High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel Crl8Nil 1Cu3Al3MnNb

 The kinetic curve of the high-temperature oxidation of austenitic stainless steel Cr18Ni11Cu3Al3MnNb at different temperatures was measured by weighting method. It is showed that the oxidation curves at 700 and 800 ℃ followed the parabolic law, and the steel presented an excellent anti-oxidation. The surface morphology and structure of the oxide film were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. A dense oxide film was attained at 700 and 800 ℃, mainly composed of the hexagonal Al2O3, Fe2O3, and a small amount oxide of Cr at 700 ℃. At 900 ℃ the oxide film started to delaminate, and was composed of (Cr,Fe)2O3 and the spinel CuCrMnO4 and Fe(Cr,Al)2O4.     

Some Strengthening Methods for Austenitic Stainless Steels

Austenitic stainless steels possessing good corrosion resistance have recently found growing applications as a constructional material. In this instance, increasing strength properties, which are typically quite low, is of great interest. Due to the low stacking fault energy, strain hardening of alloyed austenite is efficient for increasing tensile strength without impairing ductility seriously. In addition, certain grades are unstable, so that cold working creates strain‐induced martensite that enhances strengthening. Grain size refinement to micrometer scale or even finer can also increase the yield strength, still providing good ductility. In the present paper dislocation and phase transformation strengthening and thereby properties achievable in temper rolled austenitic stainless steels are discussed. Strengthening by the reversion annealing is also described and excellent results achievable are shown. Finally, the effect of bake hardening through the static strain ageing is presented. Long‐term research work in various projects indicates that the current knowledge of strengthening of austenitic stainless steels is close to the industrial utilisation.     

奥氏体耐热不锈钢309S高温抗氧化性能研究

采用不连续称重法测得了奥氏体耐热不锈钢309S在不同温度下的高温氧化动力学曲线,结果表明309S钢高温氧化动力学曲线遵循抛物线规律.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和XPS的方法对氧化膜表面的形貌及化学元素沿氧化膜纵深方向的分布情况进行了研究,发现各温度下的氧化膜均均匀覆盖于基体表面;500℃下氧化膜氧化产物表层主要为Cr2O3和Fe2O3,内层主要为Cr2O3和NiO;1 000℃下氧化膜表层主要成分为Cr2O3、NiO、Fe3O4或Fe2O3,氧化膜内层基本不含NiO,主要为Cr2O3、Fe3O4或Fe2O3.     

Behaviour Model of Austenitic Stainless Steels for Automotive Structural Parts

One of the most important preoccupation of car manufacturers is to reduce emissions and hence to reduce weight of cars. One of the outstanding materials able to reduce weight while at the same time keeping the same crash absorption and hence safety, is austenitic steel. Austenitic stainless steels are used in crash relevant parts of cars. Moreover, designers can use their very good corrosion resistance and their well known surface aspect for structural visible parts like wheels, cross members, roof panels or tailgates. In this paper, stainless steels for automotive use are presented in detail. First, their chemical composition and tensile properties are explained. Then, a model for forming and crash behaviour is described. Using this model, stainless steels can be engineered into automotive parts and thus stainless steel can be considered as a workable and predictable material for the automotive industry.     

Sheet Formability and Performance of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels

The sheet formability of AISI Types 301, 304, and 305 stainless steels, ranked in order of increasing stability to strain‐induced martensite formation, was evaluated as a function of temperature between 15 and 60 °C. Forming limits spanning deep drawing, plane strain, and biaxial stretching strain states were determined by circle grid analysis of sheet specimens subjected to punch‐stretch testing at a constant punch displacement rate. Amounts of strain‐induced martensite were measured as a function of strain by magnetic measurement. Formability varied widely depending on test temperature and austenite stability, a result of temperature‐ and strain‐dependent formation of martensite that in some conditions was beneficial and in some conditions was detrimental to formability. These results are presented and discussed in detail.     

氢致奥氏体不锈钢晶格畸变

对304L和316L奥氏体不锈钢试样在充氢后和充氢同时进行X射线衍射分析,观察到在充氢过程中存在奥氏体晶格膨胀-收缩-膨胀的现象;在充氢后时效一段时间的情况下,存在奥氏体晶格收缩-膨胀-收缩的现象,并初步讨论了可能的原因。     

Defining the Post-Machined Sub-surface in Austenitic Stainless Steels

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Austenitic stainless steels grades, with differences in chemistry, stacking fault energy, and thermal conductivity, were subjected to vertical milling....     

Mechanical Behaviour of Aged High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

The present investigation is aimed at studying the effect of ageing on mechanical behaviour of two high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels as these steels are exposed to high temperatures in their applications. Two steels with nitrogen contents greater than 0.6% were given solution treatment and were aged at 500–900°C for 1–100 h. It was found that the steels exhibit superior mechanical properties in solution treated condition while ageing has a deleterious effect on properties due to weak interfaces of depleted austenite matrix and Cr₂N lamellae. The plastic flow behaviour can be modeled using modified Ludwik equation in these steels.     

Characterization of Austenitic Stainless Steels Deformed at Elevated Temperature

Highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels are promising candidates to replace more expensive nickel-based alloys within the energy-producing industry. The present study investigates the deformation mechanisms by microstructural characterization, mechanical properties and stress–strain response of three commercial austenitic stainless steels and two commercial nickel-based alloys using uniaxial tensile tests at elevated temperatures from 673 K (400 \(^{\circ }\)C) up to 973 K (700 \(^{\circ }\)C). The materials showed different ductility at elevated temperatures which increased with increasing nickel content. The dominating deformation mechanism was planar dislocation-driven deformation at elevated temperature. Deformation twinning was also a noticeable active deformation mechanism in the heat-resistant austenitic alloys during tensile deformation at elevated temperatures up to 973 K (700 \(^{\circ }\)C).     

Research Progress and Development Tendency of Nitrogen-alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Research progress on nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels was expounded through the development of steel grades.In addition,hot topics in the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed,including the solubility of nitrogen,brittle-ductile transition,and welding.On this basis,it was proposed that the future development tendency of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels lied in the three fields of high-performance steels,resource-saving steels,and biologically friendly steels.The problems encountered during the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed.     

Fatigue and Structural Changes of High Interstitial Stainless Austenitic Steels

Steels with 18 to 19 mass% Cr and Mn each were studied in the as‐cast condition containing 0.85 mass% C + N and in the elektro‐slag‐remelted and hot worked condition containing 0.96 mass% C + N after final solution annealing. The latter was also tested after 20% prestraining. The results of tensile tests were compared to those of rotating bending and push/pull loading. The higher C + N content raised the 0.2% proof strength to about 600 MPa of which 70% were retained as fatigue limit of rotating bending at 10⁷ cycles and a failure probability of 50%. Prestraining further improved this limit but lowered it in relation to the proof strength. The structural components of cold work hardening under unidirectional loading and cyclic loading were similar (planar slip, dislocation, twins and ε‐martensite) except for precipitates in the latter. Nitrides appeared in the austenite and carbides in the ε‐plates.     

奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀断裂诊断专家系统案例库

在收集400多个奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀失效的典型断裂事故案例的基础上,建立了应力腐蚀断裂诊断专家系统(Estar-1系统)的案例库,并从这些案例中提取相应的应力腐蚀断裂的经验规则,进行推理设计,运用这个案例库不仅能对奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀断裂失效进行辅助诊断,而且能提出相应的防护措施。     

Sensitization Behaviour of Manganese‐Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels

Manganese is an essential alloying element in advanced austenitic stainless steels with specific properties such as high resistance to harsh corrosive environments, high strength or low material costs. These materials are often used for welded constructions which have to be highly corrosion resistant. Hence it has to be ensured that the heat input during welding does not initiate the precipitation of chromium carbide resulting in a susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. This leads to the question whether the sensitization behaviour of manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels is comparable to that of the well‐known conventional chromium nickel austenites. In the present work the effect of heat‐input on the susceptibility of the CrNi‐steel 1.4301 and the CrNiMn‐steel 1.4376 to intergranular corrosion (IGC) was considered. Investigations were carried out by corrosion testing in the so‐called Strauss‐Test to elucidate the effect of the annealing temperatures on the microstructure. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile testing. As a result, it could be demonstrated that manganese‐alloyed austenitic stainless steels like grade 1.4376 exhibit a sensitization behaviour very similar to the conventional austenitic steel grades. The same kinds of tests on intergranular corrosion resistance can be applied for both types of materials.