the last two decades increased the need of phthalic anhydride, which resulted in an increase of its production [1, 2].     

Deep eutectic solvent inclusions for high-k composite dielectric elastomers

Recent advances in novel electroactive devices have placed new requirements on material development. High-performance dielectric elastomers with good mechanical stretchability and high dielectric constant are under high demand. However, the current strategy for fabricating these materials suffers from high cost or low thermal stability, which greatly hinders large-scale industrial production. Herein, we have successfully developed a novel strategy for improving the dielectric constant of polymeric elastomers via deep eutectic solvent inclusion by taking advantage of the low cost, convenient and environmentally benign synthesis process and high ionic conductivity from deep eutectic solvents. The as-prepared composite elastomers showed good stretchability and a greatly enhanced dielectric constant with a negligible increase in dielectric dissipation. Moreover, we have proven the universality of our strategy by using different types of deep eutectic solvents. It is believed that low-cost, easy-synthesis and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents including composite elastomers are highly suitable for large-scale industrial production and can greatly broaden the application fields of dielectric elastomers.     

甘油磷酰胆碱的分析、制备及纯化研究进展

甘油磷酰胆碱（GPC）作为重要神经递质乙酰胆碱的生物合成前体,能够促进乙酰胆碱在脑部的合成,增强人体的记忆力和认知能力,预防老年痴呆类疾病,已引起医药界的高度关注。为进一步促进GPC相关产品的研究与应用,本文重点介绍了近几年GPC的分析、制备及纯化技术的研究进展,并比较了不同方法的优缺点。指出高效液相色谱法（HPLC）是分析GPC的主流方法,但没有一种检测器能检测到所有关键的杂质,需要多种检测器联用才可判断GPC的质量是否达到要求。全化学合成和水解卵磷脂（PC）是制备GPC的主要方法。文中指出全化学合成法具有收率高、产品纯度高和制备工艺完善的优点,但起始原料昂贵,全化学合成的GPC中会残留基因毒性杂质,严重影响产品品质。水解PC法能够制备出食品级GPC,所得产品无毒无害,但水解法收率低,产品纯度低,纯化难度大,难以规模化生产。结晶法和柱色谱法是纯化GPC粗品的主要方法。结晶法得到的产品纯度高,但收率低,生产成本高。柱色谱法能除去大量杂质,除杂效果好,但生产过程中会产生大量“三废”,纯化周期长。文中分析表明,HPLC和多种检测器联用是定量分析GPC及其相关杂质的最有效方法,水解PC以制备食品级GPC是如今的研究热点,开发出高效的纯化技术是工业化生产GPC的关键和难点。     

合成氨工业节能减排的分析

催化合成氨技术虽然已经比较成熟,但仍然潜在巨大的节能潜力。当今全球关注的能源问题又摆在合成氨工业的面前,CO₂排放也将受到严格限制。合成氨工业的节能减排应当引起人们的高度重视。本文分析了目前合成氨工业的能耗情况及其节能减排潜力,指出节能的方向在于减少提供动力的燃料消耗,即降低合成压力及其动力消耗;节能的重点,就装置类型来说,在于中小型合成氨装置;就工序过程来说,其重点在于转化工段,就单元过程来说,其重点在于不可逆性最大的过程,如燃烧反应,高的温差、浓差、压差的传递过程。但是进一步节能的关键在于调整原料结构和采用高效催化剂及其配套工艺技术。提出了大型合成氨装置采用国产新型高效催化剂,中小型合成氨装置进行降压节能工艺技术改造以及建立以洁净煤气化技术为核心的合成氨-能源多联产系统等相关建议。     

Plant-derived catalysts and precursors for use in prostaglandin synthesis

Arachidonic acid derivatives such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostacyclin have been recognized to have significant pharmaceutical potential. Presently they are not available commercially in large amounts because their low concentrations in living tissues and multiple asymmetric carbon centers make the cost of their extraction or chemical synthesis prohibitively expensive. However, the theoretical feasibility of the commercial production of such C-20 compounds by means of fermentative and enzyme engineering processes that bypass animal sources entirely has been demonstrated. The precursor, arachidonic acid, is present in microorganisms adaptable to large-scale fermentation. For the purpose of this study, a model describing changes in arachidonic acid production by the red alga,Porphyridium cruentum, in response to induced lipogenesis and variation of light intensity and temperature was developed. In addition, the demonstration that immobilized microsomes containing prostaglandin synthetase activity in a stable amphiphilic gel eliminates the need for the expensive and time-consuming enzyme recovery methods used previously. Furthermore, the ability of a leguminous enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandin indicates that low cost catalysts and precursors of plant origin are available for the synthesis of such compounds.